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Impression Materials
Impression Materials
Pavel Bradna
Purpose
To prepare accurate and true replicas of oral
structures (teeth, mucosa)
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Requirements
1. Capable of plastic to rigid body transformation
2. Acceptable for a patient
- non-toxic, non-irritant, tasteless, reasonable
setting time up to 5-7 min
3. Good handling properties easy to prepare/mix
plastic before set, but viscous enough not to flow
out of a tray (thixotropic), adequate working and
setting times
After being set:
4. Accuracy and detail reproduction (25-50m),
5. Dimensionally stable
6. Resistant to mechanical stress - elastic and rigid
7. Compatible with model materials
8. Resistant to disinfectant solutions
9. Cost effective
Important terms
Elastic/plastic deformations
Strength
Pseudoplastic/thixotropic
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
Working time
Setting time
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Elasticity/plasticity
elastic/plastic deformation
Describes behaviour of material under load
stress (force/m2)
Region of elastic
deformations,
Hooks law applies
Region of plastic
deformations
Maximum load at
fracture ultimate
strength
Deformation
Proportional limit
No load
5N
Loaded
Deformation
Unloaded
When unloaded
!fully recovers!
t1
t2
loaded unloaded
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
permanent/irreversible
deformation
When unloaded
!No recovery!
Deformation
Plastic =
Permanent
deformation
t1
t2
loaded
unloaded
viscoelasticity
Loaded for
a long time
deformation
Loaded for a
short time
Plastic/permanent
deformation
Pouring after
material
relaxation
t1
<
t2
Time
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Deformation
99%
% Recovery
from
deformation
95%
Time
Plastic
deformation
Pseudoplasticity/thixotropy of fluids
Slopeviscosity
Stress
Gradually loaded
Gradually unloaded
Thixotropic (structure is
broken under shear
Gradually unloaded
Pseudoplastic
.
=
Rate of deformation
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
Contact
angle
Hydrophilic material
Hydrophobic material
(>90o)
unable to wet humid
surfaces
Impression
material
Prepared
tooth
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Reversible
Inelastic/rigid
Elastic
Alginate
Elastomeric:
Polysulfide
Polyether
Silicone
Agar hydrocolloid
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
Inelastic/rigid impression
materials
A. Irreversible
1. Zinc-oxide eugenol impression
pastes (ZOE)
Main indications: impression of edentulous ridges,
surgical dressing
Setting reaction:
chelate structure
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
rigidity
ZOE
Silicone
Advantages:
1. Low viscosity no compression of soft tissues
2. Dimensional stability (shrinkage less than 0.1 %)
3. Good surface detail reproduction
4. Low price
Disadvantages:
1. Cannot be used in deep undercuts
2. Eugenol allergy in some patients (o-ethoxy
benzoic acid [EBA] to replace eugenol)
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
2. Impression plaster
Main indication: impression of edentulous ridges
Setting reaction:
CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1.5H2O
Composition:
Advantages:
1. Cheap and long shelf life, easy to prepare
2. Very good surface detail reproduction
3. Excellent dimensional stability
Disadvantages:
1. Very rigid often need to be fractured when
removed from the mouth
2. Fractures if undercuts are present
3. Non-toxic but may dry soft tissues - unpleasant to
patients
Old fashioned not frequently used
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
10
B. Reversible
3. Impression compounds
(Kerrs, Stents impression compounds)
Composition:
1. Resins (wax, shellac, guttapercha)
2. Filler (talc)
3. Lubricants (stearic acid, stearin)
Advantages:
1. Can be reused, easy to use
2. Non-irritant and non-toxic
Disadvantages
1. Poor dimensional stability
2. Easy to distort when withdrawn from the
mouth
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
11
Hydrocolloid
Reversible
Polysulfide
Elastomeric (non-aqueous)
(irreversible)
Silicone - condensation
- addition
Polyethers
Setting reaction
reversible/agar
sol
irreversible/alginate sol
Cooling
Heating
Coagulation
gel
gel
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
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B. Irreversible hydrocolloid
Alginate impression materials
Constituent units
Setting/gelation reaction:
NanAlg + CaSO4
powder
H2O
nNa2SO4 + CanAlg2
gel
Egg-box structure
Cross-linked structure of alginate gels
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
13
Composition:
1. Na/K alginate
2. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O, CaSO4.1/2 H2O)
3. Diatomaceous earth (amorphous SiO2)
4. Retarder phosphates prolonge working time
2Na3PO4 + 3CaSO4
3Na2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2
Properties:
1. Set after mixing with water
2. Shrink due to loss of water by Syneresis
expression of water from the surface of
impression (if contains Na2SO4 decreased
quality of stone surface); by Evaporation of
water from the surface
3. Imbibition sorption of water causing a
dimensional change
4. Chromatic phase indicator may be incorporated to
signal the impression setting
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
14
Store in a closed
container with a
towel saturated
with water
Standard
types
0.60
0.40
Prolonged
pouring
time
0.20
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
