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Scilab Textbook Companion For Electronic Communication Systems G Kennedy and B Davis
Scilab Textbook Companion For Electronic Communication Systems G Kennedy and B Davis
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Electronic Communication Systems
Author: G. Kennedy And B. Davis
Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi
Edition: 4
Year: 2006
ISBN: 0-07-463682-0
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
2 Noise
11
3 Amplitude Modulation
14
18
5 Frequency Modulation
20
6 Radio Receivers
26
7 Transmission Lines
29
9 Antennas
32
35
13 Pulse Communications
44
16 Radar Systems
46
52
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluate a single pulse . . . . . . . . . . . .
RMS noise voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input noise resistance . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise figure of amplifier . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency range by sidebands . . . . . . . .
Total power in modulated wave . . . . . . .
Carrier power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antenna current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total radiated power . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modulation index . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modulation index . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carrier and modulating frequencies . . . . .
Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equation of modulated wave . . . . . . . .
Capacity reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total frequency variation . . . . . . . . . .
RMS value of modulating voltage . . . . . .
Image frequency and Rejection ratio . . . .
Loaded Q and intermediate frequency . . .
Maximum modulation index . . . . . . . . .
Inductance and outer conductor diameter .
Minimum value of characteristic impediance
Outer conductor diameter . . . . . . . . . .
Charactericstic impediance . . . . . . . . .
4
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7
8
11
11
12
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
26
26
27
29
29
30
30
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.5
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
13.1
13.2
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
18.1
18.2
18.3
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31
32
32
33
33
34
35
35
37
37
38
39
39
41
41
42
42
44
44
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
52
52
53
List of Figures
1.1
1.2
Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluate a single pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
10
Chapter 1
Introduction To
Communication Systems
// D e t e r m i n e t h e f i r s t f o u r t e r m s i n t h e F o u r i e r
s e r i e s f o r a r e c t a n g u l a r waveform
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
f = 1 e +3;
T = 1/ f ;
pw = 500 e -6;
A = 10;
p = pw / T ;
ft1 = ( A * p ) ;
ft2 = ( (2* A * p ) * sin ( %pi * p ) /( %pi * p ) * cos (2 e +3* %pi *
p) );
10 ft3 = ( (2* A * p ) * sin ( %pi ) /( %pi ) * cos (4 e +3* %pi * p ) )
;
