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10

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11

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12

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13

Ad k v f r ; csKyf a [mif ; ausmf a Zm

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rkdif;ukd }uD;us,fpGm ajymif;vJapcJhayonf?
14

r[mAE<KvrSpI Akv
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Armjynf zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tprSm(1942)ckESpfuwnf;u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ukd
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d ifwef;+yD;rS
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ocif oef;xGe;f uwqifh jyef=um;onf[k qkyd gonf? xkpd Ofu ocifoef;xGe;f ESihf ocifp;dk wk@d tcsi;f csi;f a=u;eef;tquftoG,f
&SdaeyHk &ygonf?
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pwif =um;odchJ=u&m usaemfwkd@ rsm;pGm tHh=o+yD; pdwf0ifpm;vm=uygonf?
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okd@jzifh oifwef;umv wvausmfaomtcg EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ukd tqHk;owfvkdufygonf?
usaemfwkd@ oifwef;om;tm;vHk; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDokd@ 0ifvkduf=uygonf?
usaemfwkd@rSm b0 ajymif;oGm;ovkdvnf; cHpm;vkduf&ygonf?
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d yf 0GJ if uGejf rLepfygw0D ifrsm; jzpfomG ;
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onf aemufykdif;wGif ocifpkd; b0 tajymif;tvJ tcsdK@ &Sdaomfvnf; xkdpOfu usaemfwkd@ukd rGefjrwfvSaom uGefjrLepfb0
a&mufatmif aqmifGufulnDay;cJhaom ocifpkd;ukd aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdaeygonf?
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15

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wwd,u zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf toD;oD; tjrefjyifqifvkyfukdif=u&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
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csKyfatmifqef;/ AkdvfvufsmESifh Akdvfae0if;? jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD(aemif qdk&S,fvpfygwD)rS(3)OD;/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh
ocifcspfwkd@ jzpf=uygonf?
ocifcspfonf ArmjynfwGif xif&Sm;aom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfchJ+yD;/ ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;+yD;
aomtcg jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDrS ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDokd@ ul;ajymif;0ifa&mufvmaom yk*~dKvfjzpfygonf?

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifjcif;
zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf jyifqif=u&mwGif ta&;t}uD;qH;k rSm zufqpfawmfveS af &;wku
d yf w
JG iG f t"duae&mrS
wkdufckduf&rnfh Armhwyfrawmfukd avsmhavsmh &J&J jzpfae&mrS zufqpfawmfvSefa&; wkdufckdufa&;wyfrawmfaumif; w&yf
jzpfvm ap&ef EkdifiHa&;todynm jrifhwifoGwfoGif;ay;&efonf t"du jzpfaeayonf?
xku
d pd t
P wGuf Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S au'gtcsKd @udk acwWay;yg&ef tultnD awmif;cHchJ
onf?
Armhwyfrawmfudk Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;u uGejf rLepfygwrD S au'gtcsKd @ tultnDEiS hf Ekid if aH &; jriw
hf if+yD; jyKjyif&mwGif
tHh=ozG,f vsifjrefpGmjzifh rsm;pGmatmifjrif xajrmufchaJ yonf? TonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f xl;jcm;csuf}uD; wcsufjzpfojzifh
wyfrawmf jyKjyifa&;orkdif;ukd Tae&mwGif u|efawmf tusOf;azmfjyvkdygonf?
wyfrawmfu(dk 1943 - 44) ckEpS af vmufu pHjywyf&if; zG@J pnf;+y;D jyKjyifc=hJ uao;onf? tjzpftysurf mS Tok@d jzpf
ygonf?
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf(BIA)ukd (1941)ckEpS f 'DZifbm (26)&uf/ xkid ;f Ekid if H befaumufwiG f Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;
acgif;aqmif+yD; &Jabmf(3)usdyfESifh pwifwnfaxmifch=J uayonf?
aemuf (1943) ckEpS af vmufwiG f [k xifygonf? Armhwyfrawmf Akv
d o
f ifwef;zGi&hf ef r*Fvm'Hw
k iG f *syeft&m&Sad wG
acgif;aqmif+yD; wnfaxmifygonf? xkdAkdvfoifwef;okd@ wyfrawmf wyf&if;toD;oD;rS aemifppfAkdvfjzpf&ef oifhawmfrnfh
t=uyfwyfom;(25 - 30)txd ay;ykd@&ef awmif;qkdygonf?
TwGif usaemfhwyf&if;(4) rS oifhawmfrnfh t=uyfESifh wyfom;(25-30)avmuf ay;ykd@vkdufygonf?
r*Fvm'Hw
k iG f wyf&if;toD;oD;rS a&mufvmaom t=uyfwyfom; wyfz@JG uav;rsm;ukd *syefw@dk u Akv
d o
f ifwef;rzGihf
16

rD ppfynm+ydKifyGJuav;wck usif;yygonf?
xk+d ydKifyu
JG dk ppfynm(13)bmom (13)ckc+JG yD; usi;f y=u&m usaemhw
f yf&if;(4)rS wyfz@JG uav;u bmom&yf(2)ckwiG f
'kwd, &+yD; usefbmom&yf(11)ckpvHk;wGif yxrpG+J yD; tm;vHk;wGif yxr&ygonf?
TwGif *syefw@dk u tH=h o+yD; wyf&if;(4)ta=umif;ukd ar;jref;=u&m wyf&if;(4)rSm wyf&if;opfjzpf+yD; wyfziG v
hf pS w
f m
(3)vausmfuav;om&Sda=umif; od&aomtcg Tppfom;opfrsm;u vGefcJhaom wESpfausmfu &SdcJhonfh (BIA)
wyf&if;a[mif;}uD;rsm;tay:wuf+yD; AkdvfpGJr_udk tHh=o=uygonf? *syefrsm;u usaemfhukd b,fvkdoif=um; avhusif hay;
oenf;[kyif ar;jref;pHk prf;vm=uygonf?
usaemfu usaemfppfwyfxJ ra&mufrD txufwef;q&mjzpfoifwef; wufa&mufatmifjrifco
hJ jzifh xko
d ifwef;.
tajccHenf;emrsm;ukd ,l+yD;oif=um;onf[k ajym+yD; oifenf;wcsdK@ukd ajymjycJhonf?
xko
d wif;rsm; ys@H E@HS omG ;&m Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf Akv
d v
f ufsmwk@d od+yD;aemuf Armhwyfrawmfw&yfv;kH wyf&if;(4)
wyfom;awGvdk jzpfvm&ef &nf,
G cf sujf zifh ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f pHjywyf&if; wwyfz@JG +yD; xkw
d yf&if;ukd usaemfudk ukid w
f ,
G af vh
usifh apcJhygonf?
xkpd jH ywyf&if;ok@d wyfrawmf wyf&if;toD;oD;rS rdrw
d yf&if;ukd jyefvnf avhusijhf yKjyif&ef oifah wmfrnfh taumif;
qHk;aom t&m&Sd t=uyf (25 rS 30)avmufukd ay;ykd@ap+yD; pHjywyf&if;wGif usaemfu wkd@ukd (5)vr# ppfoifwef;rsm;
ay;+yD; aemuf wk@d u rdrw
d @dk wyf&if;rsm;ok@d jyef+yD; ppfoifwef;rsm; wzef jyefay;apjcif;jzifh wyfrawmfw&yfv;kH wyf&if;(4)vkd
ppfwyfaumif;awG jzpfvm&ef &nfG,f+yD; pHjywyf&if;ukd wnfaxmifum usaemfhukd OD;pD;apygawmhonf?
xkdpOfu wyfrawmf tajctaerSm Tokd@jzpfygonf?
xkdumv Armjynf *syefzufqpfrsm; vufatmufwGif wyfrawmfom;rsm;rSm tvGwfvyfqHk; vlrsm;jzpfaevkd@
wa=umif;/ jynfow
l @dk u Armhwyfrawmf zG@J pnf;r_udk rdrw
d @dk widk ;f jynfwiG f uk,
d yf idk w
f yfrawmf &Sv
d mr_udk rsm;pGm tm;&0rf;om
jzpfr_a=umifhwa=umif;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;ukd awG@&mae&mwkdif;wGif rsm;pGmav;pm;pGm *kpkduf=u+yD; cspfciftm;xm;pGm
qufqH=uonf? jynfolwkd@u wyfrawmfukd rsm;pGmtvkdvkdufchyJ gonf?
okd@jzifh wyfrawmfrSm ysdKwkdif;}udKufonfh ESif;qDckdif jzpfvmygawmhonf?
wyfrawmfwiG ;f wGiv
f nf; t*Fvyd pf pfwyfrsm;uJo
h @dk ppfpnf;urf;/ ppfOya'rsm;r&Sad o;yg? t"du rsKd ;csppf w
d f t&if;cH
jzifhom em;vnfr_jzifh wnfaxmifxm;ovkd jzpfaeygonf?
xkdokd@aom ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh twef=umvmaomtcg wyfrawmfrSm avsmh&&J J jzpfvmygawmhonf?
TwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@u pHjywyf&if; wnfaxmif+yD; wyfrawmfukd jyKjyif&ef pDrH=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
pHjywyf&if;jzifh wyfrawmfudk jyKjyif&ef pDr=H u&mwGif tawmftoifh atmifjrifw;dk wufvmaomfvnf; ar#mv
f ifx
h m;
oavmuf jzpfrvmyg? aemufrS odvm&aom ta=umif;&if;rSm pHjywyf&if;ok@d taumif;qH;k t&m&St
d =uyfrsm;ukd ay;yk@d &ef
awmif;qkx
d m;aomfvnf; wyf&if;rsm;u taumif;qH;k vlawG ray;=ubJ ajym&qk&d cufonfh vlnrhH sm;uko
d m vlaumif;rsm;
jzpfvm&ef &nf,
G +f yD; ay;yk@d =u&m xko
d rl sm;ukd oif=um;&wm ykcd uf+yD;/ wzef xko
d rl sm;uvnf; rdrw
d yf&if;rsm;ok@d jyef+yD;jyKjyif
&mwGifvnf; e*kduyif xufjrufaumif;rGefolrsm; r[kwfojzifh wyf&if;rsm;u ar#mfrSef;oavmuf aumif;rvmonfudk
}uHK awG@vm& ygawmhonf?
okd@&mwGif (1944-45)ckESpfrsm;wGifrl *syefzufqpfrsm;ukd awmfvSefwkdfufckduf&eftwGuf jyifqif&mwGif AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wk@d u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S au'gtcsKd @tultnDEiS hf Ekid if aH &;todynmESihf zufqpfawmfveS af &; pdw"f mwfw@dk
ukd oGwfoGif;&mwGif tHHh=ozG,f xl;uJpGm atmifjrifygawmhonf?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S au'grsm;ukd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;rsm;od@k jzef@ay;vku
d +f yD; xkad u'grsm;u xkw
d yf&if;rsm;
&Sd tcsuftcsm vlrsm;jzpfaom t=uyfESifh t&m&Sdrsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;oifwef;rsm; ay;ygonf?
17

