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EURAMET CG 17.01 Electromechanical Manometers
EURAMET CG 17.01 Electromechanical Manometers
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Previously EA-10/17
July 2007
Calibration Guide
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
July 2007
Purpose
This document has been developed to improve harmonisation in pressure measurement. It provides
advice to calibration laboratories to establish practical procedures.
The document contains two detailed examples of the estimation of the uncertainty of measurement.
Authorship
This document was originally published by the EA Laboratory Committee based on a draft of the Expert
Group 'Pressure'. It is revised and re-published by the EURAMET Technical Committee for Mass and
Related Quantities.
Official language
The English language version of this publication is the definitive version. The EURAMET Secretariat can
give permission to translate this text into other languages, subject to certain conditions available on
application. In case of any inconsistency between the terms of the translation and the terms of this
publication, this publication shall prevail.
Copyright
The copyright of this publication (EURAMET/cg-17/v.01 English version) is held by EURAMET e.V.
2007. It was originally published by EA as Guide EA-10/17. The text may not be copied for resale and
may not be reproduced other than in full. Extracts may be taken only with the permission of the
EURAMET Secretariat.
Guidance Publications
This document represents preferred practice on how the relevant clauses of the accreditation standards
might be applied in the context of the subject matter of this document. The approaches taken are not
mandatory and are for the guidance of calibration laboratories. The document has been produced as a
means of promoting a consistent approach to laboratory accreditation.
No representation is made nor warranty given that this document or the information contained in it will be
suitable for any particular purpose. In no event shall EURAMET, the authors or anyone else involved in
the creation of the document be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of the use of the
information contained herein.
Further information
For further information about this publication, contact your National member of the EURAMET Technical
Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (see www.euramet.org).
Calibration Guide
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
Definitions .................................................................................................................. 2
EXAMPLES................................................................................................................ 21
7.1 Example 1 - Calibration of an indicating digital pressure gauge
21
7.2 Example 2 - Calibration of a pressure transducer
24
Calibration Guide
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
INTRODUCTION
This document deals with the calibration of electromechanical manometers. The document
does not cover dial gauges as there are standards for this type of instrument.
The Guidelines provide the users of electromechanical manometers with the fundamentals
necessary for establishing and applying calibration procedures.
These Guidelines apply to all electromechanical manometers for measuring absolute,
gauge or differential pressures, excluding vacuum devices measuring pressures below
1 kPa.
Notes:
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 1
Definitions
In order to avoid ambiguity, the terms mentioned below have the following meanings:
Line pressure: Static pressure used as a reference for differential pressures.
Reference level: Level at which the value of the applied pressure is quantified.
Note: The manufacturer of the instrument specifies this level. If this is not the case,
the calibration laboratory shall specify it.
a
a
a
a
voltage (5 V; 10 V; ...),
current (4-20 mA; ...),
frequency,
digital format (RS 232; ...).
For operation, pressure transmitters need a continuous electrical supply, which need not
be specifically stabilised.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 2
pressure transducer,
analogue conditioning module,
analogue indicating module,
electrical power supply unit (generally incorporated).
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 3
Repeatability is estimated from calibration at four pressure points (preferably 0, 20, 50,
80% FS) that are repeated three times.
5.2.3 Comprehensive calibration procedure
The Comprehensive calibration procedure should be used for instruments where the
expected expanded measurement uncertainty (k=2) is U < 0.05% FS. Calibration is
performed at 11 pressure points in three measuring series.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
reference standard
instrument to be calibrated, mounted in a position of its normal use
fine-regulated inlet valve
fine-regulated pressure relief valve
volume regulator
pressure source
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
reference standard
instrument to be calibrated, mounted in a position of normal use
fine-regulated inlet valve
fine-regulated pressure relief valve
volume regulator
pressure source
vacuum pump
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 5
The required line pressure is roughly set up using inlet or outlet valves depending on
whether the pressure is supposed to be set up from low pressure or from high pressure.
The final pressure adjustment is performed using a volume regulator. During this
procedure the bypass valve is open.
The required differential pressure is set up using one of the volume regulators.
Instead of using two reference standards, a differential pressure standard or a twin
pressure balance may be used.
A vacuum pump arranged downstream of the inlet valve can allow the line pressure to be
lower than the atmospheric pressure.
5.3.2.4 Hydraulic pressure
The set-up for gauge pressure and differential pressure is basically the same as that for
gaseous media with the following options:
the relief valves being replaced with discharge valves connected to a reservoir of
pressure transmitting fluid,
the pressure sources being replaced by screw press and/or priming pump.
For absolute liquid pressures, refer to the last paragraph of section 5.3.2.2.