11 ft4 = ( (2* A * p ) * sin (1.5* %pi ) /(1.5* %pi ) * cos (6 e +3*
%pi * p ) ) ;
12
13
14
15
disp ( ft1 , F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m 1 s t = )
disp ( ft2 , F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m 2 nd = )
disp ( ft3 , F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m 3 r d = )
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// E v a l u a t e a s i n g l e p u l s e
A = 8e -3;
f = 0.5 e +3;
w = 2* %pi * f ;
pw = 1/ f ;
w = 2* %pi / pw ;
MV = A / pw ;
// Maximum v o l t a g e
disp ( MV , Maximum v o l t a g e ( i n V) )
// For p l o t t i n g g r a p h
xset ( window ,2) ;
xtitle ( F i g u r e 1 . 7 ,X a x i s ,Y a x i s ) ;
x = linspace (0.1 ,6* %pi /( pw ) ,50000) ;
y =( MV * pw * sin ( pw ) * x ) /( pw * x ) ;
plot (x , y ) ;
// As t h e v a l u e s on b o t h x and y a x i s v e r y s m a l l , s o
p l o t i n t h i s e x a m p l e i s n o t a b l e t o shown t h e
variation
10
Chapter 2
Noise
// D e t e r m i n e RMS n o i s e v o l t a g e
f1 = 18 e +6;
f2 = 20 e +6;
R = 10 e +3;
T = 27;
k = 1.38 e -23;
df = f2 - f1 ;
T = T + 273;
Vn = sqrt (4* k * T * df * R ) ;
disp ( Vn , RMS n o i s e v o l t a g e i s ( i n V) )
// D e t e r m i n e n o i s e v o l t a g e
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
f = 6 e +6;
R1 = 200;
R2 = 300;
T = 17;
R = R1 + R2 ;
k = 1.38 e -23;
T = T + 273;
Vn = sqrt (4* k * T * f * R ) ;
disp ( Vn , N o i s e v o l t a g e i s ( i n V) )
// D e t e r m i n e I n p u t n o i s e R e s i s t a n c e
R1 = 600 + 1600;
R2 = (27 e +3*81 e +3) / (27 e +3+81 e +3) + 10 e +3;
R3 = 1 e +6;
A1 = 10;
A2 = 25;
Req = R1 + R2 / A1 ^2 + R3 /( A1 ^2 * A2 ^2) ;
disp ( Req , I n p u t n o i s e R e s i s t a n c e i s ( i n ohms ) )
// D e t e r m i n e n o i s e f i g u r e o f t h e a m p l i f i e r o f
p r e v i o u s example
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ro = 50;
Req = 2518;
Rt = 600;
Req1 = Req - Rt
F = 1 + ( Req1 / Ro ) ;
F1 = 10* log10 ( F ) ;
disp (F , N o i s e F i g u r e o f a m p l i f i e r i s ( i n W) )
disp ( F1 , N o i s e F i g u r e o f a m p l i f i e r i s ( i n dB ) )
13
Chapter 3
Amplitude Modulation
// D e t e r m i n e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e o c c u p i e d by t h e
sidebands
L = 50 e -6;
C = 1e -9;
f = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
f1 = f -10000;
f2 = f +10000;
disp (f , F r e q u e n c y r a n g e o c c u p i e d by t h e s i d e b a n d s
i s ( i n Hz ) )
12 disp ( f1 , F r e q u e n c y r a n g e e x t e n d i n g from )
13 disp ( Hz , f2 , t o )
14
1 // C a l c u l a t e t o t a l power i n t h e m o d u l a t e d wave
2
3 Pc = 400;
4 m = .75;
5
6 Pt = Pc *(1+( m ^2/2) ) ;
7
8 disp ( Pt , T o t a l power i n m o d u l a t e d power i s ( i n W) )
( i n kW) )
// D e t e r m i n e a n t e n n a c u r r e n t when p e r c e n t o f
modulation changes to 0.8
It = 8.93;
Ic = 8;
m = sqrt (2*(( It / Ic ) ^2 - 1) ) ;
m1 = .8;
It1 = Ic * sqrt (1 + ( m1 ^2/2) )
15
11
// D e t e r m i n e t o t a l r a d i a t e d power
Pt = 10.125;
Pc = 9;
m1 = sqrt (2*(( Pt / Pc ) - 1) ) ;
m2 = .40;
mt = sqrt ( m1 ^2 + m2 ^2) ;
Pt1 = Pc *(1+( mt ^2/2) ) ;