xkdoifwef;rsm; umvtcsdK@=um+yD;aemufwGif avsmhavsmh&J&J jzpfaeaom wyfrawmf}uD;rSm +idrfusoGm;yg

awmhonf? wdwfqdwf wnf+idrfoGm;ygawmhonf?
xkd+idrfusoGm;&aom ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm uGefjrLepfEkdifiHa&;r; au'grsm;u wyfrawmf t=uyft&m&Sdrsm;ukd
Ekid if H a&; oifwef;ay;&mwGif t"du ta=umif;(2)csuf yg0ifayonf? yxrtcsurf mS uGejf rLepf0g' oabmw&m;ESihf 'kw,
d rSm
zufqpf0g' qef@usifa&; ta=umif;rsm;jzpf&m yxrwGif wyfrawmft&m&Sd/ t=uyfwkd@rSm ,cifu r=um;rodbl;aom
vlom;wk@d .tjrifq
h ;kH uGejf rLepf0g' oabmw&m;rsm;ukd =um;od&+yD; rsm;pGm pdw0f ifpm;vm=uIwa=umif;/ aemufwa=umif;
rSm zufppf0g'ukd pepfwus od&Sdem;vnfvm+yD; wkd@wawG *syefzufqpfrsm;ukd r=umcif wkdufckdufarmif;xkwf &awmhrnf
qkdonf ukd &dyfrdod&Sdvm+yD; rsm;pGmpdwfv_yf&Sm;vmIwa=umif; jzpfygonf?
ok@d jzifyh if Armjynf. *syefzufqpf awmfveS af &;}uD;ukd (1945)ckEpS f rwfv(27)&ufae@wiG f usaemfw@dk atmifjrifpmG
pwif wkdufckdufEkdifygawmhonf?
TwGiv
f nf; usaemfw@dk xl;jcm;r_wckudk awG@&jyefygonf? ta=umif;rSm usaemfw@dk u zufqpfrsm;ukd wku
d cf u
kd zf @dk
jyifqifae&m xko
d wif; *syefw@dk xH aygu=f um;ygu *syefw@dk u vufO;D r_,u
l m usaemfw@dk udk zrf;qD;wku
d cf u
dk f ta&;,lrmS ukd
usaemfw@dk wav#mufv;kH pk;d &dryf yl efaomu a&mufvsu&f &dS m ,ckrl vH;k 0 raygu=f um;bJ usaemfw@dk u tjynft
h 0 vufO;D r_
jzifh pwifEkdif+yDjzpfojzifh usaemfwkd@ tvGef0rf;ajrmuf aysmf$if&ygawmhonf? xkdzufqpf awmfvSefa&;}uD;ukd pwifEkdifonfh
(1945)ckESpf rwfv(27)&ufae@rSm usaemfhwouf 0rf;tomqHk; ae@wae@ jzpfygawmhonf?
Tokd@jzifh awmfvSefa&;pcgp (10)&ufavmuftwGif; usaemfwkd@u vufOD;r_&aeojzifh usaemfwkd@uyJ w0kef;0kef;
wku
d cf u
dk af e&mrS *syefw@dk u jyefvnfcck H wku
d cf u
dk v
f mygawmhonf? wku
d yf rJG sm; cufcv
J mygonf? ArmhwyfrawmfrmS ppftawG@
t}uHKuvnf; enf;yg;jcif;a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ *syefw@dk . &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;ukd awG@jrif&+yD; pk;d G@H vmjcif;a=umifv
h nf;
aumif; &J&ifhpGm wkef@jyefwkdufckduf&ef av;uefvmaeygonf?
TwGif usaemfw@dk taeESihf wyfrawmf pdw"f mwfudk jriw
hf ifay;=u&ygonf? tcsu(f 2)csuu
f dk ynmay;& ygonf?
yxrrSm *syefzufqpfawGtay: ykdI rkef;wD;GH&Smap&ef/ *syefzufqpfrsm;u ArmjynfolawGtay: &ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm
kdif;kdif; jyjy zdESdyfchJ=uyHkrsm;ukd ajymjy&ygonf?
aemufwcsuf ajymjy&onfrmS *syefw@dk ppf;_H zk@d tvGeef ;D pyfvmaea=umif;ESihf qkAd ,
D uf&k mS ; wyfrawmf}uD;onf
Oa&mywGif }uD;us,pf mG wku
d cf u
dk af e+yD;/ yxrwef; zufqpfEidk if jH zpfonfh *smrefzufqpfEiS hf tDwvDzufqpfEidk if rH sm;ukd ppf;_H ap
+yD;/ vufeufcs&onfh b0ok@d a&mufatmif r[mrdww
f yfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I atmifjrifpmG wku
d cf u
dk Ef rdS ef if;cJ+h yD;aemuf xkq
d Adk D
,uf wyfe}D uD;yJ tm&Sbufo@dk OD;wnfvm+yD; r[mrdww
f yfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f um *syefzufqpfw@dk ukd wku
d cf u
dk v
f m&m ,cktcg
*syefjynfr}uD;ay:ok@d yif urf;wufwu
dk yf rJG sm; wku
d &f efyif jyifqifae+yD jzpfonf? *syefawG rkcs ppf;_H awmhrnfh tcsed ef ;D uyfae+yD?
wkwjf ynfrmS vnf; *syeft"du wyfrsm;rSm wkww
f @dk . jyefveS x
f ;dk ppfa=umifh r_rvS H;_ edrahf e=u+yDjzpfa=umif;rsm;udk ajymjy&
ygonf?
xk@d a=umifh Armjynf zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &;wku
d yf rJG mS wnf+idrv
f sijf ref+yD; t&Sed t
f [kef aumif;vmygawmhonf?
xkt
d wGi;f tar&duefw@dk u *syefjynfr&Sd [D&dk rDS m;ESihf em*gpuD;+rdK@rsm;tay: tEkjrLAH;k (2)vH;k ukd }uJcsvu
dk yf gonf?
urBmay:wGif tEkjrLAHk;ukd tar&duefwkd@pwif toHk;jyKvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?
TwGif tajctae t&yf&yfESifh +ydKvJrwwf jzpfaeaom *syefwkd@onf quf+yD;rcHEkdifawmhyJ tH_;ay;vkduf&+yD;
(1945)ckESpf=o*kwfv(15)&ufae@wGif cif;csufr&Sd vufeufcsvkduf&ygawmhonf?
TwGif (4)ESpaf usm=f um zufqpf0g'u rD;ar$;ay;cJah om 'kw,
d urBmppf}uD; +yD;qH;k jcif;od@k a&mufcahJ yawmhonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif usaemfwkd@. zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;wkdufyo
JG nfvnf; atmify}GJ uD;&+yD; +yD;qHk;oGm; avawmh
onf?
18

(1945)ckESpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;wGif Armjynfolwkd@u *syefzufqpf (2)aomif;ausmfukd acsr_ef;Ekdifch=J uay

onf? usaemfESifh ocifcspfwkd@ OD;pD;aom ppfwkdif;(4)wGifyif usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf zufqpf*syef oHk;axmifhav;&mausmf
acsr_ef;EkdifchJ ayonf?
xkAd rmh zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;u ArmEkid if jH ynforl sm;ukd tusKd ;aus;Zl;}uD;(4)ck ay;cJyh gonf? yxru usaemfw@dk
ArmEkid if u
H av; urBmt
h v,fwiG f xifay:ausm=f um; vmygawmhonf? 'kw,
d u usaemfw@dk Armjynf&dS vlrsKd ;pHk jynfot
l m;vH;k
wcJeuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrdvm apygonf? wwd,u Armjynfolrsm;onf rdrdukd,frdrd ,Hk=unfpdwfcsr_rsm; &Sdvmjcif; jzpfyg
onf? xkdtxufyg aus;Zl;rsm;a=umihf &&Sdvmonfh aemufqHk; pwkw tusdK;aus;Zl;uawmh +Adwdo#e,fcs@J orm;rsm;ESifh
aemufqHk; ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wkdufyG}J uD;wGif vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ rqifEv
$J kduf&bJ ESpfaygif;(100)ausmf vHk;yef; wkdufckdufch&J
aom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd (1948)ckESpfwGif atmifjrifpGm qGwfcl;EkdifchjJ cif; jzpfygawmhonf?
Tonfw@dk um; vGecf ahJ om tESp(f 60)u Armjynfow
l @dk . atmify&JG zufqpfawmfveS af &; wku
d yf }JG uD;. tusKd ;&
v'frsm;yif jzpfayonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm ArmEkdifiHa&;orkdif;wGif atmifyG&J orkdif;rSwfwkdif}uD; wwkdifvnf;jzpfayonf?
Armhwyfrawmfonf vGefchaJ om ESpf(60)/ (1945)ckESpfu jynfoltm;vHk;ESifhtwl vufw+GJ yD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
acgif;aqmifr_ atmufwGif *syefzufqpf0g'udk wkdufckdufawmfvSef atmifycJG H,lchaJ om wyfrawmf jzpfchaJ omfvnf; ,cktcg
jynfolrsm;ukd opPmazmuf+yD; EkdifiHawmftm%mukd t"rR vk,lum wkdif;jynfrS 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd kyfodrf;y,fzsuf+yD; jynfol
rsm; tay: zufqpfqefqef "m;rkd;tkyfcsKyfaeayonf?
tzdEydS cf jH ynfow
l @dk rmS zufqpfqefvaS om ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk qef@usi+f yD; 'Dru
dk a&pDawmfveS af &;ukd wav#muf
vHk; qifEa$J e&ayonf?
wyfrawmfrmS zufqpfjzpfvmaeojzifh zufqpfawmfveS af &;ae@uydk if t&Sed Ef iS v
hf ef@ae+y;D zufqpfawmfveS af &;ae@[k
rac:&J roHk;&Jb/J wyfrawmfae@[k trnfajymif; oHk;pGaJ eayonf?
rnfonfhtrnfyJ ajymif;ajymif; zufqpfonf zufqpfyJ jzpfayrnf? jynfolrsm;u awmfvSefz,f&Sm;rnfom
jzpfonf?
Armjynf jynforl sm;onf omrefjynforl sm; r[kw?f +Adwo
d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm;tay: ESpaf ygi;f (100)ausmf vGwv
f yf
a&; wku
d yf q
JG ifE+J$ yD; atmifycJG cH ahJ om tawG@t}uHKu,f0aom jynforl sm; jzpfonf? &J&if+h yD; tawG@t}uHKrsm;pGmjzifh &ifu
h suf
aeaom jynfolwkd@onf rdrdwkd@ ,ck qifE$aJ eaom 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&;ukd ,cifrdrdwkd@ qifE$cJ hzJ l;/ tEkdif&cJhzl;aom vGwf
vyfa&; wkdufy}GJ uD;uJhokd@ wnDwnGwfwnf; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh wkdufckdufawmfvSef=u+yD;/ raES;tjref rkcs atmifyq
JG ifE$J
qGwfcl;Ekdif=urnfrSm rkcsrvGyJ if jzpfygawmhonf?
Armjynfoltaygif; tvGefvkdcsifaeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf tjrefqHk; &&Sdygap?
?
Akdvfr;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm

19

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJrS
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;odk@
(yJcl;) ae0if;
t*Fvyd u
f v
dk edk aD cwf ppf}udKumv? usaemf wkwf
vufzuf&nfqkdifxJ 0ifxkdifvkdufw,f? "mwfjym;vm;?
vlqkdovm;rrSwfrd? wkwftrsdK;om;wcsKd@ em;axmif
ae=uw,f? wcsKd@ursuf&nf0Jvkd@? wcsKd@u rsufESmxm;
wif;wif;eJ@ tm;vH;k +idrf +idro
f ufouf em;axmifae=uw,f?
todwa,mufudk ar;=unfah wmh jynf}uD;u a'owcsKd @udk
*syefodrf;oGm;w,f? b,fawmhrsm;rS jyefodrf;EkdifyghrvJvkd@
qkdaewmyg?tck usaemfwkd@ *syefukefawGukd oydwfarSmuf
ae=uw,f? aiGawGpk+yD;awmhvnf; *syefwkduf&mrSm oHk;zkd@
jynf}u;D ukd yk@d ay;aew,fvk@d vnf; wkw0f o
H mEkvy_ &f mS ;r_udk
ajymjyygw,f? usaemf *syefukd rjrifzl;ygbl;? *syefawG
bmvkyfaeovJqkdwmvnf; rodygbl;? wkwf taygifqHk;
qkdifu aps;aygayge@J 0,foHk;xm;wJh *syefykdif;avmh azmifwdef
avmufom odwmyg? 'gayrJ@ ukdvkdeD u|efjzpfaeolrkd@vm;
rodygbl;? olwkd@ cHpm;ae=u&wmukd oabmaygufw,f?
pdwfxdxdckdufcdkuf ul;puf+yD;vnf; pmemrdw,f?
*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;
usaemf ausmif;om;oydwfxJ ygzl;w,f? (1300)
jynfh csw
D ufy}JG uD;rSm v,form; wyfz@JG e@J vnf; twl vku
d yf gchJ
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EkdifiHa&;ta=umif; tawmftwefuav;awmif em;vnf
ao;ol rjzpfao;ygbl;? wkd@Armjynf t*Fvdyfu|efb0u
vGwfajrmufa&;pdwf jyif;jyaeolvdk@ qkd&ifawmh &rvm;yJ?
'gvnf; b,fole@J aygif;& aygif;& t*Fvdyfukd armif;xkwf
Ek d i f & if +yD ; a&mqk d w J h rEl ; reyf ausmif ; om;wa,muf
20

jzpfygw,f?
'ge@J yJ 'kw,
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wyf}uD;vnf; zGJ@Ekdif+yD? 'kd@vGwfvyfa&; wu,fukd &awmh
r,fvkd@ wcgwnf; ,HkoGm;+yD;/ usaemf AkdvfAvwyfxJ oGm;
0ifw,f? ppfom;ppfppfawmh rjzpfao;ygbl;? wyfom;opf
pcef;rSmae wyfom;a[mif; awG ppfa&;avhusifhwm xkdif
=unfhae&ao;wJhtqifhyJ &Sdygao;w,f? r=umvkdufygbl;?
*syefwyfu Zmwdjyvmw,f? abmhvHk; uGif;xJrSm Arm ig;
a,mufudk "m;jyqkd+yD; vSHpGyfeJ@xkd; owfjywmudk +rdK@ay:
uvlawG ac: =unfhckdif;w,f? ausmif;om;wa,mufukd
vnf; ajcESpfacsmif; }udK;eJ@yl;csnf/ usefwpukd um;rSmcsnf/
'GwfwkdufqGjJ y? (cyfa0;a0; ra&mufcif aorSmyJ)? aemuf
wa,mufukdvnf; "mwfwkdifrSm }udK;eJ@wkyf aevSef;xm;?
'gawGukd awG@vkduf&awmh *syeftay: pdwful;,Ofxm;
wmawG ukefoGm; Hkruygbl;? *syefe@J aygif;wJh wyfxv
J nf;
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w,f? pm;aomufa&;udpP usefao;w,f? qkdufum;wpD;
aiGp0k ,f? ae@ntem; rxm;? vl (6)a,muf wa,mufwvJ
pD vlydk@? &wJhaiGe@J xrif;qdkifrSm 0,fpm;wmyJ? cyfvG,fvG,f
pum;eJ@ajym&&if pm;awmh xrif;qdkif/ aomufawmh
a&tkd;pif/ tdyfawmh Z&yfaygh? 'gayrJh pdwfwlukd,fwl/
vG w f v yf w ,f ? yif y ef ; ayr,f h aexk d i f p m; aomuf r _

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ausmif;oGm; wufcw
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wk w f a usmif ; om;awG vmavh & S d w ,f ? tm;upm;
(bwfpuufabm)vm avhusiahf y;w,fayg?h aemuf usaemf
odvmwmu *syefu wkwfawGukd apmifh=unfhaevkd@ OD;&Sdef/
OD;aZmf0w
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toif;awmif Ekid af tmif rupm;Edik af yr,fh ausmif;upDpOf&if
wufwufuu 0ifupm;wmyJ? ausmif;rSm oifwef;+yD;
atmif usaemf raevkduf&ygbl;? yJcl;u ocifwa,muf
vm+yD; wkd@Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;tHk; zGJ@pnf;&mrSm wm0ef
ay;csif v k d @ qk d + yD ; ausmif ; eJ @ aqG ; aEG ; w,f ? ausmif ; u
oabmwl vkdufw,f? usaemfvnf; vufcHw,f? 'ge@J a0g
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ac:vmcJ h w ,f ? usaemf w k d @ +rd K @e,f x J u ausmif ; om;

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tpnf;awG zG@J pnf;vku
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tHk;rSm ocifcsefxGef;u OuU/ ukdae0if;u twGif;a&;r;/
tm&Svli,frSm ukdrsdK;nGef@u twGif;a&;r;/ 0efxrf;r;u
ukd0if;armif/ tzG@J tpnf;awG&@J aumfrwD0ifrsm;/ tjcm;Xme
wm0efcHrsm;rSm ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;/ wufuwJh vli,f
rsm;/ wufuwJh v,form;rsm; yg0ifvm=uw,f? ocif
csex
f eG ;f rS ty us aemftygt0if tm;vH;k ocif r[kw=f uyg?
'gayrJh wkd@Arm tpnf;tHk;&J@ tawG;tac: t,ltqawG
tenf;trsm;qkdovkd cH,lxm;=uolawG jzpf=uw,f?
tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ vkyfief;uawmh ta&S@awmiftm&S
omwlnDr#a&; ajym+yD; vufawG@rSm olckd;"m;jy umuG,f
a&;/ rD;ab;-a&ab;umuG,fa&;/ ava=umif;&ef umuG,f
a&;/ oma&; ema&;pwJh &yf&mG vlra_ &; udprP eS o
f r# wufwuf
uu 0ifvkyf=uw,f? taomufvGef okdif;uGufeif;aewJh
wOD;wav vl}uD;ukd wG+J yD; tdryf @dk ay;vku
d f awmh ol@trd o
f m;
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yJcl;rSm tpnf;ta0;vkyfwkdif; vlcsif;awGqHkaeayr,fh ol@ukd
uGejf rLepfreS ;f usaemf rodygb;l ? aemifawmh vlxt
k zG@J tpnf;
vkyfief;vnf;vkyf&if; ocifoef;az/ ocifZif/ yJcl;ukd}uD;jrifh/
ocifyk/ ocifwif/ oeyfyif ocif}uD;jrifh pwJholrsm;eJ@
&if;ESD;vmcJhw,f? zufqpfqef@usifa&; vkyfief;vm;? ygwD
vkyfief;vm; rcGJjcm;wwfayr,fh tzGJ@tpnf;u ay;wJh
wm0efqkd&if ausyef atmif aqmifGufcJhygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@
tzG@J tpnf;u usaemfe@J u'dk yD ;dk (yJc;l ausmif;om;) ESpaf ,muf
ukd ( jzL;-anmifyifomGm)rSm vkyw
f hJ ocifA[de;f &J@ oabm
w&m; oifwef;ukd v$wfwufckdif;+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh
ygwDvkyfief;ukd cGjJ cm;em;vnf vmw,f?
ygwDpnf;Hk;a&;r;
usaemfygwD0if jzpfvm+yD;aemufrSm a0g+rdK@e,f
twGif; ygwD0ifodrf;oGif;a&;/ ygwDzGJ@pnf;a&;vkyfief;ukd
zdzdpD;pD;vkyfcJh ygw,f? (ygwD pnf;Hk;a&;r;) acgif;pOf[m
txuftzGJ@tpnf;u ay;wJh pnf;Hk;a&;trnf r[kwfyg?
usaemfvkyfae&wJh vkyf ief;ukd azmfjyjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;udkvnf; t&Sdefjrifhvkyf&if;
21