5.3.3 Electrical set-up
This section refers only to transducers and transmitters with an analogue output signal.
If the transducer being calibrated is equipped with a signal conditioner, concerning the
electrical set-up follow the manufacturer's instructions
If no signal conditioner is available, a relevant data sheet with manufacturer's
specifications shall be available.
If applicable, the voltmeter and the reference standard resistor shall be calibrated and
traceable to the corresponding national/international standard.
In every case, it is important to follow the recommendations concerning the electrical
shielding, to ensure the quality of the connections (of the "low-level" transducers in
particular), to meet the safety requirements. Some instruments may be supplied with a
power supply system or are supposed to be connected to such a system.
According to the instrument type, various set-ups are possible. This Guide deals only with
the three most typical set-ups:
5.3.3.1 Two-wire transmitters
Generally, this is the case of instruments with DC loop (4 - 20) mA. However some other
output signals (0 to 10 mA, 0 to 20 mA or 0 to 50 mA) are applicable.
The typical set-up may be as follows (see figure 4) :
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 6
1.
2.
3.
transmitter
power supply
measurement
I = Us / R
It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions concerning the values of the
power supply voltage and the resistor or the client's specifications when appropriate.
5.3.3.2 Three-wire transmitters or transducers
These are generally instruments with a Wheatstone Bridge. The typical set-up may be as
follows (see figure 5):
1.
2.
3.
transmitter or transducer
power supply
measurement output
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 7
1.
2.
3.
transmitter or transducer
power supply
measurement
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 8
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 9
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 10
Applied
pressure
pr
Mean of
output
signal
(1)
(2)
(3)
Model
Standard
deviation
of output
signal
(3, 4)
Modelled
indicated
pressure
pi
(5)
pi - pr
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
(5)
(5, 6)
Deviation
Increasing
pressure
Decreasing
pressure
1. The pressure measured by the reference instrument at the reference level of the instrument to be calibrated,
expressed in pascals or multiples. Instead of this column, the conversion coefficient of the instrument
pressure unit to the pascal can be given.
2. The pressure measured by the reference instrument at the reference level of the instrument to be calibrated,
expressed in the unit of the output signal of the instrument to be calibrated.
3. Value expressed in the unit of the output signal of the instrument to be calibrated.
4. Calculated at every measurement point if at least three values are available.
5. Value expressed in the pressure unit of the instrument to be calibrated. Reporting the model in the calibration
certificate is optional.
6. The uncertainty determined according to section 6.
It should be noted that the standard deviation of the input signal (generally very small) is
not presented in this table because the deviation is taken into account in the uncertainty of
the measurements performed with the reference instrument.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 11
Applied
pressure
pr
(2)
Indicated
pressure
pi
(3)
Standard
deviation of
Measurement
(3)
Deviation
pi - pr
(3)
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
(3,4)
Increasing
pressures
Decreasing
pressures
1. The pressure measured by the reference instrument at the reference level of the instrument to be calibrated,
expressed in pascals or multiples. Instead of this column, the conversion coefficient of the instrument
pressure unit to the pascal can be given.
2. Pressure measured by the reference instrument at the reference level of the instrument to be calibrated,
expressed in the pressure unit of the instrument to be calibrated.
3. Value expressed in the pressure unit of the instrument to be calibrated.
4. Evaluated according to section 6.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 12
y = f (x 1 , x 2 ,...x N )
Model function
Standard
uncertainty of
measurement
u (xi)
ci
sensitivity coefficient
c i = f / x i
ui (y)
u i (y ) = c i u i ( x i )
u (y)
u 2 (y ) = u i2 (y )
i =1
u (y ) =
u i2 (y )
i =1
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
U (y)
U (y ) = k u (y )
coverage factor
k = 2 1)
1) The expanded uncertainty of measurement U (y) shall encompass the shortest possible interval with a
coverage probability of 95%. The coverage factor k is implicitly defined by U (y) = ku (y). If, as is usually the
case in practice, the probability distribution associated with the measurand is normal (Gaussian) then U (y)
shall be taken as 2 u (y), i.e. k = 2.
If relative uncertainties are used, the variables u, U are replaced by the variables w, W.