disp ( Pt1 , T o t a l r a d i a t e d power i s ( i n kW) )
// D e t e r m i n e m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x due t o t h i s s e c o n d wave
It1 = 11;
m1 = .40;
It2 = 12;
Ic = It1 / sqrt (1+( m1 ^2/2) ) ;
mt = sqrt (2*( ( It2 / Ic ) ^2 - 1 ) ) ;
m = sqrt ( mt ^2 - m1 ^2) ;
disp (m , M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x due t o s e c o n d wave i s )
16
17
Chapter 4
Single Sideband Techniques
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// C a l c u l a t e p e r c e n t a g e power s a v i n g s when c a r r i e r
and one o f t h e s i d e b a n d s a r e s u p p r e s s e d i n a AM
wave m o d u l a t e d t o a d e p t h o f ( a ) 100% ( b ) 50%
Pc = 10;
m1 = 1;
m2 = .5;
Pt1 = Pc *(1+( m1 ^2/2) ) ;
Psb1 = Pc *( m1 ^2/4) ;
s1 = ( Pt1 - Psb1 ) / Pt1 ;
s1a = s1 * 100;
Pt2 = Pc *(1+( m2 ^2/2) ) ;
Psb2 = Pc *( m2 ^2/4) ;
s2 = ( Pt2 - Psb2 ) / Pt2 ;
s2a = s2 * 100;
disp ( s1a , Power s a v i n g s when m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s
100% )
18
19
// D e t e r m i n e f r e q u e n c y p r e s e n t i n t h e unwanted l o w e r
sideband
2
3 x = 2*( %pi /180) ;
4
5 a = 1/ sin ( x ) ;
6
7 p = 20* log10 ( a ) ;
8
9 disp (p , F r e q u e n c y p r e s e n t i n t h e unwanted l o w e r
s i d e b a n d i s ( i n dB ) )
19
Chapter 5
Frequency Modulation
// D e t e r m i n e m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i n e a c h c a s e
de1
V =
fm1
fm2
= 4.8;
2.4 e +3;
= 0.5;
= 0.2;
Vm1 = 7.2;
de2 = 2* Vm1 ;
Vm2 = 10;
de3 = 2* Vm2 ;
mf1 = de1 / fm1 ;
mf2 = de2 / fm1 ;
mf3 = de3 / fm2 ;
20
21
22
disp ( mf1 , M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i n c a s e 1 )
disp ( mf2 , M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i n c a s e 2 )
disp ( mf3 , M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i n c a s e 3 )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// Find c a r r i e r and m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s ,
m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x and max . d e v i a t i o n o f FM wave .
A l s o f i n d power d i s s i p a t e d i n FM wave
wc = 6 e +8;
wm = 1250;
%pi ;
mf = 5;
Vrms = 12/ sqrt (2) ;
R = 10;
fc = wc /(2* %pi ) ;
fm = wm /(2* %pi ) ;
del = mf * fm ;
P = ( Vrms ) ^2/ R ;
disp ( fc , C a r r i e r F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz ) )
disp ( fm , M o d u l a t i o n F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz ) )
disp ( mf , Moduation I n d e x )
disp ( del , Max . D e v i a t i o n ( i n Hz ) )
disp (P , Power d i s s i p a t e d i n FM wave ( i n W) ) ;
21
f o r an FM s i g n a l
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
fm = 2;
fms = 8;
mf = del / fm ;
bw = fm * fms *2;
disp ( bw , Bandwidth r e q u i r e m e n t f o r an FM s i g n a l ( i n
Khz ) ) ;
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// W r i t e e q u a t i o n o f m o d u l a t e d wave f o r ( a ) FM ( b )
PM and when m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s c h a n g e d t o 2
Khz
fc = 25 e +6;
fm = 400;
del = 1 e +4;
wc = 2* %pi * fc ;
wm = 2* %pi * fm ;
mf = del / fm ;
disp ( wc , E q u a t i o n o f m o d u l a t e d wave i n FM f o r c a s e