+rdK@e,fuGefjrLepfygwDukd zGJ@pnf;wnf axmifvkdufjcif;jzifh

a0g+rdK@e,fzufqpfawmfvSefa&;[m ygwDacgif;aqmifr_ &SdwhJ
awmfvSefa&; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? (1944) ckESpf/ =o *kwfvrSm
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmif+yD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wd k @ eJ @ twl zuf q pf q ef @ usif a &;/ jynf o l @ vG w f v yf a &;
wyfaygi;f pk}uD;ukd zG@J pnf;vku
d yf gw,f? tzG@J tpnf;rsm;taeeJ@
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw/D Armh um
uG,fa&; wyfrawmf/ tm&Svli,ftpnf;tHk;eJh &ckdif/ u&if
pwJh vlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm; yg0if=uygw,f?
a0g +rdK@e,f zqyvrSmawmh yifukd,fuvnf;
jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD(aemifqkd&S,fvpfygwD) r&SdcJhygbl;?
vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@rsm;vnf; r&SdcJhygbl;? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
atmify&JG +yD;aemufrmS qk&d ,
S v
f pfacgi;f aqmif OD;AaqGu a0g
ukd pnf;Hk;a&; qif;vmawmh usaemfe@J awG@csifw,fajymvkd@
awG@=uwJhtcgrSm OD;AaqGu vlawmf vlaumif;awGawmh
uGefjrLepf jzpfukef=u +yD? uGefjrLepfpHcsdefrrDwho
J lawG jyifyudk
pifroGm;atmif usaemfwkd@ pnf;Hk;xm;csifygw,f? 'gukd
cGifhv$wfapcsifw,f? yGifhyGihfyJ ajymygw,f? usaemfuvnf;
ausauseyfeyfyJ oabmwlvu
dk yf gw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh
qkd&S,fvpfygwD0ifukd pawG@vm w,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepf
uGJ=uawmh t&ifu tEl;tnGwfawmif;yefwmawmif
r0ifcsiw
f hJ vl}uD;wOD;wavvnf; acgi;f aygi;f pav;wvlvel @J
zqyv vl}uD;rsm;ae&mrSm 0ifxkdfifvm=uw,f? usaemf
rSwfrdao;w,f? qefpuf refae*smtzdk;}uD;u usaemftyg
0kdif;xdkifae=uwJhvl}uD;tkyfpkxJrSm a[h - armifae0if;&?
OD;av;vnf; zufqpff awmfvSefa&;rSm ygcJhygw,fuG? +rJ+rJ
rSwfxm;yg? rarhvkdufyge@J ? rif;wkd@ rD;&xm;vrf; zsufwkef;u
OD;av; *G(0uftlvSnfh) iSm;vkdufwmavuGmwJh? 'Dtzkd;}uD;
&,fp&majymovkdvkdeJ@ wrifuavmfvkdufwm? tuGuf
aumif ; apmif h a ewJ h 'D v k d v l r d s K;uvnf ; ruif ; =uyJ u d k ; ?
aumif;wmvnf; &Sdygw,f? *syefwacwfvHk;rSm *syefukd
rkef;wD;wmuawmh olwkd@vkd vlawGrajymeJ@ ajr&Sif}uD;
OD;pdef0if;awmif *syefudk axmufcHpum;ajymwm r=um;cJh
zl;ygbl;? *syefawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;rSmawmh trnf
razmfwhJ 'Dvli,f uGefjrLepfawGyJ zqyvukd vHk;yef; OD;pD;
cJhwmygyJ? yJcl;avhusifha&;wyfukd vli,fawGv$wf ppfavh
usif h c k d i f ; xm;wmawG / quf o G , f a &; tpD t pOf a wG c s
aqmifGufwmawG/wyfxGufr,fhae&m&SmazG jyifqif xm;&
wmawG tylwjyif;vkyfxm;cJh=uw,f?
22

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vufeufukdfifwkdufyGJ
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ukd txufArmjynf Akdvfr;
Axl;wyfeJ@ &ckdifjynfe,fwkd@u apmapmuwnf;u qifE$J
cJh=uygw,f? r[mrdwfwyfe@J vnf; qufoG,f/ ulnDr_vnf;
&+yD; aygif;pyf+yD;vnf; wkdufyGJqifcJh=uw,f? (1944) 'DZif
bmvqef;rSm pwifchJwhJ &ckdifawmfvSefa&; atmifyG&J vkduf
awmh tifzm ppfrsuEf mS u ppf;_H *syefwyf[m &ckid ef ,fajrukd
qkwv
f rf;tjzpf roH;k Ekid af wmh bl;? *syefwyf[m e*ku
d wnf;
u b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfudk csKyfuidk rf xm;Ekid cf yhJ gb;l ? (1945)
ck/ rwfv (27) rSm wjynfv;kH twkid ;f twmjzifh zufqpfqef@
usifa&; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ qifvkduf=uawmh ArmrsKd;cspf
wyfrawmf[m tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd wkdif;toD;oD;cGJ+yD; csDwuf
wkdufckduf=uw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef;xGef;/ ocif
A[def;/ ocifoef;azwkd@OD;pD;wJh jynfol@&Jacgif ajymufusm;
wyf[mvnf; rsKd ;cspw
f yfrawmfe@J aygi;f pyf+y;D awmifial 'orSm
ae&m,l wkdufckdufae=uw,f?
a0g +rdK@e,fygwDeJ@ ajymufusm;wyf[m csdef;qkd
xm;csuft& wkdif;(4) uv$wfwJh AkdvfarmifarmifwyfcGJu
a&S@ajy; wyfzG@J ukd a0guae apmifhaew,f? 'DwyfzG@J [m a0g
awmif b uf w rk d i f u G m wl ; ajrmif ; taemuf b uf u rf ; u
&Sr;f pk&mG a&muf awmh qufrvmbJ tdyaf e=uw,f? wkid ;f (4)
wkdif;r;Akdvfr;ausmfaZm OD;pD;wJhwyfu wl;ajrmif;ta&S@
bufurf;/ ajrmif;abmifay:u csDwufvmcJhw,f? rkd;rvif;
wvif;rSm a0gukd a&mufvm+yD;/ usaemfwkd@eJ@awG@ tpD
tpOfnd=uw,f? 'Dtcsdefu a0grSm *syef wyfpGJrxm;ygbl;?
bl w mH k r S m (2-3)a,muf ? ol } uD ; td r f r S m (7)a,muf
avmufyJ &Sw
d ,f? ukx
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f
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wyfzGJ@uav;eJ@ blwmHku &efolukd acsr_ef;zkd@pDpOfw,f?
usaemf w k d @ bl w mH k a &muf c sd e f r S m ol } uD ; td r f b uf u
aoewfoaH wG =um;ae&+yD? 'Dtcsed f uav;rSmyJ a0gbw
l mukd
&xm;wpif; xkd;qkduf vmw,f? &xm;wpif;vHk; *syef
ppfom;awG tjynfh? oxHkbufukd qkwfoGm;r,fhwyf? t&if
u &xm;awGvydk J ava=umif;&efa=umifh a0grmS aecif;ck+d yD;rS
nbufxGuf=uvdrfhr,f? ppfom;wcsKd@ vnf; wGJxJu
qif ; vmae=u+yD ? 'geJ @ yJ Ak d v f a usmf a ZmeJ @ usaemf w k d @
rwkdufjzpfbJ jyefqkwfvmcJh&w,f? ol}uD;tdrfu *syef
ukdawmh tm;vHk;acsr_ef;vkdufEkdifw,f? 'gayrJh ol}uD;orD;
t}uD ; (aemif +id r f ; csrf ; a&;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r S m Ak d v f a usmf

aZmwk@d e@J twl v_y&f mS ;cJw

h hJ OD;nGe@f &if&@J tpfr)vnf; aoqH;k
oGm;cJhw,f?
ArmjynfolawG zufqpfawmfvSefa&; qifEv
J$ kduf
wJ h t wG u f r[mrd w f w yf r sm; 0if v mwm yk d r k d j ref q ef
oGm;apcJhw,f? &efukef+rdK@ukd ArmhrsdK;cspf wyfrawmfu
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rdwfwyfu arv (3)&ufae@rSmrS 0ifvmEkdifw,f? Armh
rsKd;cspfwyfrawmf wkdif;(4) ppfXmecsKyfvnf; ppfawmif;jrpf
ta&S@bufurf; awmifay:uae yJcl;+rdK@ukd a&$@vmcJhw,f?
wkid ;f (4) vufatmuf wyf&if;rsm;vnf; ol&o
J rl ed &f mG up+yD;
jrpfusKd;/ a0g pwJh wl;ajrmif;wav#muf a&$@ajymif;wyf
csxm;vku
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f ,f? r[mrdwf wyfrsm;vnf; &efuek f - rE aW v;
&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;wav#muf wyfcsxm;Hkru yJcl; - ppf
awmif; wl;ajrmif; u a0g eJ@ a0g ta&S@(3) rkid u
f mG bk&m;jzL&Gm
awGrSmvnf; wyfcsxm;=uw,f?
a0g+rdK@e,f[m taemufrS ta&S@ cg;v,frSae+yD;
&xm;vrf;jzwf azmufxm;w,f? awmifraS jrmufudk cg;v,f
uae wl;ajrmif; jzwfazmufxm;w,f? um;vrf;u yJcl;eJ@
a0gyJ aygufw,f? 'gawmif a0ge,fxrJ Sm (7) rkdifavmufyJ
&Sw
d ,f? tjcm; um;vrf; r&Syd gb;l ? rD;&xm;vrf; awmifjcrf;
anmifcg;&Snf mG up+y;D ta&S@bufurf;qk&d if ppfawmif; jrpf0
(rkwWr yifv,fauG@ )yg? a0g+rdK@e,f ygwDeJ@ ajymufusm;
wyf[m &xm;vrf; awmifjcrf;/ wl;ajrmif; ta&S@jcrf;/ a0g
+rdK@e@J (6)rkdifavmuftuGm anmifukdif;GmrSm tajccsxm; yg
w,f? 'gayrJh ppfawmif; ta&S@bufurf;u *syef trSwf (33)
wyfrawmfu a0g e,fbuful;+yD; aESmuf,Suf wkdufckduf
avh&Sdw,f? r=umcif wae@rSm *syefwyfu usaemfwkd@
anmifukdif;&Gmukd vmwkdufw,f? *syef wcGJ avmuf &Sdr,f?
ajrtaetxm;u &Gmywfvnf[m v,fuGif; ajrjyef@ygy?J
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23

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24

2005/ azazmf0g&D 7 &uf?

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25

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26

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ol aqG;aEG;ay;ygr,f jyefajymw,f? ae@ naerSmyJ u|efawmfwkd@ukd tapmifhrsm; aewJh tcsKyfcef;&J@ tay:xyfukd
ajymif;ay;w,f? tpm;taomufvnf; tar&duef &m&Siaf wG jzpfvmw,f? aemufwae@rmS wkww
f yf u ar*smwa,muf
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vm=unfh w,f? udpPr&Sdygbl;vkd@ ajym+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ukd E_wfquf jyefoGm;=uw,f? wu,fawmh tdENd,rS jyef0ifvm
=uwJh r[m rdwfawGxrJ Sm wkwfwyfu tar&duef&@J uGyfurJ _atmufrSm &Sdw,f? *syefwkduf&mrSm jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armf/
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w,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@dk ESpaf ,mufukd zrf;oGm;ovkyd J ac:oGm;r,f ajymw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,mufvnf; axmifxrJ mS
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(2)

zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;twGuf
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a&muf=uw,f? av,mOfysHuGif;rS um vuwWm; qifajczkH; bD[mvm &yfuGuf&Sd ukdodef;azqD wkdufkdufykd@ay; w,f?
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27

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28

ajray:uswht
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av,mOfysHay:u ajray: v,fuGif;xJukd vufawG@ESpfcgckefqif;=u&w,f? naecif; yxrqif;wJhtcgrSm ukdausmf&if
ajcqpfvdrfoGm;vkd@ atmufu apmifhaewJh vlemwifum;eJ@ aq;kHa&mufoGm;w,f? 'kwd,t}udrfrSm rygEkdifawmhyg? (2)
&ufe@J yJ avxD;qif;oifwef; +yD;oGm;ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ &JabmfawGtm;vkH; rsdK;cspfpdwf/ jynfcspfpdwfe@J av,mOfysHay:rS
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(3)

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29

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30

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31

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34

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zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;rSm *k%af jymifpmG usq;kH oGm;=uwJh &Jabmf/ &Jabmfr/ jynfo@l ppfe@J jynfojl ynfom;taygi;f
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?

wae@rSm ocifoef;xGef;tdrfa&S@um;wpD;xkd;&yfoH =um;&+yD; tdrfay:wufvmwhJ

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vufwif;wif;usyu
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E_wq
f uf=uw,f?