In addition to this general rule of calculating uncertainties there are two special cases
which lead to sensitivity coefficients ci = 1:
Sum / difference model
N
Y = X + X i
(1)
i =1
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 13
output quantity
Xi
uncorrected error(s)
E [Xi ] = 0
This model is suited to determine, for example, the errors of indicating pressure gauges:
(2)
p = p indication p standard + p i
i =1
Y = X K i
i =1
output quantity
Ki = (1+Xi )
correction factor(s)
Xi
uncorrected error(s)
E [Xi ] = 0 ; E [Xi ] = 1
S =
(4)
Input quantities
The uncertainties of measurement associated with the input quantities are grouped into
two categories according to the way in which they have been determined:
Type A: The value and the associated standard uncertainty are determined by methods
of statistical analysis for measurement series carried out under repeatability
conditions
Type B: The value and the associated standard uncertainty are determined on the basis
of other information, for example:
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 14
(5)
i =1
Y = p
X1 = pindication
X2 = pstandard
X3 = pzero-error
X4 = prepeatability
pstandard is assumed to be constant during the different pressure cycles. If the changes are
significant regarding the resolution of pindication, corrections will be applied to move them
to the same value of pstandard.
Mean values of indication:
p indication =
p indication,up + p indication, dn
(6)
To calculate the error p of the mean indication, the contribution of the hysteresis effect
has to be taken into account:
X5 = physteresis
p = p indication p standard + p i
(7)
i =1
(8)
The pressure generated by the reference standard in the reference level of the calibration object must be corrected for
the influence of the conditions of use. In consequence, the uncertainty analysis also covers uncertainty components
which take the difference between reference and calibration conditions into account.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 15
In the applications of the calibration object it is often useful to combine the expanded
uncertainty U with the error p. This provides information about the maximum deviation of
one single measurement result from the correct value (as issued from the value that would
have been measured with the standard instrument).
For this purpose, a so-called error span 2 U can be defined:
U up/dn
= U up/dn + p
(9)
To calculate the uncertainty of the mean values of increasing and decreasing pressure
series, the contribution of the hysteresis effect must be included:
2
2
2
2
2
U mean = k u stan
dard + u resolution + u zero - error + u repeatability + u hysteresis
(10)
The error span Umean is obtained accordingly using the greatest value of the repeatability
estimated by increasing and decreasing pressure series:
U mean
= U mean + p
(11)
The error span is the maximum difference to be expected between the measured value and the conventional true value
of the measurand. The error span can be used in technical specifications to characterise the accuracy of the calibrated
instrument.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 16
Table 3
No.
Quantity
Estimate
Xi
xi
pindication
pi,indic
or
2
3
or
Unit 3
bar
p indication
p i,indic
pstandard
pi,standar
bar
pzero
bar
Variability
interval
Probability
distribution
2a
P (xi)
Rectangular
(resolution)
physteres
bar
bar
Normal
f0
Rectangular
Rectangular
Rectangular
is
Y
p
or
Sensi
-tivity
coeffi
-cient
Contribution to
uncertainty
u (xi)
ci
ui (y)
ur
-1
ustandard
prepeat
Standard
uncertainty
u (r ) =
error
4
Divisor
1
3
r
2
u (pstandard)
1 f0
3 2
u (f 0 ) =
uf
0
1 b
3 2
u (b ) =
ub
1 h
3 2
u (h ) =
uh
u (y)
bar
p
Note:
1) The formulae recommended to determine the quantities f0, b and h from a limited set of measured
data are defined by equations 18 to 25 in the section Determination of the characteristic values significant
for the uncertainty.
2) If sufficient data are available, the repeatability should be expressed by the empirical standard
deviation.
Y = Y f ( p standard ) + (Y )i
(12)
It is recommended to state the unit of the uncertainty contributions (unit of the physical quantity, unit of indication,
related (dimensionless) quantity, etc.).
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 17
where the function f (p) is regarded as defined in the mathematical sense, i.e. in the case
of a polynomial by coefficients without uncertainties, and the output quantity Y has values
yi measured at the calibration pressures pi obtained from the standard.
Equation (12) corresponds to equation (5) and the sum/difference model can be used to
determine the error Y and its uncertainty separately for values measured at increasing
and decreasing pressure or for the mean values. However, contributions (Y)indication must
be included to account for the measurement uncertainty of the instruments used to
measure the output signal of the transducer.
A formally different approach is to determine the transmission coefficient S - again
separately for values measured at increasing and decreasing pressures, and for the mean
values -, using the product / quotient model:
S =
(13)
Table 4
Y=S
X1 = Vindication
X2 = G
X3 = VPS
X4 = pstandard
X5 = Kzero-error
X6 = Krepeatability
X7 = Kreproducibility
X8 = Khysteresis
The corresponding result for the mean values of the transmission coefficient is obtained by
including the correction factor for hysteresis:
S =
(14)
V indication /(GV PS )
K zeroerror K repeatability K hysteresis
p standard
Uncertainty calculation
When the increasing and decreasing pressure series are analysed separately, the relative
expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the transmission coefficient is obtained as
2
2
2
2
2
2
W up/dn = k w standard
+ w indication
+ w amplifier
+ w power
supply + w zero error + w repeatability
(15)
When the mean value of the increasing and decreasing pressure series is used,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
W mean = k w standard
+ w indication
+ w amplifier
+ w supply
+ w zero
error + w repeatability + w hysteresis
(16)
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 18
with the greatest value of the repeatability at each calibration pressure being used to
calculate the measurement uncertainty wup/dn.
