Structural Steel Design

Compression members
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2014

Introduction
Compression Members: Structural elements that are subjected to axial
compressive forces only are called columns. Columns are subjected to
axial loads thru the centroid.
Stress:

P
fs
A

Where, f is assumed to be uniform over the entire cross-section.

Column Buckling
If an axial load P is applied and increased slowly, it will
ultimately reach a value Pcr that will cause buckling of
the column.
P

(a)

Pcr = critical buckling

load of the column.

Pcr

Pcr

2E I

K L

Pcr

(b)

Euler Formula
P

P
y

Buckled deflect ed shape

L

(a)

P
Pcr

M=Py
y

d
(b)

(c)
Figure 5- 4 Buckling of a column

d2y
M
M Py

dx
EI
d2y P
d2y

y0
ky 0
dx EI
dx
P
k
EI
y A sin kx B cos kx
BCs:

Differential equation solution

x=0 y=0
x=L y=0

From 2 boundary Conditions : B=0 and AsinkL=0

solution:

A=0 trivial solution

sinkL=0 non trivial solution
kL=n

P
k 2 L2 n 2 2
k
EI
n 2 2 EI
P 2
2 2
L n P
EI
L2
2

Fundamental mode n=1,

Pcr

2 EI
2

Fcr

2E

L r

where, r2 = I/Ag

Euler Equation

Euler Formula

Fcr

Fy

F cr

L r

Rasio kel angsingan, L/r

Ideal Column
Formula Euler is based on assumption :
Steel material is in linear elastic stage
There is no residual stress
The column is perfectly straight
The load is axial thru the centered, with no eccentricity.
The column in pinned at both ends
This ideal state is never reached. The stress-state will
be non-uniform due to:
Accidental eccentricity of loading with respect to
the centroid
Member out-of straightness (crookedness), or
Residual stresses in the member cross-section
due to fabrication processes (cooling process)

Actual Column

Pcr
Py

Pe

Actual Column Ideal Column

2E
(L / r)

Nonlinear Stress - Strain

There is residual stress
Initial Slenderness
Non- homogenous material
Initial eccentricity
Inaccurate Dimension
Restrain Condition

Ag

(Fcr) < (Fcr)ideal

Range of t est result s

Rasio kelangsingan, L/r

Elastic Buckling :

Pcr

2 EI
Lk

1 Lk f y
c
r E
fy
Pcr 2 Ag

Euler equation

Column Slenderness

Where

Lk = Effective length = K L
K = buckling coefficient
fy = yield stress of material

Column Design Strength cPn

The AISC specifications for column design are based on
several years of research.

c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr
Inelastic
buckling
Elastic
buckling

KL Fy
c
1.5
r E

KL
c
r

Fy
E

1.5

Fcr 0.658

c 2

0.877
Fcr
F
c

Design Strength Chart

1.0

Fy

c
F
Fcrcr = 0.658
Fe Fy
F
0.658

Fcr/F y

0.877
Fcr
F

y
2

0
.
877
F

F cr = c
e

0.39

Inelastic
buckling

elastic
buckling
E
4.71
1.5 F
y

KL
1 Lk
c r
r

fy
E

Column Design Strength AISC 2005cPn

Fe

c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr
Inelastic
buckling

Fe 0.44 Fy

or

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

2E
KL

Fy

Fcr 0.658 Fe

Elastic
buckling

Fe 0.44 F y

or

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fcr 0.877 Fe

F
y

Design Strength Chart

1.0

Fy

Fcr =
0.658 Fe

Fcr/F y

F
y

F cr = 0.877 Fe

0.39

Inelastic
buckling

elastic
buckling
E
4.71
Fy

KL
r

Max KL/r = 200

Effective Length for different

Restraint Condition

Buckled shape of
column is shown by
dashed line

Theorit ical K value

0.50

0.70

Recommended design
value when ideal condi
t ions are approximat e

0.65

0.80

End condit ion code

1.0
1.2

1.0

2.0

2.0

1.0

2.10

2.0

Rot at ion fixed and t ranslat ion fixed

Rot at ion free and t ranslat ion fixed
Rot at ion fixed and t ranslat ion free
Rot at ion free and t ranslat ion free

Effect ive lengt h fact ors for idealized column end condit ions. Court esy t he
American Inst it ut e of St eel Const ruct ion, Inc.
..\hasil download purdue
univ\column
buckling.mpg

Different Effective length due to

Lateral Support on Minor Axis

Example : (1) Determine the buckling strength (Pcr) of a W 12 x 50 column. Its

length is 20 ft. For major axis buckling, it is pinned at both ends. For minor
buckling, is it pinned at one end and fixed at the other end.

