Eye Gaze Communication: BMSCE - ECE - 2011-2012

Eye gaze Communication
Abstract
The field of human computer interaction has been undergoing a new renaissance
lately. While many companies have, and continue to spend millions to develop
highly visually appealing GUIs and state-of-art interaction systems for the
common users since the inception of desktops, the development of interactive
systems for the disabled has taken a kick start relatively recently. And the
Eyegaze systems are one of the most pivotal inventions in this context. The
Eyegaze System is a communication and control system for people with complex
physical disabilities. You run the system with your eyes. By looking at control
keys displayed on a screen, a person can synthesize speech, control his
environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type, operate a telephone, run computer
software, operate a computer mouse, and access the Internet and e-mail. Eye gaze
Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance the quality of
life of people with disabilities all over the world.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 System overview
1.2 System features
1.3 System output
1.4 System software
1.5Eyegaze analysis system
2 SKILLS NEEDED BY EYEGAZE USERS

2.1 Good control of one eye
2.2 Adequate vision
2.3 Ability to maintain a position in front of eyegaze monitors
3 WORKING OF EYEGAZE SYSTEMS
4 MENUS OF EYEGAZE SYSTEMS
4.1 Main menu
4.2 The phrase program
4.3 Typewriter program
4.4 Telephone program
4.5 Run second pc
4.6 The lights and appliances
4.7 Paddle games and score four
4.8 Read text program
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4.9 Television
4.10A web browsing system using eyegaze input
5 HOW TO RUN THE EYEGAZE SYSTEMS?
6 USES OF EYEGAZESYSTEMS
6.1 The basic eyegaze can
6.2 With options eyegaze can
7 ENVIRONMENT REQUIREDFOR EYEGAZE SYSTEM
8 EYE TRACKING V/S GAZE TRACKING
9 DEVELOPMENTS IN EYEGAZE TECHNOLOGY
10 EYETRACKING APPLICATIONS
11 BENEFITS OF EYEGAZE
FACTS OF EYEGAZESYSTEM
12 DISADVANTAGES OF EYEGAZESYSTEM
13 CONCLUSION
14 REFERENCES
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 System Overview
Most of us blessed to operate the computer with ease using our hands. But there
are some who cant use their hands and for them the voice guided systems have
been in use for quite some time now. But about paralytic patients with no
mobility and speech? Even when their brains are functional and they are visually
and aurally blessed to know what is going around. So shouldnt they be able to
effectively use their intelligence? Now they can with the Eyegaze communication
system.
Fig 1.1 Eyegaze system in computer
The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and

control system. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies, Inc.
This system is mainly developed for those who lack the use of their hands or
voice. Only requirements to operate the Eyegaze are control of at least one eye
with good vision & ability to keep head fairly still. Eyegaze Systems are in use
around the world. Its users are adults and children with cerebral palsy, spinal cord
injuries, brain injuries, ALS, multiple sclerosis, brainstem strokes, muscular
dystrophy, and Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome. Eyegaze Systems are being used in
homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. By looking at
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control keys displayed on a screen, a person can synthesize speech, control his
environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type, operate a telephone, run computer
software, operate a computer mouse, and access the Internet and e-mail. Eyegaze
Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance the quality of
life of people with disabilities all over the world.
1.2 SYSTEM FEATURES
Calibration: Fully automated calibration is fast (15 - seconds), easy and long
lasting.
Accuracy: Highly accurate and tolerant to many variations, such as pupil drift
and head range variation - typical average bias error 0.45 degrees. Good tolerance
to ambient infrared light and to high-speed head motion.
Remote Video Tracking: Unobtrusive and non-distracting with nothing attached

to the subject.
Accommodates Most Human Eye Variations: Useable by 90% of the people

who try it, functional with most glasses and contacts.
Binocular Eye Tracking: Tracks both of the subjects eyes to increase gaze
point accuracy by adjusting for head rotation.
Trace Suite: This suite of programs captures a subjects gaze when presented
with static or moving images or during computer operations. In addition to
generating the standard data of our Analysis System, the users gaze and the
stimulus are linked so they can be replayed and studied in depth. The observer
can view the subjects screen, eye images and gaze point in real time on a
separate monitor.
Eyegaze Software Development Tool Kit: EgWin API - Eyegaze Function