The relative error span is
= W mean +
W mean
(17)
with S = S S0
The single transmission coefficient (S0) is preferably the slope of the straight line fitted
through all measured values of the output signal.
Information available about the input quantities
The knowledge about the input quantities can be summarised in a table.
Table 5
Comp.
N.
Quantity
Estimate
Variability
interval
Probability
distribution
Xi
xi
2a
p (xi)
Vindicati
Vi, indic.
on
or
or
Divisor
Standard uncertainty
of measurement
Sensitivity
coefficient
Contribution
to the
uncertainty
w (xi)
ci
wi (y)
normal
w (indicating device)
windication
i , indic.
indication
normal
w (amplifier)
-1
wamplifier
VPS
VPS
normal
w (power supply)
-1
wpower-
pstandar
pi.stand.
normal
Kzero-
rectangular
error
Krepeata
Kreprod
Khystere
supply
f0
rectangular
rectangular
sis
rectangular
wstandard
1 f0
3 2
wf
1 b
3 2
w (b ) =
wb
1
3
b
2
w (b ) =
wb
1 h
3 2
w (h ) =
wh
ucib.
-1
w (f 0 ) =
3
bility
w (standard)
or
w (y)
Preliminary remark: According to page 15, the type A contributions to the uncertainty
should be stated in the form of empirical standard deviations. In the case of measuring
instruments affected by hysteresis, where the measurements in the direction of increasing
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 19
(18)
The indices number the measured values x read at the zero points of measurement series
M1 to M6.
Repeatability b'
The repeatability, with the mounting unchanged, is determined from the difference
between the values measured in corresponding measurement series, corrected by the zero
signal (the index j numbers the nominal pressure values; j = 0: zero point):
b'up,j = MAX{|(x3,j - x3,0) - (x1,j - x1,0)|,|(x5,j - x5,0) - (x1,j - x1,0)|,|(x5,j - x5,0) - (x3,j x3,0)|}
(19)
b'dn,j = MAX{|(x4,j - x4,0) - (x2,j - x2,0)|,|(x6,j - x6,0) - (x2,j - x2,0)|,|(x6,j - x6,0) - (x4,j x4,0)|}
(20)
(21)
The underlined terms are missing if the third series of measurements is performed after
reinstallation to check reproducibility. In this case:
Reproducibility b
(22)
(23)
(24)
Hysteresis h (Reversibility)
The hysteresis is determined from the difference between corresponding indications /
output values measured at increasing and decreasing pressures:
hj =
1
x 2 , j x 1, j + x 4 , j x 3 , j + x 6 , j x 5 , j
3
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
(25)
Page 20
EXAMPLES
General remarks
Two examples have been chosen:
Example 1: Calibration of an indicating digital pressure gauge. The numerical results are
presented in table E1 and are visualised in figure 7.
Example 2: Calibration of a pressure transducer. Example 2 is presented in two different
ways:
Example 2a is based on the defined linear characteristic of the instrument. The pressures
calculated from the measured output signals using this characteristic are compared with
the pressures obtained from the standard instrument. The sum/difference model is applied
to calculate the uncertainty of measurement using procedures described in paragraph
"Determination of the characteristic values significant for the uncertainty" (page 21). The
numerical results are presented in table E2a and are visualised in figure 8.
In example 2b the transmission factor of the same instrument is determined at the same
calibration points. Zero error, repeatability, reproducibility and hysteresis are calculated
using the formulae presented on page 22. The numerical results are presented in table
E2b and are visualised in figure 9.
By figure 8 it is demonstrated that the calibration methods 2a and 2b are equivalent:
The error spans U (pindicated) plotted in figure 8 can be calculated from the error spans
U (Sp ind.) of the values of the transmission factor S as
pind
100
Resolution:
0.01 kPa
Reference temperature:
20 C
Note: At pressures below some small critical value the zero reading appears at the display.
The zero reading does not correspond exactly to pe = 0.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 21
Calibration procedure
Before calibration the instrument was twice brought to its nominal pressure and kept at
this pressure for one minute.
The difference h in height between the pressure reference levels of the calibration object
and the standard instrument was adjusted to zero.
