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Jsir 63 (3) 276-282
Jsir 63 (3) 276-282
Introduction
Naphtha is a generic term applied to refined,
partly refined or unrefined petroleum products and
liquid products of natural gas which distill below
240oC; the volatile fraction of the petroleum, which is
used as a solvent or as a precursor to gasoline. In fact,
not less than 10 per cent of material should distil
below 75oC; not less than 95 per cent of the material
should distil below 240oC under standard distillation
conditions1.Naphtha contains varying amounts of its
constituents viz., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and
olefins in different proportions in addition to potential
isomers of paraffin that exist in naphtha boiling
range. Naphtha resembles gasoline in terms of boiling
range and carbon number, being a precursor to
gasoline. Naphtha is used as automotive fuel, engine
fuel, and jet-B (naphtha type). Broadly, naphtha is
classified as Light Naphtha and Heavy Naphtha.
Light naphtha is used as rubber solvent, lacquer
diluent, while heavy naphtha finds its application as
varnish solvent, dyer,s naphtha, and cleaner,s naphtha.
__________
* Author for correspondence
277
Sampling Protocol
Characterization Parameters
An accurate description of naphtha quality
requires its characterization at physical and chemical
levels. Prescribed sampling protocols form the basis
of sound analytical analysis. Preliminary and
comprehensive assays are combined together to
evaluate the quality of low aromatic naphtha (LAN)
employing the latest international standards.
Condensate
Feed gas1
Feed gas2
Component
N-paraffins
Iso-paraffins
Naphthenes
Aromatics
C1
83.67
83.63
C1
C2
8.18
8.14
C2
0.12
C3
5.09
5.15
C3
2.10
IC4
0.97
0.98
C4
7.12
2.59
NC4
1.19
1.15
C5
11.91
8.38
2.41
IC5
0.24
0.23
C6
8.70
9.61
11.68
7.65
NC5
0.21
0.22
C7
3.71
2.47
9.72
3.99
C6+
0.10
0.11
C8
1.34
0.71
2.84
1.94
N2
0.35
0.39
C9
0.07
278
Group 0
Group 1
Group2
Group3
Group 4
Natural gasoline
9.5
<9.5
<9.5
<9.5
100
>100
250
250
>250
>250
Vapour pressure
at 37.8 oC (psi)
Distillation IBP oC
EP oC
Condition
o
Description
Condition
o
<10
Bath temperature, C
<10
Flask, mL
125
0 -1
13 - 18
5 - 10
Thermometer
7C(7F)
13 18
13 18
45
5max
Physicochemical Characteristics
Density
60 100
279
Metallic Constituents
Cu
Ca
Mg
0.2-12.0
1.0-2.5
1.0-2.5
Ga
Ti
Zr
Ba
Sr
0.001-0.10 0.001-0.10
Zn
Hg
Ce
Al
0.5-1.0
0.03-0.10
0.001-0.6
0.001-0.10
0.5-1.0
Si
Sn
Pb
Fe
Co
Ni
0.10-5.0
0.10-0.30
0.001-0.2
5.0-1500
0.04-120
0.001-12.0
3.0-120
280
Test method
Specification
Paraffins
ASTM D5134
Aromatics
ASTM D5134
Olefins
Naphthenes
ASTM D5134
Balance
Lead
ASTM D5185
ASTM D4294
RVP at 37.8 C
ASTM D 323
12 psi (Max)
Color saybolt
ASTM D156
+25 (Min)
Residue on
Evaporation
ASTM D 1353
50 mg/100ml (Max)
Density at 15 0c
ASTM D1298
IBP
ASTM D 86
35 oC (Min.)
FBP
ASTM D 86
150 oC (Max)
Calorific value
IS 1448 P:7
As observed
C:H ratio
ASTM D 3343
As observed
Calculated
As observed
Sulphur
o
281
Unit
Min.
Max.
Average
Paraffins
77.61
79.12
78.21
Aromatics
6.59
7.30
6.83
Naphthenes
14.29
15.55
15.00
Lead
Ppb
16.00
110.00
66.27
Sulphur
Ppm
22.00
100.00
51.18
RVP at 37.8 0c
Psi
10.00
10.50
10.18
Color Saybolt
Saybolt unit
28
30
29
ROE*
mg/100mL
0.80
7.60
4.18
g/mL
0.6785
0.6817
0.6802
37.00
42.00
39.18
129.00
137.00
K cal/ Kg
11420
11430
Density at 15 0c
IBP
FBP
Calorific value
Unit
Min
Max
Average
Mercury
ppb
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Arsenic
ppb
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Sodium
ppm
0.11
0.12
0.12
132.64
Potassium
ppm
0.01
0.02
0.02
11423
Vanadium
ppm
nil
nil
nil
Zinc
ppm
0.054
0.096
0.067
Nickel
ppm
0.005
0.007
0.006
Calcium
ppm
0.24
0.27
0.25
Gross calorific
value
k cal/Kg
11420
11450
11436
K cal/Kg
10610
10635
10624
5.28
5.35
5.32
Carbon no.
Naphthenes
Normal
paraffins
0.39
Net calorific
value
23.01
0.84
25.69
C/H Ratio
4.46
12.15
7.94
8.64
1.88
3.18
5.39
2.58
0.44
1.05
1.00
0.66
0.31
0.23
0.16
Total
6.78
39.70
15.40
38.12
corresponding to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
95 per cent, respectively, whereas recovery and FBP
are 37, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 56, 61, 68, 78, 92, 111 and
134, respectively. Distillation curve is presented in
Figure 2.
Reid vapor pressure at 37.8 oC varies from 10.2 11 psi and from 10.0 - 10.5 psi for the plant storage,
and IOTL tanks respectively. This meets well the
prescribed specification limits of 12 psi.
282