35

&Jabmfpkd;odrf;
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um vu ppfukdif;a'orSm }uHKawG@chw
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trsdK;rsdK; }uHKcJh =u &ygw,f?

36

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r=umr=um a&mufvmwwfygw,f? usaemfwkd@ 0efxrf;wyfxJ 0ifwm[m t*Fvdyfarmif;xkwfa&;/ *syefzufqpf0g'
37

qef@usifa&;&nf&G,fcsufawG yg&Sdygw,f?
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arvxJrSm usaemfvnf; BIAxJ0ifygw,f? usaemfwkd@wyf&if;[m ppfukdif;awmifajc&Sd atmifajrbHkpH (awmifausmif;
ajrmufausmif;) ausmif;wkdufESpfckvHk;rSm wyfcschJygw,f?
usaemfwyfxJ 0ifprSmyJ ocifodef;azwkd@vlpk tdENd,oGm;wmukd usaemfwkd@ wyfpdwfu a&$bkdtxd (rD;&xm;vrf;t
wkid ;f )nrSm vku
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f xJ a&mufawmh ocifoed ;f azudpP tr_ywf+y;D usaemfw@dk acgi;f aqmif &Jabmfoed ;f wefudk *syefuifaywkid u
f zrf;qD;ygw,f?
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us aemfwkd@&@J zufqpf0g' qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_[mvnf; ykdykdodyfonf;wJh v#dK@0Sufv_yf&Sm;wJhb0 jzpfoGm;Hkru 0wfHkvnf;
ajymif;&jyefygw,f? ppfuidk ;f vli,ftzG@J [mvnf; tm&Svil ,fawGjzpf=u? tenf;pku t&yfa'oajymif;=u? *syef&@J tvkyXf m
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h m0ef[m *syefpmoif+y;D *syefaq;axmufyahH &;XmerSm tvky&f atmifvyk zf @dk q&mat;armifu
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k /f bke;f }uD;pD;om;a&bdeyfcsKyf/ 0ifaiG&atmif&mS / [kad jy;'Dajy; qufom;uav;
aygh? tpu &if;ESD;olawGu rmwvdvkd@ac:&if usaemfr}udKufyg? 'gayrJh =umvmawmhvnf; kd;oGm;ygw,f? *syefawG
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vkyif ef;wckvdk oabmxm;zk@d wufwufuu yg0if+yD; rdwaf qGrsm;rsm;&atmifvyk zf @kd rSm=um;jyefygw,f? vkyif ef;awGuawmh
rsm;oxuf rsm;vmygw,f? usaemf[m *syefpm ausmif;wywf(4v)pmar;yGJatmif+yD;aemuf Gmaxmif rD;&xm;blwmrSm
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f ,f(rk;d wGi;f }uD;)rSm q&mat;armifu usaemfe@J &Jabmftek ;f armif/ &JabmfrsKd ;wk@d udk wm0efwck xyfay;
ygw,f? 'guawmh vufeufpkaqmif;zkd@yg? 'Dwm0ef[m cufcrJ ,fqkdwm wGufqcsuf&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfwkd@(3)OD;vHk;ukd
ykd +yD;wufu vef;qef;apygw,f? 'Dwm0ef aqmif&Gufzkd@ usaemfwkd@(3)OD;tjyif &Jabmftkef;armifnD &Jabmftkef;a&Smif/
&J a bmf v if ; =unf w k d @ uk d v nf ; tul a c: =uygw,f ? q&mat;armif tpD t pOf t & ppf u k d i f ; +rd K @ taemuf z sm;&S d
ig;xyf}uD;bk&m;rSm *kda'gifawG aqmuf+yD; vufeufc,
J rf;awG okdavSmifxm;wJh ae&mrSm anmifukef;&Gmu trsdK;orD;}uD;
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trsdK;orD; tysdKacgif;vnf; jzpfygw,f?) oleJ@ qufoG,f+yD; usaemfwkd@ tvkyfwGifwGifus,fus,f vkyf=uzkd@vnf;
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usaemfw@dk (5)a,muf[m Zlvidk v
f wnrSmyJ aoewf (14)vuf o,f,El idk cf yhJ gw,f? anmifuek ;f &Gmawmifyidk ;f o&uf+cH}uD;
awGxJrSmyif *kda'gifawG rsm;vS+yD; rkd;wGif;a&}uD;csdefrSmawmh tapmifhuvnf; enf;oGm;+yDqkdawmh usnfqHawGukdawmh
usaemf wkd@twGuf vG,fvG,feJ@yJ &&Sdygw,f? vG,fw,fvkd@ cyfwdkwkdajymvkduf&ayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@uawmh
38

oJxdwf&ifzkd Zmwf vrf; wykHwyif}uD; }uHK=u&ygw,f?

vufeufc,
J rf;awG &+yD;aemufrmS vnf; vH+k cHKatmifxm;a&;/ rysupf ;D atmif xm;a&;[m qufcg qufcg aomu
Asmyg' rsm;cJ=h u&ygw,f? rk;d wGi;f rSm a&0ife,fqadk wmh yk+d yD;tcuftcJ}uHK&ygw,f? usaemfw@dk [m enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sm}uH=u&
ygw,f? q&mat;armif t}uHjyKwmu ppfuidk ;f awmif;dk ajrmufzsm;rSm pma&;&Gm[m *syefvy_ &f mS ;r_vnf; tm;enf;/ a&0if
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&GmcHausmkd;rsm; &&Sd+yD; vufeufpkaqmif;a&;vrf;a=umif;wckyif xyfawG@=uygw,f?
'guawmh tifzmwkdufyGu
J ppf_H;+yD; uaomif;ueif; qkwfcGmvmwJh zufqpfwyfawG[m Armjynfajrmufykdif;
awm+rdKif}uD;awGu jzwfqw
k &f awmh iSuzf sm;uvnf;ayg/ opfaqG;a&ykyaf wGvnf; aomuf=uawmh 0rf;a&m*gvnf; xyfjzpfe@J
vlrrmwyf}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? 'gukd pma&;Gm&Sd ausmkd;&Jabmfrsm;jzpf=uwJh q&modef;}uD;/ q&mukd(ausmif;tkyf)eJ@
&JabmfwkwfpwJh olawGu vlrrmrsm;xHu vufeufawG vk,l&Ekdifa=umif;ajymygw,f?
*syefzufqpfawGukd awmfvSefwht
J cg tqifajywJh[muawmh vlxkw&yfvHk;u zufqpfawGukd tvGefw&m
rkef;wD; aewmyg? 'gayrJh zGifhajym pnf;Hk;zkd@usawmh tajymvG,foavmuf tvkyfcufvSygw,f? tE W&m,f=um;rSm csdefcsdef
qq vkyf=u&ygw,f? zGifhajym+yD; tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unf&+yDqkd&ifawmh wu,fyif tiftm;wkd;vm+yD; yDwdjzpf=u&ygw,f?
'g[m &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfvSwhJ zufqpfuifayawG&@J rsufpda&S@rSm vkyf=u&wJh b0wl &Jabmfrsm;tzkd@awmh wlnDwhJ cHpm;
csufwckyg?
awmfvSefa&;rSm rdrdpOf;pm;xm;wmawG&Sdovkd rpOf;pm;rdwmawGvnf; }uHK&ygw,f? (1944)ck/ (pufwifbm
okd@r[kwf atmufwkdbmtp)rSm jzKef;ceJqkd usaemfwkd@ygwDuvmyfpnf;ukd q&mat;armifu ac:awG@+yD; (2)&ufwkdif
EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ay;ygw,f? 'guawmh yxrwcku awmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk ta=umif;yg? jynfwGif;rSm wyfaygif;pk
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ zGJ@a&;awmh xifjrifcsuf(cHpm;csuf) xl;xl;axGaxG r&Sd=uyg? 'gayrJh t*FvdyfeJ@ r[mrdwfzGJ@=u&r,f
qkdwmawmh tprSm usaemfwkd@ vufcHzkd@ cufcJygw,f? q&mu xyfwvJvJ &Sif;jyygw,f? t*FvdyfeJ@ usaemfwkd@
&nfG,fcsufrwlyg? olwkd@u *syefukdwkdufwm[m e,fcsJ@csif;ydyuQyg? ArmjynfolawGu rdrdvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wk d u f w myg? 'gayrJ h wl w muawmh zuf q pf 0 g'uk d qef @ usif = uwm jzpf w ,f vk d @ &S i f ; wm a&vnf o G m ;awmh r S
vufcH=uygw,f? 'kwd,oifwef;ay;wmu pwmvifa&;wJh qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD (abmfvf&SDApf) orkdif; pmtkyfxu
J
aumufEkwf+yD; tEkydavmrkyf0g'udk &Sif;jyygw,f? 'guawmh topftopfaom oabmw&m;od wckxyfwkd;=uwm
qkdawmh tvGefESpf+cdKufayr,fh a&a&vnfvnf r&Sif;ao;bJ vufcH vkduf=uygw,f?
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uvmyfpnf;ukd wm0efwck ay;ygw,f? Akdvfodef;OD;eJ@ puftajrmufwyfrS &Jabmf(30 rS 50)avmufudk oifwef;ay;rSmrkd@
(v#dK@ 0SufvHk+cHKwJh)ae&m wck&Smzkd@ / 'ghtjyif vHk+cHKa&; udpPe@J aexkdifpm;aomufa&;udpP ulnDzkd@vnf; ajymygw,f? aiGe@q
J ef
qDqm; pwmawGawmh rvkdbl;wJh? 'gayrJh [if;oD;[if;Guf pwJht&Htpm;tpm awGuawmh ulnD0,fay;wm &Smay;wm
vkyf&r,fwJh?
'DrSm usaemfwkd@ acgif;tylqHk;uawmh v#dK@0Sufa&;eJ@vHk+cHKa&;yg? anmifukef;Gm[m ig;xyf}uD;bk&m;eJ@
wqufwnf;yg? ig;xyf }uD;bk&m;rSm *syefvufeuf *kda'gifawG apmifhaewJh *syefwyf[m &mcsD&Sdygw,f? *syefuifaywkdif
qkdwmuvnf; e,fcH+rdK@cHxu
J opPmazmufawGukd toHk;cs+yD;/ teH@cH&mrSmvnf; awmvkdufacG;xuf teH@cHaumif;w,f
r[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh qifra=umuf&if zdeyfjzpfoGm;r,fav? 'ga=umifh enf;emrsdK;pHkvnf; t}uHxkwf=u/ uifaywkdifawG
tmHkpkdufr_ ae&majymif;atmifvkyfzkd@ enf;vrf;vnf; &Sm=u&ygw,f? usaemfwkd@wawG pkd;&drfpdwf&Sdayr,fh 0rf;omyDwd
jzpf=u&wmuawmh zufqpfawGukd tjyKwfESHzkd@ tcsdef[m eD;+yDayghvkd@ awG;qcsufygyJ? 'ga=umifh aysmfaysmf$if$ifeJ@yJ
+yD;ajrmufatmif aqmifGuf=uygw,f?
39