Major axis means axis about which it has

greater moment of inertia (Ix > Iy)

W12 x 50:
Ix = 391 in4.

Major X axis : pin-pin

Kx = 1.0 (theory ) Kx = 1.0 (recommended)
Unsupported length Lx = 20 ft.
Effective length :
Kx Lx = 1.0 x 20 = 20 ft. = 240 in.

E = 29000 ksi
Iy = 56.3 in4

Minor Y axis : pin-fix

Ky = 0.7 (theory) Ky = 0.8 (recommended)
Unsupported length Ly = 20 ft.
Effective length f:
Ky Ly = 0.8 x 20 = 16 ft. = 192 in.

 Critical load

Pcr

2E I y

Ly

buckling about x axis Pcr-x =

buckling about y-axis Pcr - y=

2 29000 391

240 2

2 29000 56.3

1922

Pcr-x = 1942.9 kips

Pcr-y = 437.12 kips

Buckling strength of the column : Pcr = 437.12 kips

Minor (y) axis buckling governs.

..\hasil download
purdue
univ\slenderness
ratio.mpg

a) Major axis buckling; (b) minor axis buckling

Example : (2) Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with length of

20 ft and pinned ends. A36 steel is used.

rx = 6.04
ry = 2.48
Kx = Ky = 1.0 (pin end)
Lx = Ly = 20 x 12 = 240 in.

Ag = 21.8 in2

Slenderness ratio
KxLx/rx = 240/6.04 = 39.735
KyLy/ry = 240/2.48 = 96.77 (govern)

Fe

E
2

KL

Cek the limit :

* 29000
2

96.77

4.71

30.56ksi

E
29000
4.71
133.68
Fy
36

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy
Fy

Fcr 0.658 Fe

F
y

Fcr = 21.99 ksi

cPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)

= 0.9 (21.8 x 21.99)

= 431.4 kips

Design strength of column

= 431 kips (inelastic
buckling)

A992Fy=50ksi
Fu=65ksi
Ag=17inc2

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

E
29000
4.71
4.71
133.68
Fy
36

Fcr 0.658 Fe

Fy

F
y

Fe

2E
KL

2 * 29000

54.55

96.08ksi

Fcr = 40.21 ksi

cPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)

= 0.9 (17x40.21) = 615.3 Kips ((inelastic buckling on major axis)

Z
Y
X

Pn 0.9 Ag f cr 0.9 Ag
f cr

fy

KL Fy
c
1.5
r E

fy

c 0,25 1
1,43
0,25c 1,2
1,6 0,67c

c 1,2 1,252c

Ag
fcr
fy

= gross area, mm2

= critical stress, MPa
= yield stress, MPa
= buckling coefficient
depend on slenderness
ratio

Comparison Graph LRFD TCPSBuBG vs AISC

300

250

BJ41, Fy=250 MPa

200
FcrT ( c)
FcrA( c)

150

100

50

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Perbandingan persamaan kekuatan tekuk Fcr

antara TCPSBuBG dan AISC untuk BJ41

2.4

2.6

 Graph
8

5
( c)

0
0

2
c

2.60

500

450

400

Critical stress Fcr (MPa)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

20

40

60

80
100
120
Slenderness ratio kL/r

140

160

180

BJ34
BJ37
BJ41
BJ50
BJ55
Critical column stress Fcr vc Slenderness ratio according to Load
and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield stresses.

