Chassis design and analysis

5 basic loads to consider

Bending case
Vertical plane x-z. bending about y-axis
Torsion
Moment applied on x-axis by Appling upward and downward loads.
Combined bending and torsion
Both cases must be considered together when representing a real
situation.
Lateral loading
When the vehicle is driven around a corner or when it slides against
a kerb
Fore and aft loading
During acceleration and braking longitudinal forces are generated
along x-axis and reactions are found at the tire to ground contact
points.
Bending, torsion and bending-torsion are the most important cases
when designing a frame. Lateral and fore and aft loading require
attention when designing the suspension mounting points.
Exist other loadings caused by localized loading conditions such as
door slamming, seat belt loads, etc.

Bending case
The bending conditions depend upon the weights of the major
components of the vehicle and the payload.
First consideration -> static condition by determining the load
distribution along the vehicle.
Axle loads are obtained by resolving forces and taking moments
from the weights and positions of the components.
Distributed loads are the estimation of the vehicle body.
Unsprung masses consist of wheels, brake disc, drums and
suspension links.
Dynamic loads are considered when vehicle transit uneven roads,
for example pass over a hump-back bridge at such speed that the
wheels leave the ground. The resulting impact is cushioned by the
suspension system, but inevitably causes an increase in loading
over the static condition.

For road-going vehicles the loads should be increased by factors of

2.5 to 3.0. For off-road or cross-country vehicles may be increased
with factors of 4.0.

Torsion case
Torsion can be considered as applied at one axle line and reacted at
the other axle.
There is no pure torsion because vertical loads always exist due to
gravity.
For ease of calculation the pure torsion is assumed.
Dynamic factors are 1.3 for road-vehicles, 1.5 for trucks off-road and
1.8 for cross-country vehicles.