usaemfwkd@[m wm0efwckrS r+yD;ao; (1945)ckESpfaEGOD; (Zefe0g&Dvvkd@xif)rSm q&mat;armifu wm0efwck

ay;jyefygw,f? usaemfw@dk tjyif pm=unfo
h if;OuU OD;}uD;pHaz/ &Jabmftek ;f armif/ tpfu0dk rf;uGJ OD;pdeaf rmif wk@d uykd g ac:xm;wm
awG@& w,f? 'Dwm0efuawmh usaemfwkd@ aqGrsdK;rsm;&Sd&m ppfukdif;e,f taemufjcrf;(wef@qnfa&0ife,f)ukd oGm;a&muf+yD;
ausmk;d rsm;&Smzk@d (wyfu&Jabmfrsm;/ +rdK@ay:u &Jabmfrsm;vm&if ulnaD pmifah &Smuf=uzk@d )pnf;H;k a&; qif;&wmygy?J 'gvnf;
pma&;Gm oGm; pOfuvkyd if vlrsm;ukd avhvm+yD; pdwcf s&+yDxif&if *syefawmfveS af &;rSm yg0if=uzk@d (uln=D uzk@d ) zGiahf jym=uzk@d ygy?J
'DumvrSm q&m at;armifu usaemfwkd@ukd wm0efay;wkdif; ygwDaumfrwDu &Jabmfwkd@ukd wm0efay;ygw,f
qkdwJhpum;[m tprSm xl;qef;ovkdvkd &SdcJhygw,f? ygwDaumfrwDu b,folawGvJ? ar;vnf;raumif;? rar;vnf;
awG;p&mu w+yHK}uD;? 'gvnf; w'kuQaygh? aemif=umawmhvnf; kd;oGm;+yD; ajratmufv#dK@0Sufa&;umv w}udK;wnf;
qufoG,fwhJpepfqkdwm 'gyaJ ygh? rod vnf; ta&;r}uD;? zufqpfawGukd tjyKwfESHzkd@om y"mevkd@yJ xm;vkdufygw,f?
usaemfwkd@(5)a,muf[m wef@q,fa&0ife,f&Sd&Gmrsm;ukd w&GmpDtvkduf aqGrsdK;&Sdr&Sd/ rdwfaqG&Sdr&Sd ndE_dif;=u+yD;
wm0efcGaJ 0 =uygw,f? &JabmfrsKd;u qifajy&Gm/ rkd;}udK;&GmrSm aqGrsdK;&Sdawmh ol@ukdwm0efcG+J yD; &Jabmftkef;eJ@ OD;pdefarmifwkd@u
AsJ xa&mf&Gm/ rtlyif&Gm/ om'Gef;&Gm/ a'gif;r&GmawGukd oGm;=uzkd@? usaemfe@J OD;pHazu u|u
J l;&Gm/ ovGefjzL&Gm/ EGm;acs;u|ef;&Gm/
wJ}uD;&Gm/ aeylukef;&Gm/ qD;acsmif;&Gm/ oajyyif&GmawGukd oGm;=uzkd@ wm0efcGJygw,f? 'Dumva&mufawmh usaemfwkd@
tm;vHk;pkd;&drf pdwfr&Sd =uawmhyg? wyfawGuvnf; awmfvSefa&;xJ ygvm+yD; wyfazsmufzdk@ jyifae=uw,f qkdawmh t&rf;yif
wufuae=uygw,f? usaemfwkd@&GmawG a&mufawmh ykd+yD;tm;wufp&muawmh &GmcHvltcsdK@[m wyfawGvmr,fqkdwm
odEiS ahf e=u+yD qkd wm awG@&ygw,f? OD;}uD;pHazu ygwaD umfrwDtcsKd @ 'd@k t&if a&mufae+yDxifw,fv@dk vnf;ajym? pma&;&Gmu
q&mode;f }uD;wk@d &Jabmfww
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=uw,fvkd@vnf; ajymygw,f?
tajctaewckvHk;u awmfvSefa&;twGuf tusdK;&Sdwhb
J ufukd t&Sdefjrefjrefe@J csDwufae+yDav? vlxk}uD;uvnf;
tHk uae+yD? ausmk;d tiftm;awGvnf; pkpnf;vmae+yD? acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; vlxx
k J ajAmifvy_ &f mS ; vm+yD? zufqpf*syefwyf
}uD;vnf; tifzm;wkdufyG}J uD; _H;+yD;aemuf +ydKusvmae+yD - r[kwfygvm;?
orkdif;&J@ tajymif;tvJum; }uD;rm;jrefqefvSygw,f? zufqpf*syefrsm;[m ppfEkdifcsdef(1941 rS 1944txd)awmh
ppfrmeeJ@ zufqpf0g'ukd tl;trl; =urf;jy=u/ &rf;jycJh=uygw,f? Armjynfolrsm;tay: &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_ cufxefrme
axmif v$m;r_/ tEkid u
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Armjynforl sm; tHk uawmfveS rf _ }uHK&csed rf mS awmh upOfu
h vsm; qkwcf mG =uwm/ tpma&pmjywfjywfvyfvyf/ aq;0g;jywfvyf
a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK;pGJuyfwm(Armjynf ajrmufykdif;&J@ iSufzsm;a&m*g pGJuyfwm/ opfaqG;a&rsm;aomuf+yD; 0rf;a&m*g pGJuyf
wm)wkd@a=umifhbl&SD'kdpdwf"mwf wpGef;wpav;awmif rjyEdkif=uawmhyg? *syefzufqpfawG[m ppfEkdifpOf rme axmifvG$m;
Ekdifoavmuf ppf_H;wJh tcgusawmh rdrdvlemawGukd rdrdypfowfwm/ raocif a&xJarsmypfwm/ a&wGif;xJxnfhypfwm/
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tykid ;f (3)

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40

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yifyef;vSayr,fh aysmfp&m }uD;aygh?
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'ghtjyif &Gmwkdif;rS trmcHausmkd;vli,fawGvnf; wkdufyw
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41

*syef&@J umuif;&S&d m oajyyif&mG &J@ a&S@u aeyluek ;f ausmif;(bke;f }uD;ausmif;)0kid ;f &S&d m 0ifwu
dk af wmh &vku
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&Sad e w,f? 'Dy}J uD;cif;}uD;awGjzwfwufawmh (*syefu owfuiG ;f vkyx
f m;wmjzpfv@dk )tJ'rD mS rdrb
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rsm; w,f? reuf ESif;ruGJ ao;bl;? Akdvfodef;OD; &ifbwfrSm '%f&m&oGm;w,f?
olu olaqmif;xm;wJh azmhOD;xkyfc|wf+yD; olvJae&muae ajrmufjyaew,f? *syefuvnf; tJ'Dvkdjywkdif;
puf}uD;eJ@ w&pyf ypfaew,f? '%f&m&xm;ol[m AkdvfrSef; *syefuodaew,f? Akdvfodef;OD;uvnf; ppf0wfpHk
tjynfh0wfxm;w,f? "m;&Snfvnf; csdwfxm;w,f? oHcarmuf raqmif;bJ azmhOD;xkyf aqmif;xm;w,f? olvnf;
taotcsm jyifqif0wfxm;rSmaygh? oajyyif odrf;+yD;&if ol@ZeD;aewJh&Gmukd a&mufawmhrSmyg?
ol@'%f&m&wmukd odvkd@ uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawGcsnf; pkpnf;+yD; ol@ukd0ifaumufzkd@vkyfw,f? ygwD0ifwyfr;wOD;
(,ck vuf&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol)&,f/ (roHk;vHk;)ukdpdef0if;&,f/ q&modef;}uD;&,f/
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ppfukdif;awmifkd;bufrSmawmh ckdifygwDaumfrwD&J@ tpDtpOft&(a,bk,s

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a&S;a[mif;ydokum vuf&mawGjzpfwJh bk&m;ykxkd;apwDawG/
bkef;}uD;ausmif;awG uvnf; axmifaomif;csD&Sdaewma=umifh ppfajrjyif
rjzpfzdk@ygyJ?

w&pyf ypfcwfaew,f? Akv

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'%f&mu tqkwu
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vHk;0qkwfoGm;+yD? oajyyifwkdufyGt
J +yD; aemufwae@rSm ppfudkif;w+rdK@vHk;ukd odrf;rdwmygy?J
42

(ckdifygwDHk;rSm usqHk;ol &Jabmftm;vHk;&J@ tkd;jymawGukd aowWmav;awGvkyf+yD; odrf;qnf;xm;w,f? (28 3 - 48)ygwD awmcdkawmhrS 'Dtkd;jym aowWmawGukd &efol tpkd;&u zsufqD;ypfvkduf=uw,f?)
(15 - 3 - 45) ae@rSm q&modef;}uD;eJ@ &Jabmfwkwf OD;pD;wJh pma&;&Gm ajymufusm;wyf[m tHk;awm&Gm}uD;&Sd
*syefwyfpw
d u
f dk xrif;au|;oluau|;+yD; wku
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kd &f m *syef(3)OD;ao/ (4)OD;xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f? *syefwyfrsm; r&Sad wmhrS r[m
rdww
f yfrsm; tke;f awm&Gm}uD;ukd odr;f yku
d Ef idk yf gw,f? (r[mrdww
f yfrsm;[m tke;f awm&Gmukd rwfvtpuwnf;u wku
d +f yD;
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ajymufusm;wyfu 0ifwkduf+yD;rS tkef;awm&Gmukd odrf;ykdufEkdifHkru *syefrsm; ta0;txd qkwfoGm;=u+yDrkd@ yJuwkd;&Gm/
rusD;pif&Gm/ jyKuH&Gm/ &Gmaxmif blwmtxd r[mrdwfrsm; csDwufEkdif=uygw,f?)
ppfukdif;awmifkd;bufrSmawmh c&dkifygwDaumfrwD&@J tpDtpOft&(a,bk,s wkdufyrGJ vkyfzkd@ )? ta=umif;uawmh
atmufArmjynf +rdK@}uD;rsm;eJ@ rE Wav;/ ppfukdif;+rdK@rsm;rS jynfolawG/ &[ef;oHCmawG ckdatmif;&mvnf;jzpf
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ppfajrjyif rjzpfzdk@ygy?J
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H pPmazmufrsm; okwo
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odrf;ykduf Ekdif=uygw,f?
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43

&Jabmfcifarmif}uD;

(1)
,ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufae@wGif zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf tESpf (60)jynfhajrmufchJ av+yD?
zufqpf*syef qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif Armjynf&dS vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfov
l x
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(2)
(1944) ckESpf 'kwd, ESpf0ufykdif;twGif;wGif(tcsdefumv v&uf twdtus rrSwfrdawmh) usaemfonf tmvH
ta&S@jcrf; tzk;d . Zmwd&yfajr rus;D Hk mG awmifyidk ;f rS &efuek o
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44

c%c% ajymaew,f? pdwfcs,Hk=unf&wJh vli,fawG &Smay;ygwhJ ? usaemfu acgif;ndwfjyvkdufonf?