Calibration temperature = reference temperature 0.5 K
Three complete series of comparison measurements were carried out (comprehensive
calibration procedure).
Standard instrument
The standard instrument was an oil-operated pressure balance operated at piston-cylinder
temperature tstd, and at ambient pressure pamb and ambient temperature tamb, i.e. at an
air density air(pamb, tamb, 60% rel. humidity).
The expanded uncertainty of the pressures measured at calibration conditions in the
reference level of the calibration object is
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 22
Applied
pressure
Applied
pressure
Mean
reading
pr
pr
pi
MPa
0.0000
2.5015
5.0029
7.5043
10.0057
12.5072
15.0086
17.5099
20.0113
22.5127
25.0140
25.0140
22.5127
20.0113
17.5099
15.0085
12.5071
10.0057
7.5043
5.0029
2.5015
0.0000
bar
0.000
25.015
50.029
75.043
100.057
125.072
150.086
175.099
200.113
225.127
250.140
250.140
225.127
200.113
175.099
150.085
125.071
100.057
75.043
50.029
25.015
0.000
bar
0.000
24.931
49.952
74.956
99.983
124.996
150.021
175.029
200.066
225.064
250.078
250.086
225.082
200.054
175.058
150.044
125.017
100.001
74.979
49.982
24.945
0.000
Mean appl.
pressure
Mean appl.
pressure
Mean
reading
pr,mean
pr,mean
pi
MPa
0.0000
2.5015
5.0029
7.5043
10.0057
12.5071
15.0085
17.5099
20.0113
22.5127
25.0140
bar
0.000
25.015
50.029
75.043
100.057
125.071
150.085
175.099
200.113
225.127
250.140
bar
0.000
24.938
49.967
74.968
99.992
125.007
150.033
175.043
200.060
225.073
250.082
Variability
interval
b'up ; b'down
Deviation
pi - pr
bar
bar
0.000
-0.084
-0.077
-0.087
-0.075
-0.075
-0.064
-0.071
-0.047
-0.063
-0.062
-0.054
-0.045
-0.059
-0.041
-0.041
-0.054
-0.056
-0.064
-0.047
-0.070
0.000
0.000
0.054
0.033
0.031
0.019
0.045
0.032
0.041
0.055
0.035
0.046
0.036
0.038
0.048
0.011
0.036
0.030
0.035
0.034
0.023
0.027
0.000
b'mean of
corresponding series
bar
0.000
0.054
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.045
0.036
0.041
0.055
0.038
0.046
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
bar
0.001
0.031
0.019
0.019
0.014
0.028
0.022
0.028
0.036
0.027
0.033
0.029
0.029
0.032
0.016
0.024
0.020
0.022
0.021
0.014
0.016
0.001
Hysteresis
Deviation
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
pi-up pi-dn
pi - pr
bar
0.000
0.014
0.030
0.023
0.018
0.021
0.023
0.029
-0.012
0.018
0.008
bar
0.000
-0.077
-0.062
-0.075
-0.065
-0.065
-0.053
-0.056
-0.053
-0.054
-0.058
bar
0.001
0.033
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.030
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.030
0.034
Error span
bar
0.001
0.109
0.088
0.100
0.089
0.095
0.080
0.088
0.089
0.084
0.092
Xi
pstandard
preading
pzero
error
prepeata
bility
phystere
sis
Estimate
Variability
interval (2a)
Probability
distribution
Divisor
100.057
bar
99.992
bar
0.000
0.016
bar
0.001
bar
0.000
normal
rectangular
bar
0.000
bar
0.035
rectangular
0.0101
bar
0.000
bar
0.018
bar
0.0053
bar
bar
xi
-0.065
bar
p = -0.065 bar
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
rectangular
Standard
uncertainty
u(xi)
0.0041
bar
2.89*10E-04
bar
bar
Sensitivity
coefficient
Contribution
to
uncertainty
ui(y)
-0.0041
bar
2.89E-04
bar
1.68E-05
bar2
8.35E-08
bar2
0.0101
1.02E-04
bar
0.0053
bar2
2.80E-05
bar
bar2
ci
-1
1
1.21E-02
bar
U = k u = 0.024 bar
Variance
1.47E-04
bar2
Page 23
increasing pressure
decreasing pressure
mean values
0.02
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
deviation / bar
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
pressure / bar
2.
Calibration object:
Pressure transducer with Wheatstone bridge on metal diaphragm as sensing element.
Range: 20 MPa. Reference temperature: 20 C.
Calibration procedure
The output signal of the pressure transducer was measured in units [mV/V] using a digital
compensator the expanded measurement uncertainty of which was 0.00005 mV/V.
