Professional Documents
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PIERS STEEL
University of Calgary
Haskayne School of Business
Human Resources and Organizational Development
444 Scurfield Hall, 2500 University Drive N.W.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Tel: (403) 220-8428
Fax: (403) 282-0095
e-mail: piers.steel@Haskayne.ucalgary
Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist? Personality and
Individual Differences, 48, 926-934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.025
Table 1
Correlates Among Procrastination Scales
Procrastination
Mean
Std
Alpha
1 AIP
2.41
.64
.83
(42/8,820) (39/8,278) (34/7,678)
2 GPS
2.70
.67
.84
.71/.86
(57/11,030) (55/10,427) (47/9,652) (18/3,638)
3 DPQ
2.57
.84
.79
.46/.57
.58/.71
(30/7,533) (25/4,888) (29/8,188) (20/3,620) (12/2,033)
4 PASS
2.86
.65
.80
.61/.74
.26/.33
-(24/4,013) (23/3,833) (13/2,071)
(2/198)
(2/344)
5 TPS
2.80
.59
.89
.83/.97
.65/.77
--(26/2,181) (24/1,888) (25/4,598) (1/151)
(2/265)
Note. Estimates are based on (Total Studies/Total Sample Size). Correlations are reported
uncorrected/corrected for attenuation due to reliability. All results are significant at p<.05.
Table 2
Correlates Between Procrastination Scales and Key Traits
Procrastination
1
AIP
Sensation Seeking
Self-Esteem
Fear of Failure
.20/.26
-.21/-.25
.15/.18
(1/142)
(6/964)
(2/194)
2 GPS
.17/.21
-.27/-.32
.20/.25
(9/1,662)
(16/2,668)
(25/4,485)
3 DPQ
.37/.48
-.36/-.45
-(2/262)
(6/809)
4 PASS
.06/.08
-.26/-.31
.22/.27
(1/349)
(4/848)
(7/1,638)
5 TPS
.27/.32
-.36/-.40
.17/.20
(2/297)
(1/418)
(5/1,543)
Note. Estimates are based on (Total Studies/Total Sample Size). Correlations are reported
uncorrected/corrected for attenuation due to reliability. With the exception of the correlation
between the PASS and Sensation Seeking, all results are significant at p<.05.
DPQ4
DPQ2
DPQ5
DPQ1
GPS12
GPS7
GPS1
GPS19
DPQ3
GPS9
AIP10
AIP5
AIP9
AIP15
AIP6
AIP7
GPS18
GPS20
1
.804
.783
.778
.711
.702
.695
.694
.678
.673
.667
.658
.609
.561
.561
.460
AIP8
.414
GPS8
GPS5
-.317
.518 -.432
.497
.442
GPS2
.757
Factor
2
.411
.409
.367
.308
Note. Shaded items included in the Pure Procrastination Scale. Items designated with an (R) are
reverse scored.
Table 4
Pattern Matrix for Three Factor Solution Factors Two and Three
1
When I have to be somewhere at a certain time my friends
expect me to run a bit late
AIP12 I am more punctual than most people I know (R)
AIP2
I am prompt and on time for most appointments (R)
AIP4
I find myself running later than I would like to be
When traveling, I usually have to rush in preparing to arrive at
GPS10
the airport or station at the appropriate time
When preparing to go out, I am seldom caught having to do
GPS11
something at the last minute (R)
When it is time to get up in the morning, I most often get right
GPS4
out of bed (R)
GPS13 If a bill for a small amount comes, I pay it right away (R)
I do routine maintenance (e.g., changing the car oil) on things I
AIP13
own as often as I should (R)
I schedule doctors appointments when I am supposed to
AIP11
without delay (R)
I usually return a RSVP request very shortly after receiving
GPS14
it (R)
When planning a party, I make the necessary arrangements
GPS3
well in advance (R)
AIP1
I pay my bills on time (R)
GPS6 I generally return phone calls promptly (R)
I lay out my clothes the night before I have an important
AIP3
appointment, so I wont be late (R)
GPS17 I usually buy even an essential item at the last minute
I always seem to end up shopping for birthday gifts at the last
GPS16
minute
Note. Items designated with an (R) are reverse scored.
AIP14
Factor
2
-.850
-.830
-.777
-.748
-.589
-.423
-.342
.666
.654
.653
.597
.528
.526
.478
.436
.354
.428
.315
.322
Table 5
Correlates Among Procrastination Scales, SWLS, Susceptibility to Temptation and Exploratory
Factors
Procrastination Mean
Std
Alpha
1 AIP
3.04
.64
.89
2 GPS
3.16
.54
.90
.73
3 DPQ
3.06
.98
.90
.51 .50
4 PPS
3.42
.85
.92
.68 .65 .82
5 IPS
3.63
.83
.91
.59 .56 .69 .87
6 SWLS
3.04
.98
.90
-.26 -.21 -.41 -.41 -.41
7 STS
3.23
.73
.89
.47 .47 .59 .69 .69 -.31
8 Factor 1
.67 .65 .87 .98 .86 -.42
9 Factor 2
.63 .40 .30 .51 .44 -.19
10 Factor 3
.24 .38 .41 .42 .41 -.28
Note. Sample size = 4,169. All results are significant at p<.05.
.69
.32
.33
.45
.42
.33