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A[kXd mecsKyfo@dk oGm;um ukn
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ygOD;
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45

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46

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47

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ukdnDav;ESifh &JabmfwcsKd@ uifayrsm; rsufpda'gufaxmuf =unfhaeonfht=um;rS aysmufoGm;av+yD? olwkd@onf
vufeufukdif zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;twGuf oxHkokd@ xGufoGm;=u+yD? usaemfhrSm 0rf;omvkd@ rqHk;atmifjzpfaeonf?
ta=umif;um; olomG ;+yD;&if usaemfvnf; r=umrD wm0efjzifh TuGe;f ckpd cef;rS xGucf mG &awmhrnfrmS aocsmaeaoma=umifh
jzpf ayonf?
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f mG ;+yD; wywfcef@t=umwGif oufqikd &f mrS usaemft
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f @dk a&mufomG ;onf? wxyftrd jf zpfonf? tcef;wGi;f 0ifvu
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us aemfw@dk tvkyw
f l vky=f uwmayg?h uJ 'Du &JabmfawGudk rdwq
f ufay;ygrh ,f? olu ocifom+rdKif? aemuf+yD; ocifped cf sK?d
aemuf ocifaomif;? usaemfu ocifv_dif? ocifv_difrSm wm0efcHjzpfonf?
oDwmvrf; trSwf(4)tdrfrSm &efukefckdif zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&; a&S@wef;OD;pD;Xme jzpfonf? ckdifXmecsKyfrSm
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f efjzifh vky&f m usaemfa&muf+yD; r=umrDyif usaemfrh mS
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48

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oifwef;ay;&onfh vkyfief;wm0efukdvnf; usaemfhtm;ay;cJhonf?
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f yfrawmfu &efuek +f rdK@udk odr;f yku
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Tod@k aom tcsed u
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,ck pmygvmol &JabmfESpfOD;u usaemfwkd@ tajctaeukd tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHyg vdrfhr,f? vkdtyfaom
nef=um;csufay;yg&ef?
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&SdwhJ ae&mukd &atmifpHkprf;+yD; ta&mufoGm;yg[k usaemfwkd@tm;rSmvkdufonf?
(5)
v_difjrpfa&onf woGifoGif pD;qif;aeavonf?
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yifyef;vGe;f vSojzifh b,fub,fvdk b,fqo
D @dk qko
d nfch &D;pOfudk avmavmq,fwiG f pOf;pm;vkpd w
d rf &Sad wmh? vrf;tajctae/
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rsm;. pnf;Hk;a&;tajctae/ vlxkpdwf"mwf tajctae bmqkdvkd@ bmwckrS rodxm;? 'ga=umifh ormefxw
J Gif ESpfa,muf
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usaemfw@dk anmifwek ;f ok@d t&if ta&mufomG ;=urnf? tJ'aD &mufrS pHpk rf;avhvm+y;D waxmuf waxmuf [oFmw/
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49

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f m+yD; rDwm(200)ausmf
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bufrS vl(200 - 300)cefh&Sdonfh vltkyf}uD;wtkyf/ vSHrsm;/ "m;rsm;/ 0g;c|efrsm; ukdifpGJum usaemfwkd@qDokd@ tajy;tv$m;
vm aeonfukd awG@&onf? Txl;jcm;onfh tjcif;t&ma=umifh usaemfwkd@vnf; tHhtm;oifhum acwW&yf=unfhaerdonf?
vltkyf twGif;rS vl(10)a,mufcef@u OD;pGmxGufvm+yD; usaemfwkd@tm; 0kdif;vkduf&if; a[h - rif;wkd@ rajy;eJ@? ajy;r,f}uH&if
ao+yDom rSwfayawmh[k qkdum csOf;uyfvmayawmhonf?
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c&D; xGufvmwm? raESmuf,Suf=uyge@J
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aoewfukdifwhJ awmfvSefa&;orm;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? aoewfrygwhJ awmfvSefa&;orm;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? tvkyf
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ay;vkdufonf?
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J nf? aemufwae@wGif "EkjzL+rdK@ukd zwyv
50

ESihf awmfveS af &; wyfz@JG rsm;u odr;f yku

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D a&mwGif a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf? usKH weD;&Sd awmfveS af &;
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d af tmifrif;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ&h onf? z&JrmS Akv
d cf sKyfqo
D mG ;&m vrf;c&D;wGif a&S@wef;
*dw0f jzpfayonf? Akv
d af tmifrif;wk@d EiS hf tquftoG,f &jcif;onf Akv
d cf sKyfqD oGm;a&;udpw
P iG f ta&;}uD;aom aemufq;kH uGi;f
qufudk ajz&Si;f vku
d jf cif;jzpfayonf? Akv
d af tmifrif;wk@d . pDpOfrt
_ & usaemfw@dk onf z&JrS xGucf mG +yD; ovJwef; aemufausmukd
jzwfI ukwifanmifpcef;okd@ ntarSmifysKd;pwGif a&mufoGm;ayonf?
ukwifanmifpcef;wGif &JabmfoHk;usdyftzGJ@0if Akdvfr;jrifhatmifESifh awG@&onf? usaemfwkd@u AkdvfcsKyfxHay;pm
51

twkdav;ukd ay;vkduf+yD; olu &Jabmfwkd@a&/ cifAsm;wkd@ wm0efausyg+yD? AkdvfcsKyf[m 'Dpcef;u vGefcJhwJhtywfuyJ

vkd&mc&D;okd@ xGufoGm;+yD? cifAsm;wkd@ pmxJrSmygwJh jy\emawG tygt0if jy\em tm;vHk;ukd ajz&Sif;zkd@ twGuf
c&D;xGufoGm;wmygyJ? tJ 'Dawmh cifAsm;wkd@ pdwfcsvufcs 'DrSm &uftcsdK@ em;+yD; jyefEkdifyg+yD[kajym&m Akdvfr;jrifhatmif/ usaemfwkd@ 'Dukda&muf+yD; cifAsm;ajymwmukd =um;&awmh yifyef;vmwm rSefor# tyef;ajy
oGm; yg+yD? &uftcsdK@ rem;awmhygbl;? reufjzef usaemfwkd@ jyefyghr,f [k usaemfu jyefajymvkdufonf?
aemufwae@wiG f ukwifanmifpcef;rS xGucf mG +yD; xH;k bko
d @dk nwGiaf &mufco
hJ nf? xH;k bkw
d iG f ntdy+f yD; aemufwae@
reufwGif {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwfI a&$awmif+rdK@okd@ ul;cJh+yD; a&$awmifwGif ygwDrS ukdatmifvif;(aemifwGif tvHeD acgif;aqmif
wOD; jzpf+yD; &ckid jf ynfe,fwiG f wm0ef,o
l l &JeaD tmifvif;)/ ukb
d at;(aemifwiG f tvHeD txufArmjynf wm0efcH &Jex
D ;l )wk@d EiS hf
awG@&+yD; wywf=umr# twlaecJh&onf?
usaemfw@dk onf a&$awmifrS aygi;f wnf+rdK@o@dk c&D;onfwif bwfpu
f m;jzifh a&mufvm=uonf? OD;oD[ef( Akv
d af e0if;
tdraf pmifh tpk;d &vufxufwiG f Ekid if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;jzpfco
hJ )l tdrw
f iG f wnf;ckcd =hJ uonf? qufvufomG ;&ef enf;vrf;r&Sad o;o
jzifh tdrw
f iG f wv=umr# aomifwifc&hJ mrS aygi;f wnf+rdK@rS &efuek +f rdK@o@dk oGm;onfh yxrqH;k c&D;onfwif bwfpu
f m;}uHKo
jzifh &efukef+rdK@okd@ jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvm=uonf?
&efuek +f rdK@o@dk jyefa&mufonfah e@wiG f usaemfu ygwAD [ko
d @dk owif;oGm;yk@d onf? usaemfu
h dk awG@awG@jcif; OD;csr;f om
(tmtD;wD OD;ausmf+idrf;)u [m rif;jyefvmyvm;? igwkd@u rif;jyefrvmwma=umifh usqHk;wJh &Jabmfrsm; pm&if;xJrSm
xnfx
h m; +yD;+yD? jyefa&mufvmw,f qkad wmh tifrwef aumif;wmaygu
h mG ? a&S@rmS 'k@d vyk pf &mawG trsm;}uD; &Sad o;w,f[k
usaemfu
h zdk uf+yD; tm;yg;w&ajymonf? ol@teD;&Sd &Jabmfrsm;uvnf; usaemfyh wfvnf0idk ;f um ao&Gmjyefwa,mufukd jyefawG@
&ovkd zuf&rf;E_wfqufch=J uayonf?
(6)
zufqpf*syef qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif Armjynf&dS vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfov
l x
l o
k nf atmifyo
JG rkid ;f / vSycef@nm;
aom orkid ;f / }uD;jrwf*%
k af jymifaom orkid ;f / xm0pOf armfueG ;f wif&rnfh rD;SL;wefaqmifyrm vrf;nejf yaeaom orkid ;f w&yf
ukd zefwD;Ekdifch=J uayonf?
Tr# }uD;jrwf*%
k af jymifaom v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif atmifyG&J &Sad ponfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd &SmazGppd pf&mwGif orkid ;f
ynm&Sifrsm;/ okawoDrsm;ESifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus yg0ifchJolrsm;t=um; wlnDaom t,ltqrsm; &Sdovkd uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom
t,ltqrsm;vnf; &SdrnfrSm obm0 usvSayonf? rnfokd@qkdapumrl Tt,ltq toD;oD;ukd pkpnf;aygif;csKyf&efrSm
vGefpGm ta&;}uD;+yD; orkdif;_axmifhrSaomfvnf;aumif; Armjynf vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd jynfolrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh ukdufnD
oxuf uku
d n
f aD tmif wnfaqmufa&; _axmifrh aS omfvnf;aumif; =unfyh gu Tok@d vyk jf cif;onf tvGet
f zk;d xku
d w
f ef+yD;
oabm w&m; t&vnf;aumif;/ vufawG@t&vnf;aumif; t"dy`m,f}uD;rm;vSonf[k ,lqrdayonf?
zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&; atmifyG&J &Sdjcif;rSm t"dutm;jzifh (1) 0dZmenf;us tawG;tac: vufeufESifh oabmw&m; tajccHjzpfaom rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'ukd ukdifpGx
J m;aom
A rmjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_&Sdjcif;?
TygwDu wu,fhjzpf&yfrS trSefukd &Sma&;[laom rSefuefonfh tawG;tac:vrf;pOf/ urBmhzufqpf qefhusifa&;.
ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftykdif;w&yfjzpfonfh zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd qifE$aJ &;[laom rSefuefonfh EkdifiHa&;
vrf;pOf/ Tvrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mY jynfcspt
f iftm;pkreS o
f r#udk pnf;vH;k nDnw
G af tmif vkyaf &;[laom rSeu
f ef
onfh pnf;Hk;a&;vrf;pOfrsm;ukd tajccHtm;jcifh usifhoHk;EkdifchJjcif;?
(2) 0dZmenf;us tawG;tac:. *,ufkdufr_atmufwGif rSefuefaom EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfukd }uH@ckdifjywfom;&J&ifhpGm
taumiftxnf azmfEkdifpGrf;&Sdonfh jynfcspfwyfrawmfw&yfESifh wyfr;wyfom;rsm; &Sdaejcif;?
52