Time /hours
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
15
150
Blue - violet
White
6.5
100
r ig id ity
Pink
7.5
pH
Setting
50
5.5
4.5
0
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
time [min]
10:00
12:00
14:00
5 sec
35 sec
1 min 30 sec
2 min
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
16
Advantages:
1. Very good biological tolerance
2. Easy to use and mix
3. Fast setting
4. Low price
Disadvantages:
1. Poor dimensional stability
2. Setting dependent on water temperature and water
hardness
3. Although 100 h pouring time is also recommended they
should be poured as soon as possible
4. Sometimes problems with a model stone compatibility
B. Reversible hydrocolloid
Agar impression materials
Agarose, is a strongly
gelling, non-ionic
polysaccharide
Agaropectin, is more
complex polysaccharide
having sulfate groups
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
17
Gelation:
Agar sols form gels upon cooling of a hot solution to (30 40)C
Agar gels melt to sols upon heating to (90 95)C
Sol
random coils
Gelation II
aggregation of
helices
Gelation I
Double helices
Composition:
1. Agar
2. Borax to increase the gel strength
3. Potassium sulfate as a gypsum hardener
4. Water dispersion medium
Supplied in two forms in tubes and cartridges
Tray material
Filled tray
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
18
100oC
Material in syringes
applied to teeth
Advantages:
65oC
45oC
Disadvantages:
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
19
C. Elastomeric (non-aqueous)
impression materials
Synthetic polymers with rubber properties after setting
Polysulfide
Elastomeric (non-aqueous)
(irreversible)
Silicone - condensation
- addition
Polyethers
Main indications
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
20
Setting reaction:
Linear polysulfide polymer
HS
SH
HS
HS
SH
HS
SH
HS
SH
HS
SH
HS
Catalyst
PbO2
-H2O
PbO + O
Water released
increases
contraction
-S S-
Cross-linked
polymer
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
21
Composition:
Supplied in a two-paste system
Base paste:
polysulfide polymer, filler, plasticizer
Catalyst paste:
lead dioxide, sulfur, inert oil
Advantages:
1. Low price
2. Long working time
Disadvantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
22
Initiation:
+
SO3R
R+
SO3-
Propagation:
Linear polymer
Hydrophilic part
CH3-CH-CO-O-[CHR-(CH2)n O]m-O-CO-CH-CH3
Ring opening
N
CH2
CH2
N
CH2
aziridine
rings
N +
CH2
+CH
R+
CH2
N-R
CH2
CH2
Cross-linked structure
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
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Composition:
Supplied in a two-paste system
Base paste:
Polyether
Filler, plasticizer
Catalyst paste:
Inert oil
Filler
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Naturally hydrophillic
Accurate and high dimensional stability
Good elastic recovery
Low setting contraction
Excellent surface detail reproduction
Disadvantages:
1. Rather stiff when set material (difficult to remove
from mouth)
2. Very expensive
3. May cause allergic reaction due to the sulphonic acid
ester
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
24
DBTD
..O
Si O
O Si
Si
O
O Si
O
Linear polymer
Si
O
HO Si
..O
OH
..O
..O
Si
..O
+ Si(OC2H5)4
O
..O
4C2H5OH
..O
HO Si
OH
Si
O
..O
Cross-linked polymer
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
25
Composition:
Supplied as a two-component system
Base paste:
Catalyst:
Liquid catalyst:
Paste catalyst:
Filler
Advantages:
1. Accurate impressions when poured soon
2. Good elastic recovery
3. Lower price
Disadvantages:
1. Hydrophobic
2. Shrinking of impression over time, pouring time till 4 h
3. Catalyst may cause allergic reaction
4. Difficult to dispense proper volumes of both
components
5. Usually hand-mix version only
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
26
Si CH=CH2 +
CH3
H Si
..O
CH3
CH3
O
CH3 Si
O
CH3
..O
CH3
Si CH=CH2
H Si
H +
CH3
CH3
CH3 Si
O
CH2=CH Si
CH3
CH3
CH3
Vinyl
polymer
Pt
Crosslinking agent
..O
Si CH2-CH2 Si CH3
CH3
CH2-CH2 Si
CH3
Si CH2-CH2 Si CH3
CH3
Cross-linked polymer
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
27
Composition:
Supplied as a two-component 1:1 system
Base paste:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Catalyst:
1. Vinyl terminated polysiloxane polymer
2. Cross-linking agent
3. Filler, silicone oil (adjust viscosity of
duplicating materials)
Advantages:
1. Accurate impressions, very low shrinkage
2. Very good surface detail
3. Highly elastic
4. Perfect elastic recovery
5. Dimensionally stable
6. Non-toxic and non-irritant
Disadvantages:
1. Hydrophobic necessary to add a surfactant
2. Setting inhibited by latex gloves or some
adstringents (sulfur, heavy metals)
3. Hydrogen release surface bubbles pouring time
1 h after removal from the mouth
4. High price
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
28
Algi- Agar
nate
1
A-silicone
2 pastes
2 pastes
2 pastes
2 pastes
powder
Working time
[min]
1.5
4-7
2-3
2-4
2-4
Setting time
[min]
3-4
3-5
7-10
5-6
5-8
4-7
Contraction [lin %]
after 24 h
0.5
0.01
0.4-0.5
0.2-0.3
0.2-1.0
0.01-0.2
Recovery from
deformation [%]
96
98.8
94.5-96.9
98.3-99.0
97.2-99.6
99.0-99.9
Detail
reproduction [m]
50
25
25
25
25
25
Hydrogen release
Very
low
Very
low
82
50-60
98
70*-80
Relative cost
Very
low
high
low
Very high
lower
high
*Hydrophilic types
Putty
Light
Light
(C) Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Fac. Med., Charles University, and Institute of Dental Research in Prague
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