CHAPTER 7: Electricity

7.5 Electrical Energy, Power,Efficiency

FORM 5 COPYRIGHT BY

SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JO

CHAPTER 7: Electricity
7.5 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

Electrical Energy

1.

Energy Conversion

(a)

battery
(chemical energy)

(b)

current

current

battery
(chemical energy)

current

current

Light and heat energy

Energy Conversion:

Energy Conversion:
Chemical energy

Electrical energy

Light energy

+ Heat energy

Chemical energy Electrical energy

Kinetic energy

1. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the current flows and the electrical energy supplied by the
source is transformed to other forms of energy.
2. Therefore, we can define electrical energy as : The energy carried by electrical charges which can be
transformed to other forms of energy by the operation of an electrical appliance.

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 1
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

Electrical Energy and Electrical Power

1. Potential difference, V across two points is the energy,E dissipated or transferred by a
coulomb of charge, Q that moves across the two points.
2. Therefore,

energy dissipated, E
Potential difference, Electrical
V=
Charge, Q
3. Hence, E = VQ
4. Power is defined as the rate of energy dissipated or transferred.

dissipated, E
5. Hence,Power, P Energy
=
time, t

Electrical Energy, E
From the definition of potential
difference, V

Electrical Power, P
Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy,

E
P=
t

E
V=
Q

Electrical energy converted, E

E=

Hence,

Hence,

Hence,

E=

E=
E=

SI unit : Joule (J)

P =VQ
t

; where Q = It

; where V = IR

P=

P =I2 R

; where I = V
R

V2 t
R

P = I2
SI unit : Joule per

second // J s-1 // Watt(W)

Power Rating and Energy Consumption of Various Electrical Appliances

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 2
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity
1.

The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given period of time can be calculated by
Energy consumed
E

Power rating x

Time

Pt

energy, E is in Joules

where

power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2.

The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the

kilowatt-hour, kWh.
1 kWh

1000 x 3600 J

3.6 x 106 J

1 unit

3. One kilowatt-hour is the electrical energy dissipated or transferred by a 1 kW device in one hour
4. Household electrical appliances that work on the heating effect of current are usually marked with voltage,
V and power rating, P.
5. The energy consumption of an electrical appliance depends on the power rating and the usage time, E = Pt
6. Power dissipated in a resistor, three ways to calculate:

R= 100, I=0.5 A, P=?

2

P =IR
= (0.5)2 100
= 25 watts

R= 100, V=50 W, P=?

P = (V/R)2 R
= V2/R
= (50)2 /100
= 2500/100
= 25 watts

V=50 V, I=0.5 A, P=?

P = I2(V/I)
= IV
= (0.50)50
= 25 watts

Cost of energy
Quantity

Power / W

Power / kW

Time

Energy
Consumed
(kWh)

Bulb

60

0.06

8 hours

2.4

Refrigerator

400

0.4

24 hours

9.6

Appliance

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 3
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity
Kettle

1500

1.5

3 hours

4.5

Iron

1000

1.0

2 hours

Electricity cost: RM 0.28 per kWh

Total energy consumed, E

= (2.4 + 9.6 + 4.5 + 2.0)

= 18.5 kWh

Cost

= 18.5 kWh x RM 0.28

= RM 5.18

Comparing Various Electrical Appliances in Terms of Efficient Use of Energy

1. A tungsten filament lamp changes electrical energy to
useful light energy and unwanted heat energy
2. A fluorescent lamp or an energy saving lamp produces less heat than a
filament lamp for the same amount of light produced.
3. a) Efficiency of a filament lamp :
Efficiency

Output power x 100

Input power

3 x 100
60

5%

b) Efficiency of a fluorescent lamp and an energy saving lamp

Efficiency

Output power x 100

Input power

3 x 100
12

25 %

Exercise 7.5

1. How much power dissipated in the bulb?

(a)

R = 10

V2
R

5V
R = 10

(b)

52 / 10

2.5 W

V2

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON R = 10 Page 4

COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)
5V

52 / 5

5W

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

2.

V= 15V

R1=2

R2=4

Calculate

Total resistance, R

R3=4

= (2 + 4 + 4)

(a) the current, I in the circuit

= 10

IR

V/R

15 / 10

1.5 A

(b) the energy released in R 1 in 10 s.

E

I2Rt

(1.5)2 (2)(10)

45 J

(b) the electrical energy supplied by the battery in 10 s.

E

I2Rt

(1.5)2 (10)(10)

225 J

2. A lamp is marked 12 V, 24 W. How many joules of electrical energy does it consume in an hour?
E

Pt

24 (1 x 60 x 60)

86 400 J

3. A current of 5A flows through an electric heater when it is connected to the 24 V mains supply. How much
heat is released after 2 minutes?
E

VI t

24 (5) (2 x 60)

14 400 J

4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and the current at
normal usage.
P

IV

P/V

R = V2/P

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 5
=
2000
/
240
R =28.8

COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP

(JOHOR
JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

5. An electric kettle operates at 240 V and carries current of 1.5 A.

(a) How much charge will flow through the heating coil in 2 minutes.
Q

It

(1.5) (2 x 60)

180 C

(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?
E

QV

180 (240)

43.2 kJ

(c) What is the power dissipated in the kettle?

P

IV

1.5 (240)

360 W

6. An electric kettle is labeled 3 kW, 240 V.

(a) What is meant by the label 3 kW, 240 V?

The electric kettle dissipates electrical power 3 kW if it operates at 240 V

(b) What is the current flow through the kettle?

P

IV

3000 =

I (240)

12.5 A

(c) Determine the suitable fuse to be used in the kettle.

13 A
(d) Determine the resistance of the heating elements in the kettle.
P

I2 R
2

3000 BY
= JJ MRLEON
(12.5) R
PREPARED
Page 6
COPYRIGHT
SUPER
R = BY 19.2
EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances when connected
to the 240 V mains supply.
Appliance
Quantity
Kettle jug
1
Refrigerator
1
Television
1
Lamp
5
Electricity cost: RM 0.218 per kWh

Power rating / W
2000
400
200
60

Time used per day

1 hour
24 hours
6 hours
8 hours

Calculate
(a) Energy consumed in 1 day
Energy consumed
Kettle jug,

= Quantity x Power rating (kW) x Time used

=1x2x1

= 2 kWh

Refrigerator

= 1 x 0.4 x 24 = 9.6 kWh

Television

= 1 x 0.2 x 6
= 1.2 kWh

Lamp

= 5 x 0.06 x 8
= 2.4 kWh

Total energy consumed = 15.2 kWh

(b) How much would it cost to operate the appliances for 1 month?
Cost

= 15.2 kWh x 30 x RM 0.218

= RM 99.41

8. Efficiency
A vacuum cleaner
kW ofxpower
= consumes
Output1power
100 %but only delivers 400 J of useful work per second. What is the
efficiency of the vacuum
cleaner?
Input
power
=

400 x 100 %
1000

40 %

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 7
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply voltage is 12 V and
the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate

(a) Energy input to the motor

E

Efficiency

VIt

12 (5.0) (2.5)

150 J

Output power x 100 %

Input power

98 x 100 %
150

65.3 %

(b) Useful energy output of the motor

U

mgh

2 (9.8) (5)

98 J

(c) Efficiency of the motor

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 8
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)

CHAPTER 7: Electricity

PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 9
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)