(a) is V = 4 sin (
)
13 disp ( mf , t +
)
14 disp ( wm , s i n )
15 disp ( t (FM) )
16
17
disp ( wc , E q u a t i o n o f m o d u l a t e d wave i n PM f o r c a s e
(b) is V = 4 sin (
)
18 disp ( mf , t +
)
19 disp ( wm , s i n )
20 disp ( t (PM) )
22
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
disp ( wc , E q u a t i o n o f m o d u l a t e d wave i n FM f o r c a s e
(c) is V = 4 sin (
)
disp (5* wm , t + 5 s i n
disp ( t (FM) )
disp ( wc , E q u a t i o n o f m o d u l a t e d wave i n PM f o r c a s e
(d) is V = 4 sin (
)
28 disp ( mf , t +
)
29 disp (5* wm , s i n )
30 disp ( t (PM) )
// D e t e r m i n e v a l u e o f c a p a c i t y r e a c t a n c e o b t a i n a b l e
from a r e a c t a n c e FET
2
3 n = 9;
4 gm = 12 e -3;
5
6 Xceq = n / gm ;
7
8 disp ( Xceq , V a l u e o f
c a p a c i t y r e a c t a n c e i s ( i n ohms )
);
// D e t e r m i n e t o t a l f r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i o n when t h e
t r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e o f t h e FET i s v a r i e d from z e r o
t o maximum by t h e m o d u l a t i n g v o l t a g e
2
3 gm = 9e -3;
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
fn = 8*5 e +7;
f = 50 e +6;
C = 50 e -12;
Cx = gm /(2* %pi * fn ) ;
F = sqrt (1 + ( Cx / C ) ) ;
del = (0.0352* f ) /2.0352;
totaldel = 2* del ;
disp ( totaldel , T o t a l f r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i o n i s ( i n Hz )
)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// D e t e r m i n e ( a ) The rms v a l u e
m o d u l a t i n g v o l t a g e ( b ) The
c a p a c i t a n c e and i n d u c t a n c e
t u n e d c i r c u i t a c r o s s which
modulator i s connected
Vgsmin = -2;
Vgsmax = -0.5;
Vm = Vgsmax - Vgsmin ;
Gmmin = 3.2 e -4;
Gmmax = 8.3 e -4;
f = 8.8 e +7;
del = 75 e +3;
Vrms = Vm /(2* sqrt (2) ) ;
Cn = Gmmin /(2* %pi * f ) ;
Cx = ( Cn * Gmmax ) / Gmmin ;
24
of the required
value of the f i x e d
of the o s c i l l a t o r
the reactance
16
17 C = ( (( Cx - Cn ) * f ) /(4* del ) - Cn ) ;
18
19 L = 1/(4* %pi ^2* f ^2* C ) ;
20
21
22 disp ( Vrms , (A) RMS v a l u e o f t h e r e q u i r e d m o d u l a t i n g
v o l t a g e ( i n V) )
23 disp (C , V a l u e o f t h e f i x e d c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n F ) )
24 disp (L , V a l u e o f t h e f i x e d i n d u c t a n c e ( i n H) )
25
Chapter 6
Radio Receivers
// D e t e r m i n e ( a ) Image f r e q u e n c y and i t s r e j e c t i o n
r a t i o a t 1 0 0 0 kHz ( b ) Image f r e q u e n c y and i t s
r e j e c t i o n r a t i o a t 25 Mhz
2
3 fa = 1000 + 2*455;
4 rho_a = fa /1000 - 1000/ fa ;
5 alpha_a = sqrt (1 + 100^2 * rho_a ^2) ;
6
7 fb = 25 + 2*0.455;
8 rho_b = fb /25 - 25/ fb ;
9 alpha_b = sqrt (1 + 100^2 * rho_b ^2) ;
10
11 disp ( rho_a , Image f r e q u e n c y a t 1 0 0 0 kHz ( i n Hz ) )
12 disp ( alpha_a , R e j e c t i o n R a t i o a t 1 0 0 0 kHz )
13
14 disp ( rho_b , Image f r e q u e n c y a t 25 MHz ( i n Hz ) )
15 disp ( alpha_b , R e j e c t i o n R a t i o a t 25 MHz )
// D e t e r m i n e ( a ) Loaded Q which an RF a m p l i f i e r f o r
t h i s r e c e i v e r would have t o have ( b ) new