Library, Gaze Tracking Demonstration Program (C source code), EgTraceImage
and EgTraceText Programs (C source code), Fixation/Saccade Analysis Function
(C source code), EgServer and EgClientDemo Programs (C source code)
NYAN Analysis Tool: NYAN is an analysis tool based on screen recording

technology with synchronized gaze and mouse data. It can be used instead of the
Trace Suite to analyze web pages and intranet applications as well as standard
application software and still images. In addition to Gaze Video Overlay
Playback, Scanpath Analysis and Area of Interest Analysis it provides a way to
visualize subjective perception of individuals or groups of people by means of
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Attentional Landscapes technology. NYAN also provides group statistics and
many export possibilities
1.3 SYSTEM OUTPUTS

At each camera image sample, the Eyegaze System generates:
an eye-found flag indicating whether or not the eye is visible to the camera and
thus whether or not a valid gazepoint is calculated,
x-y coordinates of the subject's gazepoint on the computer screen,
pupil diameter,
3-dimensional location of the eyeball centre within the camera field of view, an
indicator of head location and movement, and
Fixation and saccade analysis.
1.4 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Eyegaze Software: (Eyegaze.dll), video camera interface, eye image processing,

gaze point calculation Trace Program (trace.exe), Calibration Program
(calibrate.exe), Eyegaze Demonstration Program (gazedemo.exe)
Windows XP Professional
THE EYEGAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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1.5 EYEGAZE ANALYSIS SYSTEMS

Eyegaze Analysis System
Mini computer
Runs all existing Eyegaze Analysis System programs
Expandable: will allow you to add on binocular eye tracking and wide field of
view camera lenses in the future
Fig 1.2 Eyegaze analysis system
Fig1.3 Binocular system
Binocular Eyegaze Analysis System
Improved accuracy!
Provides two independent measurements of gaze point
Averaging of gaze points from both eyes gives you an improved estimate of gaze
point
A 30% reduction in point-to-point error
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CHAPTER 2
SKILLS NEEDED BY EYEGAZE USERS
2.1Good control of eye
The user must be able to look up, down, left and right. He must be able to fix his
gaze on all areas of a 15-inch screen that is about 24 inches in front of his face.
He must be able to focus on one spot for at least 1/2 second.
2.2Adequate vision
The user should be able to view the screen correctly.
2.3 Ability to maintain a position in front of the Eyegaze monitor

It is generally easiest to run the System from an upright, seated position, with the
head centered in front of the Eyegaze monitor. However the Eyegaze System can
be operated from a semi-reclined position if necessary. Continuous, uncontrolled
head movement can make Eyegaze operation difficult, since the Eyegaze System
must relocate the eye each time the user moves away from the cameras field of
view and then returns. Even though the Systems eye search is completed in just a
second or two, it will be more tiring for a user with constant head movement to
operate the System.
2.4 Mental Abilities
Ability to read
Memory
Cognition
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CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF EYEGAZESYSTEMS
3.1 OVERVIEW
As a user sits in front of the Eyegaze monitor, a specialized video camera mounted
below the monitor observes one of the user's eyes. Sophisticated image- processing
software in the Eyegaze System's computer continually analyzes the video image of
the eye and determines where the user is looking on the screen. Nothing is attached
to the user's head or body.
Fig 3.1 Parts showing eyegaze system