Before calibration the instrument was twice brought to its maximum pressure and kept at
this pressure for one minute.
The difference h in height between the pressure reference levels of the calibration object
and the standard instrument was adjusted to zero.
The calibration temperature was equal to the reference temperature within 0.5 K.
Three complete series of comparison measurements were carried out (comprehensive
calibration procedure).
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 24
Standard instrument
The standard instrument was an oil-operated pressure balance operated at piston-cylinder
temperature tstd, and at ambient pressure pamb and ambient temperature tamb, i.e. at an
air density air(pamb, tamb, 60% rel. humidity).
The expanded uncertainty of the pressures measured at calibration conditions in the
reference level of the calibration object is U (pe) = 1.010-4pe for pe > 1 MPa.
Evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement
The uncertainty of the observed difference (p) between the pressure calculated from the
characteristic straight line and the correct value of the pressure as obtained from the
standard instrument is calculated from the sum/difference model separately for pressures
measured at increasing and decreasing pressures. The uncertainty of the mean values of
(p) is calculated by adding the uncertainty contribution due to reversibility (hysteresis). If
no corrections are applied to the readings, the accuracy of the pressures measured with
the calibrated instrument is given by its error span (uncertainty + deviation).
Note: The slope of the linear characteristic is obtained from a straight line fitted to the
calibration data. It replaces the nominal value 1.000000 E-02 mV/(Vbar)
(corresponding to an output signal of 2 mV/V FS) as defined by the manufacturer
and - like the nominal value - has to be regarded as a defined value without
uncertainty.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 25
Applied
pressure
Applied
pressure
Mean
output
signal
Variability
interval
Variability
interval
pr
pr
Imean
kPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Mpa
0.0000
2.0010
4.0022
6.0033
8.0045
10.0056
12.0068
14.0079
16.0091
18.0102
20.0113
20.0113
18.0102
16.0091
14.0079
12.0068
10.0056
8.0045
6.0033
4.0022
2.0010
0.0000
b'up ;
b'down
bup ;
bdown
bar
0.000
20.010
40.022
60.033
80.045
100.056
120.068
140.079
160.091
180.102
200.113
200.113
180.102
160.091
140.079
120.068
100.056
80.045
60.033
40.022
20.010
0.000
Modelled pressure:
Mean appl.
pressure
Mean
output
signal
mV/V
0.000000
0.200163
0.400303
0.600463
0.800590
1.000700
1.200787
1.400863
1.600880
1.800907
2.000843
2.001003
1.801313
1.601437
1.401470
1.201407
1.001330
0.801160
0.600943
0.400647
0.200303
-0.000010
mV/V
0.000000
0.000120
0.000070
0.000080
0.000090
0.000120
0.000080
0.000100
0.000090
0.000070
0.000070
0.000000
0.000380
0.000320
0.000260
0.000180
0.000150
0.000090
0.000030
0.000000
0.000050
0.000000
Variability interval of
corresponding series
mV/V
-0.000005
0.200233
0.400475
0.600703
0.800875
1.001015
1.201097
1.401167
1.601158
1.801110
2.000923
mV/V
0.000090
0.000180
0.000140
0.000130
0.000130
0.000090
0.000060
0.000090
0.000090
0.000130
0.000090
mV/V
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
0.000050
pi / bar
0.000
20.013
40.024
60.037
80.047
100.055
120.061
140.065
160.064
180.063
200.054
200.070
180.104
160.119
140.126
120.123
100.118
80.104
60.085
40.059
20.027
-0.001
bmean
mV/V
0.000026
0.000120
0.000070
0.000080
0.000090
0.000150
0.000180
0.000260
0.000320
0.000380
0.000230
Deviation
pi - pr
bar
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.002
-0.001
-0.007
-0.014
-0.027
-0.038
-0.059
-0.043
0.002
0.029
0.047
0.055
0.062
0.059
0.052
0.037
0.017
-0.001
Uncertaint
y of
measurement
bar
0.010
0.014
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.023
0.021
0.031
0.027
0.023
0.019
0.016
0.013
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.000
c = 99.9849 bar/(mV/V)
Hysteresis
Modelled
indicated
pressure
piup - pidn
b'mean
Modelled
indicated
pressure
pi = cImean
pr,mean
bar
0.000
20.010
40.022
60.033
80.045
100.056
120.068
140.079
160.091
180.102
200.113
mV/V
0.000000
0.000100
0.000060
0.000080
0.000090
0.000090
0.000060
0.000090
0.000090
0.000130
0.000090
0.000090
0.000180
0.000140
0.000130
0.000130
0.000090
0.000030
0.000020
0.000010
0.000020
0.000000
Expand.