i n t e r m e d i a t e f r e q u e n c y t h a t would be n e e d e d ( i f
t h e r e i s t o be no RF a m p l i f i e r )
2
3 // Page 127
4
5 alpha_a = 138.6;
6 alpha_b = 7.22;
7 rho_b = 0.0715
8 fa = 25;
9
10 alpha = alpha_a / alpha_b ;
11 q = sqrt (( alpha ^2 - 1) ) / rho_b ;
12 f1 = ((1.91* fa ) - fa ) /2;
13
14 disp (q , Loaded Q which an RF a m p l i f i e r )
15 disp ( q /2 , G e o m e t r i c Mean o f Loaded Q which an RF
amplifier
16
17
// D e t e r m i n e maximum m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x
R1
R2
R3
R4
=
=
=
=
110;
220;
470;
1000;
Rc = R1 + R2 ;
Zm = ( ( R2 * R3 * R4 ) /(( R2 * R3 ) + ( R3 * R4 ) + ( R4 * R2 ) ) +
110) ;
27
10
11
12
13
14
Mmax = Zm / Rc ;
Mmax1 = Mmax *100;
disp ( Mmax1 , Maximum m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x ( i n %) )
28
Chapter 7
Transmission Lines
// D e t e r m i n e i n d u c t a n c e p e r m e t e r and o u t e r c o n d u c t o r
diameter
Z0 = 75;
C = 69 e -12;
k = 2.23;
d = 0.584;
L = Z0 ^2* C ;
D = d * 10^( Z0 /(138/ sqrt ( k ) ) ) ;
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e p e r m e t e r ( i n H/m) )
disp (D , Outer c o n d u c t o r d i a m e t e r ( i n mm) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e minimum v a l u e t h a t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d i a n c e o f an a i r d i e l e c t r i c
p a r a l l e l w i r e l i n e
29
2
3
4
5
// D e t e r m i n e t h e o u t e r c o n d u c t o r d i a m e t e r o f a
coaxial cable
Z0 = 2000;
k = 2.56;
d = 0.025;
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c h a r a c t e r i c s t i c i m p e d i a n c e o f t h e
q u a r t e r wave t r a n s f o m e r
2
3 Z0 = 200;
4 Zl = 300;
5
6 Z01 = sqrt ( Z0 * Zl ) ;
7
30
disp ( Z01 , C h a r a c t e r i c s t i c i m p e d i a n c e o f t h e q u a r t e r
wave t r a n s f o m e r i s ( i n ohms ) )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// D e t e r m i n e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e s t u b and t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e q u a t e r wave
t r a n s f o r m e r , both connected d i r e c t l y to the l o a d
Z0 = 300;
Zl = 200 + 75* %i ;
Bstub = 1.64 e -3;
Yl = 1/ Zl ;
X = -1/ Bstub ;
Gl = 4.38 e -3;
Rl = 1/ Gl ;
Z01 = sqrt ( Z0 * Rl ) ;
disp (X , R e a c t a n c e o f q u a r t e r wave t r a n s f o r m e r i s (
i n ohms ) )
15 disp ( Z01 , Char . imp . o f q u a r t e r wave t r a n s f o r m e r (
i n ohms ) )
31
Chapter 9
Antennas
// D e t e r m i n e t h e l e n g t h o f an a n t e n n a
v = 3 e +8;
vf = 0.95;
f = 5 e +5;
L = ( v * vf ) / f ;
L1 = L *3.9;
disp (L , Length o f an a n t e n n a i s ( i n m) )
disp ( L1 , Length o f an a n t e n n a i s ( i n f e e t ) )
2
3 A = 2.15;
32
4 P1 = 1000;
5
6 P2 = P1 *10^(0.1* A ) ;
7
8 disp ( P2 , Power must be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e
isotropic
a n t e n n a i s ( i n W) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e beamwidth b e t w e e n n u l l s o f a 2m
paraboloid r e f l e c t o r
2
3 D = 2;
4 lambda = 0.05;
5
6 Phi0 = 2*70*( lambda / D ) ;
7
8 disp ( Phi0 , Beamwidth b e t w e e n n u l l s