200

Local Buckling Limit State

AISC assume that column buckling is the governing limit state for
column strength.
Column section made from thin (slender) plate elements can fail due
to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
If all the elements of the cross-section have slenderness (b/t) ratio
less than r then the local buckling limit state will not control.
Hence, to prevent local buckling : r
Then, use compact or non compact section
(no local buckling)
The minimum slenderness ratio
of compression member :

Lk
200
r

Slenderness Ratio
Width-Thickness Parameters for hot-rolled I and H shapes

Element
Flange

bf

< 0.56 E

2t f

Web

h
tw

<

Fy

<

E
1.49
Fy

For other shapes, please see Figure 4.9 W.T Segui 4th
edition

Local STABILITY
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode
cannot be developed, however, if the elements of
cross section are so thin that local buckling occur.
They are :
- flange local buckling (FLB),
- web local buckling (WLB).
This buckling strength will depend on the widththickness ratio of the compression elements of the
cross section.
The strength must be reduced if the shape has
any slender elemen
..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg

Effective Length of Column in Frame

When individual column is part of a frame, their ends are connected to
other members (beams etc.).
Effective length factor K depend on the restraint offered by the other
members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor K depend on the relative rigidity (stiffness) of the
members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor for columns in frames :
1. Check whether the column is part of a braced or unbraced frame.
Braced frame
: 0.5 < K 1
Unbraced frame : 1 < K

2. Determine the relative rigidity factor G for both ends of the column
E Ic
L
c
G
E Ib
L
b

KL for Braced Frame, Unbraced Frame

P

P
kL>2L

L
0,7L<kL<L
(a) Braced Frame, hinged base
P
P
L

(b) Unbraced Frame, hinge based

P
P

0,5L<kL<0,7L
L<kL<2L

(c) Braced Frame, fixed base

(d) Unbraced Frame, fixed base

Alignment Chart to calculate K

A
A

GA
L

B
B

(a) Def ormasi f rame pada kondisi inst abilit as

E Ic
L
c
G
E Ib
L
b

GB
(b) Panj ang t ekuk kolom
dipengaruhi kekakuan
bat ang ynag bert emu
dit it ik A dan B

G : the ratio of the summation of

the rigidity (EI/L) of all columns
coming together at an end to the
summation of the rigidity (EI/L) of
all beams coming together at the
same end.

Boundary Condition
Pin ended : (IBB/LBB) = 0 GB - ~
This ideal state is never reached,
Recomended value : GB= 10
Perfectly fixed end : (IBB/LBB) = ~ GB 0,
This ideal state is never reached,
Recommended value : GB= 1

E Ic
L
c
G
E Ib
L
b

Alignment Charts for effective column length in

a continuous frame

Design Concept : LRFD TCPSBuBG 2002

Pu c Pn
Where :
Nu =
Nn =
fcr =
c =

ultimate axially loaded fator

compressive nominal strength = Agfcr
critical buckling stress
0,9

Calculate the effective length factor for the W12 x 79 column AB of the frame shown below.
Assume that the column is oriented in such a way that major axis bending occurs in the plane of
the frame. Assume that the columns are braced at each story level for out-of-plane buckling.
The same column section is used for the stories above and below.

10 ft.
W14 x 68

10 ft.

W14 x 68

12 ft.
W14 x 68

18 ft.

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

18 ft.

20 ft.

15 ft.

Unbraced frame.
W 12 x 79 : Ix = 425 in4
W14x68
Ix = 723 in4
Lx = Ly = 12 ft.
Ky = 1.0
Kx depends on boundary conditions,
which involve restraints due to beams
and columns connected to the ends of
column AB.

Ic
425
425

L c 10 12 12 12 6.493

1.021
GA
723
723
Ib
6.360

L b 18 12 20 12
Ic
425
425

L c 12 12 15 12 5.3125
GB

0.835
Ib
723
723
6.360

L b 18 12 20 12

from Alignment
Chart Kx=1.3

KyLy = 1.0 x 12
= 12 ft.
Kx Lx = 1.3 x 12
= 15.6 ft.

REFERENSI
WilliamTSegui,SteelDesign
SNIBaja
HandsOutandVideofromPurdue
University