unc. of
output sig.
measurem.
mV/V
-0.000010
0.000140
0.000343
0.000480
0.000570
0.000630
0.000620
0.000607
0.000557
0.000407
0.000160
*) see table
Deviation
Uncertainty of
measurement
pi - pr
bar
pi / bar
0.000
0.000
20.020
0.010
40.041
0.020
60.061
0.028
80.075
0.031
100.086
0.030
120.092
0.024
140.096
0.016
160.092
0.001
180.084
-0.018
200.062
-0.051
E2b for comparison with the
bar
0.011
0.027
0.027
0.034
0.040
0.038
0.053
0.065
0.074
0.082
0.052
other way of
Error
span
Error span
calcul.
from tr.
coeff. *)
bar
bar
0.012
0.037
0.024
0.046
0.041
0.062
0.058
0.070
0.065
0.068
0.070
0.077
0.064
0.081
0.058
0.075
0.042
0.100
0.057
0.103
0.075
estimating the error span
Xi
pstandard
output signal
(electrical)
output signal
(repeatability
)
output signal
(reproducib.)
hysteresis
p
p =
Estimate
xi
100.056
bar
1.001015
mV/V
1.001015
mV/V
1.001015
mV/V
0.000000
mV/V
0.030 bar
0.030 bar
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Variability
interval
(2a)
0.020
bar
0.000100
mV/V
0.000150
mV/V
0.000090
mV/V
0.000630
mV/V
Probability
distribution
Divisor
normal
normal
rectangular
rectangular
rectangular
Sensitivity
coefficient
Standard
uncertainty
u (xi)
0.005
bar
0.000025
mV/V
0.000043
mV/V
99.9849
bar/(mV/V)
99.9849
bar/(mV/V)
0.000026
mV/V
0.000182
mV/V
99.9849
bar/(mV/V)
99.9849
bar/(mV/V)
ci
-1
U = ku =
Contribution
to std. unc.
ui(y)
-0.005
bar
0.002
bar
0.004
bar
0.003
bar
0.018
bar
0.020 bar
0.039 bar
Variance
2.50E-05
bar2
6.25E-06
bar2
1.87E-05
bar2
6.75E-06
bar2
3.31E-04
bar2
3.87E-04 bar2
Page 26
Expanded
relat. uncertainty
pstandard
W (pstandard
)
bar
0.000
Output signal
IDigital compensator
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
mV/V
mV/V
mV/V
mV/V
mV/V
mV/V
0.00000
-0.00003
0.00000
0.00002
0.00000
-0.00002
20.010
1.010-4
0.20009
0.20026
0.20019
0.20033
0.20021
0.20032
40.022
1.010-4
0.40026
0.40063
0.40032
0.40067
0.40033
0.40064
60.033
-4
0.60041
0.60094
0.60049
0.60097
0.60049
0.60092
80.045
-4
1.010
0.80053
0.80118
0.80062
0.80120
0.80062
0.80110
100.056
1.010-4
1.00063
1.00139
1.00072
1.00135
1.00075
1.00125
120.068
-4
1.20074
1.20149
1.20080
1.20141
1.20082
1.20132
140.079
-4
1.010
1.40080
1.40158
1.40089
1.40150
1.40090
1.40133
160.091
1.010-4
1.60082
1.60157
1.60091
1.60148
1.60091
1.60126
180.102
1.010-4
1.80084
1.80148
1.80097
1.80135
1.80091
1.80111
200.113
-4
2.00079
2.00100
2.00088
2.00114
2.00086
2.00087
1.010
1.010
1.010
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 27
Evaluation
Applied
press.
Expande
d relat.
uncertainty
Mean
output
signal
Zero
error
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Hysteresis
pstandard
W (ID.c.)
Imean
f0 rel
b'rel
brel
hrel
*)
Mi /6
|max|/
|max|/ Imean
|max|/
(Imean/3)|h
i|
bar
mV/V
0.000
Imean
Imean
0.000005
20.010
2.5010-4
0.200233
1.5E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
7.0E-04
40.022
1.2510-4
0.400475
7.5E-05
1.5E-04
1.7E-04
8.6E-04
60.033
-4
0.600703
5.0E-05
1.3E-04
1.3E-04
8.0E-04
80.045
-4
0.6310
0.800875
3.7E-05
1.1E-04
1.1E-04
7.1E-04
100.056
0.5010-4
1.001015
3.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.5E-04
6.3E-04
120.068
0.4210-4
1.201097
2.5E-05
1.1E-04
1.5E-04
5.2E-04
140.079
-4
0.3610
1.401167
2.1E-05
9.3E-05
1.9E-04
4.3E-04
160.091
0.3210-4
1.601158
1.9E-05
8.7E-05
2.0E-04
3.5E-04
180.102
0.2810-4
1.801110
1.7E-05
1.0E-04
2.1E-04
2.3E-04
200.113
-4
2.000923
1.5E-05
4.5E-05
7.0E-05
8.0E-05
0.8310
0.2510
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 28
Result
Applied
press.