o f a 2m
paraboloid r e f l e c t o r ( in degres ) )
33
// D e t e r m i n e t h e g a i n o f t h e a n t e n n a i n p r e v i o u s
example
2
3 D = 200;
4 lambda = 5;
5
6 Ap = 6*(( D / lambda ) ^2) ;
7
8 disp ( Ap , Gain o f t h e a n t e n n a
34
i s ( i n W) )
Chapter 10
Waveguides Resonators And
Components
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y o f t h e dominant
mode
m
n
a
b
=
=
=
=
1;
0;
0.051;
0.024;
// D e t e r m i n e t h e l o w e s t f r e q u e n c y and a l s o t h e mode
35
c l o s e s t t o t h e dominant mode f o r t h e w a v e g u i d e i n
p r e v i o u s example
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
m1
n1
a1
b1
=
=
=
=
0;
1;
0.051;
0.024;
m2
n2
a2
b2
=
=
=
=
2;
0;
0.051;
0.024;
m3
n3
a3
b3
=
=
=
=
0;
2;
0.051;
0.024;
36
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// D e t e r m i n e ( a ) The c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e
dominant mode ( b ) The w a v e l e n g t h i n a w a v e g u i d e ,
a l s o f o r t h e dominant mode ( c ) The c o r r e s p o n d i n g
g r o u n d and p h a s e v e l o c i t i e s
a = 3;
m = 1;
vc = 3 e +10;
f = 6 e +9;
lambda0 = (2* a ) / m ;
lambda = vc / f ;
rho = sqrt (1 - ( lambda / lambda0 ) ^2) ;
lambdap = lambda / rho ;
vg = vc * rho ;
vp = vc / rho ;
37
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// D e t e r m i n e t h e g r e a t e s t number o f h a l f waves o f
e l e c t r i c i n t e n s i t y which i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o
e s t a b l i s h b e t w e e n t h e two w a l l s and a l s o
d e t e r m i n e t h e g u i d e w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h i s mode o f
propagation
vc = 3 e +10;
f = 10 e +9;
d = 6;
m1 = 1;
m2 = 2;
m3 = 3;
m4 = 4;
lambda = vc / f ;
lambda01
lambda02
lambda03
lambda04
=
=
=
=
(2* d ) / m1 ;
(2* d ) / m2 ;
(2* d ) / m3 ;
(2* d ) / m4 ;
// D e t e r m i n e t h e f o r m u l a f o r t h e c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n
38
a s t a n d a r d r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e f o r t h e TM11
mode
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
m
n
a
b
=
=
=
=
1;
1;
1;
a /2;
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wave i m p e d i a n c e f o r
t h e d a t a o f Example 1 0 . 3 and 1 0 . 4
2
3 L = 120* %pi ;
4 rho1 = 0.553;
5 rho2 = 0.661;
6
7 Z0a = L / rho1 ;
8 Z0b = L / rho2 ;
9
10 disp ( Z0a , Char . Wave i m p e d i a n c e
f o r t h e d a t a f o r Ex
1 0 . 3 ( i n ohms ) )
11 disp ( Z0b , Char . Wave i m p e d i a n c e f o r t h e d a t a f o r Ex
1 0 . 4 ( i n ohms ) )
Scilab code Exa 10.7 Various parameters for TE10 and TM11
39
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
// D e t e r m i n e t h e cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h , t h e g u i d e
w a v e l e n g t h , t h e g r o u p and p h a s e v e l o c i t i e s and
t h e c h a r . wave i m p e d i a n c e f o r ( a ) t h e TE10 mode
and ( b ) t h e TM11 mode
vc = 3 e +10;
f = 9 e +9;
a = 4.5;
b = 3;
m = 1;
n = 1;
L = 120* %pi ;
lambda = vc / f ;
lambda0 = (2* a ) / m ;
rho = sqrt (1 - ( lambda / lambda0 ) ^2) ;
lambdap = lambda / rho ;