(3) zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;[laom rSefuefonfh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfukd jywfom;pGm taumiftxnfazmfrnfh

jynf cspftiftm;pkrsm;. wyfaygif;pkjzpfaom zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ wnf&Sdaejcif;?
(4) bufaygif;pHk EkdifiHwumh tultnD&&Sdaejcif;?
tawG;tac:t&/ EkdifiHa&;t&/ kyf0wKt& tultnDrsm; wpHkw&m &&SdchJjcif;?
(5) ppfrsuEf mS toD;oD;wGif aoe*FAsL[mt&ESihf enf;y&d,m,ft& xk;d ppftqifh a&muf&adS eaom r[mrdww
f yf
rsm;. ae&m,l ppfyGrJ sm;ESifh jynfcspfwyfrawmfESifh a'oajymufusm;wyfrsm;u &efol@aemufydkif;wGif us,fjyef@aom ajymuf
usm;ppfyGJrsm; qifE$Jr_ukd aygif;pyfay;EkdifcJhjcif;?
(6) zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;rSm ppftiftm; avsmeh nf;vmum aoe*FAsL[mt&ESihf ppfy&d,m,ft& cHppftqifo
h @dk
qkdufa&mufae+yD; wyfr;wyfom;rsm;rSmvnf; pdwf"mwfusqif;um ppfrsufESm toD;oD;wGif qkwfcGmae&jcif;?
txufyg t"dutcsufrsm;a=umifh zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&; vufeufukdif v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;onf vsifjrefpGmESifh
E_dif;,SOfcsuft& txdtckduf tustqHk; enf;yg;pGmjzifh atmifyGJ &&SdchJjcif; jzpfayonf?
Tv_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif t&if;cHusaom jynfov
l x
l }k uD;. orkid ;f zefw;D onft
h cef;ukd jrif&rnft
h jyif acgi;f aqmifrsm;
jzpf=uonfh ocifp;dk / ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f wk@d . xl;c|eaf om acgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;ukv
d nf; todtrSwf jyK=u&ay
rnf?
yg0ifaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;teuf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfcspfwyfrawmfESifh jynfol@ta&;awmfyHktzG@J wkd@.
xl;c|efpGm yg0if&m tcef;todD;oD;ukdvnf; rSwfwrf;wif=u&rnf jzpfayonf?
urBmzh ufqpf qef@usiaf &; vufeufuidk f tiftm;pkrsm;u tzufzufwiG f txGwt
f xdyf tqift
h jzpf xk;d ppfqif
vmonfh tcsed Ef iS hf Armjynf ppfrsuEf mS wGif r[mrdww
f yfrsm;u Armjynf twGi;f ydik ;f ok@d 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk v
f monfh tcsed f
wGif wjynfvHk;twkdif;twmt& vufeufukdif zufqpf*syef qefhusifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ukd qifE&J$ jcif;a=umifh Tv_yf&Sm;r_.
oufwrf;tcsdefumvrSm wkdawmif;vSayonf? Tta=umif;a=umifh zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;onf
jynfov
l x
l .
k tcsKyftjcm tm%mykid q
f idk rf _ xlaxmifa&;(Sovereignty of the people)[laom jy\emukd rajz&Si;f Edik cf ahJ y?
jynfcspftif tm;pkrsm;. tm%mukd rwnfaqmufEkdifcJhay? jynfol@vufxJokd@ wu,fwrf; tm%m ra&muf&SdcJhay? a'o
toD;oD;wGif ay:xGuv
f mcJah om tm%mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om; 'Dru
dk a&pD. tnGe@f tanmufr#om jzpfcahJ yonf?
ppfy}JG uD;_yD;qH;k onfah emuf TtnGe@f tanmufrsm;rSm tzsuo
f rd ;f cHvu
dk &f _yD; wjynfv;kH . tm%mrSm t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;.
vuf0,fokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? Tum; zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;wGif t"dutm;enf;csuf
jzpfcJhayonf?
tjcm;wbufwiG f zufqpf*syef qef@usiaf &; atmifyo
JG nf Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf 'Dru
dk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;.
tqifhae&mukd jrifhwifay;EkdifcJhonf? trsKd;om;EkdifiHawmf w&yf jzpfay:vma&;twGuf wkdufyGJqifaeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;.
taetxm;ukd tcGifhomaombufokd@ wGef;ykd@ay;EkdifcJhonf? zqyv jynfcspfwyfaygif;pk tvHawmfatmufwGif vlxkESifh
vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef wGef;aqmfay;EkdifcJhayonf?
ppf_yD;aemufyidk ;f umvwGif usaemfw@dk . t"du tm;enf;csuw
f &yfrmS zufqpf*syef qef@usiaf &; v+y&f mS ;r+}uD;udk
aumif;pGm ed*;kH rcsKyfEidk cf jhJ cif;a-umifh ppf_yD;acwfwiG f ukid pf &JG rnfh tawG;tac:vrf;pOf/ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf/ pnf;H;k a&;vrf;pOfrsm;
wGif rSm;,Gif;r+rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
"e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;rsm;. yifudk,ftm;enf;csufrsm; jzpfaom w&m;ao0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'rsm;wGif
azmf jyaom qENp0JG g'/ wOD;csi;f 0g'/ rme/ rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk jri w
hf u
G rf /+ *k%
d ;f *%0g'rsm; }u;D xGm;vm_y;D Ekid if aH &;wGif 0J,m wdr;f apmif;r+
rsm; jzpfvmum uGejf rLepfygwD ESpjf crf;uGcJ &hJ onf? if;. acgi;f aqmifra+ tmuf&dS vlxv
k w
l ef;pm; tzG@J tpnf;rsm; uGcJ &hJ onf?
zqyv jynfcspfwyfaygif;pk}uD; uGJcJh&onf? vuf,mtusqHk;/ tazmufjyefqHk; tiftm;pkrsm; acgif;axmifvm_yD; t*Fvdyf
e,fcs@J orm;. aoG;xk;d ay;r+t& vuf&ZJ uf&J jzpfvmum Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tpk;d &tzG@J 0ifrsm; vky}f ucH &H _y;D usq;kH cJ&h onf?
aemufqHk; Armjynforkdif;wGif tvGef&Snf-umaom jynfwGif;ppf jzpfvmcJh&onf? T tjcif;t&m. qef@usifbuf
53

tjcif;t&m(Antithesis) ppftm%m&Sifpepf ay:xGufvmcJhonf?

zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;wGif rajz&Sif;EkdifcJhaom jynfolvlxk. tcsKyftjcm tm%mykdifqkdifr+
xlaxmifa&; [laom jy\emrSm uae@xufxd rajz&Si;f Ekid f o
kH mru Armjynf jynfov
l x
l }k uD; w&yfv;kH onf ppftm%m&Sif
pepfESifh &ifqkdifae&onfrSm(1962)ckESpfrSpI a&wGufaomf(43)ESpf -umjrifhcJhay_yD?
ppftm%m&Sif pepfqkdonfrSm tkyfpkd;ol vlwef;pm;tzkd@ vrf;qHk; (cul - de - sac) yifjzpfonf? a&S@wkd;Ir&aom
vrf;qHk;yif jzpfonf? vlrsdK;pHk jynfolvlxk}uD; tawmrowf 'kuQyifv,fa0apaom vrf;qHk;yif jzpfonf?
Tvrf;qHk;ukd tqHk;owf&efrSm rsdK;qufa[mif; rsdK;qufopf jynfcspftiftm;pkrSefor# aoG;pnf;nDnGwf+yD;
Armjynf o pf u k d wnf a qmuf a &;vrf ; rS v G J I tjcm;vrf ; r&S d ? zuf q pf * syef q ef @ usif a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; . t"d u
tawG@t}uHKrsm;u vrf;n$efjyaeaom wu,fhjzpf&yfrS trSef&Sma&;/ ppftm%m&Sif pepfzsufodrf;a&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/
'Drkdua&pDa&;/ trsKd; om; nDnGwfa&;/ jynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;. aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; [laom vrf;rSvGJI tjcm;vrf;r&Sday?
Tvrf;a=umif;omv#if urBmhe,fcsJ@pepfopf wnf&Sdaeonfh tajctaeatmufwGif wkdif;jynfukd u,fwifEkdifrnfh
vrf;jzpfayonf? Tvrf; a=umif;omv#if zufqpf*syef qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif rajz&Sif;EkdifchJaom jynfolvlxk.
tcsKyftjcm tm%mykid q
f idk rf _ xlaxmifa&; [laom jy\emukd ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf vkt
d yfaom tcsut
f vufrsm;ukd wpwp
zefwD;ay;Ekdfifrnfh aomhcsuf jzpfayonf?
?

rsdK;qufa[mif;/rsdK;qufopf/+ynfcspftiftm;pkrSefor# aoG;pnf; nDnGwf+yD;

Arm+ynfopfukd wnfaqmufa&;vrf;rSvGJI t+cm;vrf; r&Sd?
zufqpf*syefqefhusifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. t"du tawGh t}uHKrsm;u
vrf;n$ef+yaeaom wu,fh+zpf&yfrS trSef&Sma&;/ ppftm%m&Sif
pepfzsufodrf;a&;/ +ynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om; nDnGwfa&;/
+ynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;. aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; [laom vrf;rSvGJI
t+cm;vrf;r&Sday?

54