Transmissi
on
coefficient
Error
Expanded rel.
uncertainty of
measurement
Expanded
uncertainty of
measurement
Error span
pstandard
W (S )
U (S )
U (S )
W S
U + S
(mV/V)/ bar
(mV/V)/ bar
bar
Imean /pstandard
S - 0.01000151
(mV/V)/ bar
(mV/V)/ bar
2[wi (S )]
0.5
0.000
20.010
0.01000666
0.00000515
6.7E-04
0.00000668
0.00001183
40.022
0.01000637
0.00000486
5.4E-04
0.00000539
0.00001025
60.033
0.01000622
0.00000471
4.9E-04
0.00000493
0.00000964
80.045
0.01000531
0.00000380
4.4E-04
0.00000438
0.00000818
100.056
0.01000455
0.00000304
3.9E-04
0.00000394
0.00000698
120.068
0.01000347
0.00000196
3.3E-04
0.00000335
0.00000531
140.079
0.01000269
0.00000118
3.0E-04
0.00000297
0.00000415
160.091
0.01000155
0.00000004
2.6E-04
0.00000259
0.00000263
180.102
0.01000050
-0.00000101
2.1E-04
0.00000215
0.00000316
200.113
0.00999897
-0.00000254
1.2E-04
0.00000123
0.00000377
Single
value:
0.01000151
(mV/V)/ bar
Estimate
Variability
interval
Xi
xi
2a
pnormal
100.056 bar
20 mbar
Vreading
1.001015
mV/V
0.00010
mV/V
Kzero error
Krepeatabilit
Divisor
Relative
standard
uncertainty
Sensitivity
coefficient
Contribution
to
uncertainty
Variance
w (xi)
ci
wi(y )
wi2
-5
5.0010
-1
-5
5.0010
-9
2.5010
-5
2.5010
-5
2.5010
-10
6.2510
-5
3.010
-6
8.6610
-6
8.6610
-11
7.5010
-5
9.010
-5
2.6010
-5
2.6010
-10
6.7610
Kreproducibi
-4
1.510
-5
4.3310
-5
4.3310
-9
1.8710
Khysteresis
-4
6.310
-4
1.8210
-4
1.8210
-8
3.3110
1.000455 E-02
(mV/V)/ bar
-4
1.9710
2
wi =
-8
3.8810
lity
S = 1.000455 E-02
(mV/V)/ bar) *)
w=
W=kw
(k=2)
-4
3.910
*) The transmisson factor is valid for the calibration pressure pnormal = 100.056 bar. It differs in the single transmission
coefficient calculated from all calibration pressures.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 29
At the calibration pressure pe = 100 bar the expanded uncertainty U (S ) of the value S of
the transmission factor is calculated as
the uncertainties associated with the individual values measured for the
transmission coefficient, and
the deviations of these values from the single value stated for the transmission
coefficient.
Normally, error spans results values decrease with increasing pressure (see figure 9). Two
methods for fixing the limits of permissible error are possible:
one may choose the largest calculated error span as the limiting value, or
limiting values of the errors are described by suitable curves, e.g. polynomials.
Note: The use of pressure-dependent limiting values of the errors is not common practice.
In the case of objects to be calibrated whose transmission coefficient has been specified
by the manufacturer, the limits of permissible error may alternatively be identified with the
tolerance assigned to the specified value. In this case it must, however, always be checked
whether the values of the transmission coefficient determined upon calibration, including
their associated uncertainties and their systematic deviations from the specified single
value, do not exceed the limits of permissible error.
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 30
increasing pressure
decreasing pressure
mean values
0.15
0.10
deviation / bar
0.05
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
pressure / bar
Error bars: Expanded uncertainty of mean values. Solid lines: Error span
Linear characteristic: Measured pressure = 99.9849 bar/(mV/V) Indication
Open circles: expanded uncertainty estimated as described in example 2a
Open squares: expanded uncertainty estimated as described in example 2b
Figure 8 Calibration of a pressure transducer
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 31
0.010020
0.010015
mV/(V*bar)
0.010010
0.010005
0.010000
0.009995
0.009990
0
40
80
120
160
200
bar
EURAMET/cg-17/v.01
Page 32