vga = vc * rho ;
vpa = vc / rho ;
Z0 = L / rho ;
lambda0b = 2/ sqrt (( m / a ) ^2 + ( n / b ) ^2) ;
rhob = sqrt (1 - ( lambda / lambda0b ) ^2) ;
lambdapb = lambda / rhob ;
vgb = vc * rhob ;
vpb = vc / rhob ;
Z0b = L * rhob ;
disp ( lambda0 , Cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode ( i n
cm ) )
disp ( lambdap , Guide w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode ( i n cm
) )
disp ( vga , Group V e l o c i t i y f o r TE10 mode ( i n m/ s ) )
disp ( vpa , Phase V e l o c i t i y f o r TE10 mode ( i n m/ s ) )
disp ( Z0 , Char . I m p e d i a n c e f o r TE10 mode ( i n ohms ) )
disp ( lambda0b , Cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TM11 mode ( i n
cm ) )
40
// D e t e r m i n e t h e f r e q u e n c y
a = 3;
m = 1;
vc = 3 e +10;
L = 120* %pi ;
Z0 = 500;
lambda0 = (2* a ) / m ;
lambda = lambda0 * sqrt (1 - ( L / Z0 ) ^2) ;
f = vc / lambda ;
disp (f , F r e q u e n c y i s ( i n Hz ) )
2
3
4
5
6
7
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h , t h e g u i d e
w a v e l e n g t h and t h e c h a r . wave i m p e d i a n c e o f a
c i r c u l a r waveguide
vc = 3 e +10;
f = 10 e +9;
r = 2;
kr = 1.84;
L = 120* %pi ;
41
8
9 lambda = vc / f ;
10 lambda0 = (2* %pi * r ) / kr ;
11 lambdap = lambda / sqrt (1 - ( lambda / lambda0 ) ^2) ;
12 Z0 = L / sqrt (1 - ( lambda / lambda0 ) ^2) ;
13
14 disp ( lambda0 , C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h ( i n cm ) )
15 disp ( lambdap , Guide w a v e l e n g t h ( i n cm ) )
16 disp ( Z0 , Char . wave i m p e d i a n c e ( i n ohms ) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e r a t i o o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a
c i r c u l a r waveguide to that o f a r e c t a n g l e
r = 1;
kr = 1.84;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// D e t e r m i n e t h e v o l t a g e a t t e n u a t i o n p r o v i d e d by a 25
cm l e n g t h o f w a v e g u i d e
a = 1;
m = 1;
vc = 3 e +10;
f = 1 e +9;
A = 25
L0 = 2;
lambda0 = (2* a ) / m ;
lambda = vc / f ;
lambdaDB = 54.5*( A / L0 ) ;
disp ( lambdaDB , V o l a t a g e a t t e n u a t i o n i s ( i n dB ) )
43
Chapter 13
Pulse Communications
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c a p a c i t y o f a s t a n d a r d 4Khz
telephone channel
2
3 SNR = 10^(32/10) ;
4 df = 3400 -300;
5
6 C = df * log2 (1 + SNR ) ;
7
8 disp (C , c a p a c i t y o f a s t a n d a r d 4Khz t e l e p h o n e
channel i s ( in b i t s / sec ) )
// D e t e r m i n e ( a ) t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y ( b
) t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e c h a n n e l i f i t s bandwidth i s
d o u b l e d , w h i l e t h e t r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l power
remains constant
44
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SNR = 10^(28/10) ;
BW1 = 4000;
BW2 = 8000;
C1 = BW1 * log2 (1+ SNR ) ;
C2 = BW2 * log2 (1+( SNR /2) ) ;
C = C2 / C1 ;
disp ( C1 , I n f o r m a t i o n c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y i s ( i n b i t s /
s e c ) );
13 disp ( C2 , C a p a c i t y o f t h e c h a n n e l i f i t s bandwidth
i s doubled i s ( i n b i t s / s e c ) );
45
Chapter 16
Radar Systems
// D e t e r m i n e t h e a v e r a g e power
PeakP = 100 e +3;
Duty = 5e -4;
AvgP = PeakP * Duty ;
disp ( AvgP , A v e r a g e power i s ( i n W) )
46
// D e t e r m i n e t h e minimum r e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l i n a r a d a r
receiver
F = 10^(9/10) ;
k = 1.38 e -23;
T0 = 290;
dF = 1.5 e +6;
Pmin = k * T0 * dF *( F -1) ;
disp ( Pmin , Minimum r e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l i n a r a d a r
r e c e i v e r i s ( i n W) )
;
Rmax1 = Rmax /1000;
disp ( Rmax1 , Maximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i s ( i n
Km) )
47
// D e t e r m i n e t h e peak t r a n s m i t t e d p u l s e power
dF = 5 e +5;
lambda = 3.75 e -2;
F = 3;
D = 1;
S = 5;
Pt = ( dF * lambda ^2*( F -1) ) /(256* D ^4* S ) ;
disp ( Pt , Peak t r a n s m i t t e d p u l s e power i s ( i n W) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e maximum r a n g e o f a deeps p a c e r a d a r
lambda1 = 30/2.5;
lambda = lambda1 /100;
Pt = 2.5 e +7;
D = 64;
S = 1;
dF = 5 e +3;
F = 1.1;
Rmax = 48* sqrt ( sqrt ((( Pt * D ^4* S ) /( dF * lambda ^2*( F -1) ) )
));
disp ( Rmax , Maximum r a n g e o f a deeps p a c e r a d a r i s (
i n Km) )
48
// D e t e r m i n e t h e l o w e s t t h r e e b l i n d s p e e d s o f t h i s
radar
vc = 3 e +8;
f = 5 e +9;
PRF = 800;
n = 1;
lambda = vc / f ;
vb = PRF * n * lambda ;
vb1 = vb *60*60*1 e -3;
vb2 = vb1 *2;
vb3 = vb1 *3;
disp ( vb3 , vb2 , vb1 ,
The l o w e s t t h r e e b l i n d s p e e d s
o f t h i s r a d a r a r e ( i n Km/ h ) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e maximum a c t i v e t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f a
deep s pa c e r a d a r
A0t = 2.09 e +3;
PtT = 5 e +5;
A0b = 5.1 e -1;
lambda = 0.12;
k = 1.38 e -23;
T0 = 2.9 e +2;;
49
10 dF = 5 e +3;
11 Fb = 20;
12
13 RmaxT = sqrt (( A0t * PtT * A0b ) /( lambda ^2* k * T0 * dF *( Fb -1) )
);
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
disp ( RmaxT , A c t i v e t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f a d e e p s p a c e
r a d a r i s ( i n m) )
30 disp ( RmaxR , A c t i v e t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f a d e e p s p a c e
r a d a r i s ( i n m) )
31 disp ( RmaxR , Maximum A c t i v e t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f a d e e p
s p a c e r a d a r i s ( i n m) )
// D e t e r m i n e t h e D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y s e e n by a
stationary radar
2
3 vc = 3 e +8;
4 f = 5 e +9;
50
5
6
7 lambda = vc / f ;
8 vr = 100 e +3/(60*60) ;
9
10 fd = (2* vr ) / lambda ;
11
12 disp ( fd , D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y
51
i s ( i n Hz ) )
Chapter 18
Introduction To Fiber Optic
Technology
// D e t e r m i n e t h e c r i t i c a l a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e b e t w e e n
two s u b s t a n c e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x e s
2
3 n1 = 1.5;
4 n2 = 1.46;
5
6 thetaC = asind ((1.46* n2 ) /(1.5* n1 ) ) ;
7
8 disp ( thetaC , C r i t i c a l a n g l e i s ( i n d e g r e e s ) )
52
5 BW = 0.35/ Tr ;
6
7 disp ( BW , Bandwidth i s
( i n Ghz ) ) ;
53