In detail the procedure can be described as follows: The Eyegaze System uses the
pupil-center/corneal-reflection method to determine where the user is looking on
the screen. An infrared-sensitive video camera, mounted beneath the System's
monitor, takes 60 pictures per second of the user's eye. A low power, infrared
light emitting diode (LED), mounted in the center of the camera's lens illuminates
the eye. The LED reflects a small bit of light off the surface of the eye's cornea.
The light also shines through the pupil and reflects off of the retina, the back
surface of the eye, and causes the pupil to appear white. The bright-pupil effect
enhances the camera's image of the pupil and makes it easier for the image
processing functions to locate the center of the pupil
.
The computer calculates the person's gazepoint, i.e., the coordinates of where he
is looking on the screen, based on the relative positions of the pupil center and
corneal reflection within the video image of the eye. Typically the Eyegaze
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System predicts the gazepoint with an average accuracy of a quarter inch or
better.
Fig 3.2 Working of Eyegaze system

Prior to operating the eye tracking applications, the Eyegaze System must learn
several physiological properties of a user's eye in order to be able to project his
gazepoint accurately. The system learns these properties by performing a
calibration procedure. The user calibrates the system by fixing his gaze on a small
yellow circle displayed on the screen, and following it as it moves around the
screen. The calibration procedure usually takes about 15 seconds, and the user
does not need to recalibrate if he moves away from the Eyegaze System.
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CHAPTER 4
Menu of Eye-gaze Systems
4.1The main menu
The Main Menu appears on the screen as soon as the user completes a 15-second
calibration procedure. The Main Menu presents a list of available Eyegaze
programs. The user calls up a desired program by looking at the Eyegaze key next
to his program choice.
Fig 4.1 Main menu screen
4.2 The Phrase Program

The Phrases program, along with the speech synthesizer, provides
quick communications for non-verbal users. Looking at a key causes a preprogrammed message to be spoken. The Phrases program stores up to 126
messages, which can be composed and easily changed to suit the user.
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Fig 4.2 Phrases screen
4.3 Typewriter Program

Simple word processing can be done using the Typewriter Program.
The user types by looking at keys on visual keyboards. Four keyboard
configurations, simple to complex, are available. Typed text appears on the screen
above the keyboard display. The user may speak or print what he has typed. He
may also store typed text in a file to be retrieved at a later time. The retrieved text
may be verbalized, edited or printed.
Fig 4.3 Alpha Keyboard
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4.4The telephone program

The telephone program allows the user to place and receive calls.
Frequently used numbers are stored in a telephone book. Non-verbal users may
access the speech synthesizer to talk on the phone
Fig 4.4 Telephone control system
4.5Run Second PC
The Run Second PC program permits the Eyegaze Communication
System to act as a peripheral keyboard and Mouse interface to a Windows
computer. The user can run any off-the-shelf software he chooses on the second
computer. He can access the Internet, and send e-mail by looking at keyboard and
mouse control screens on the Eyegaze monitor. The programs being run are
displayed on the second computers monitor. Typed text appears simultaneously
on the Eyegaze and second pcs screens
For children, Two new Eyegaze programs have been

added to the Eyegaze System. Both run with the Second PC option. Eye Switch is
a big, basic on-screen switch to run cause & effect software programs on a
Second PC. Simple Mouse is an easy mouse control program to provide
simplified access to educational software on a Second PC.
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Fig 4.5 Mouse control screen
4.6 Paddle games & Score Four

These are the Visually controlled Games.
4.7 Read Text Program

The Read Text Program allows the user to select text for
display and to turn pages with his eyes. Any ASCII format text can be loaded
for the user to access. Books on floppy disk are available from Services for the
Blind.
4.8 Television
Television programs can be displayed directly on the desktop
Eyegaze System screen. On-screen volume and channel controls provide
independent operation. (Not available on the Portable Eyegaze System).
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4.9 The Lights & appliances Program

The Lights & appliances Program which includes computercontrolled switching equipment, provides Eyegaze control of lights and
appliances anywhere in the home or office. No special house wiring is necessary.
The user turns appliances on and off by looking at a bank of switches displayed
on the screen
4.10 A web browsing system using eye-gaze input

Recently, the eye-gaze input system was reported as a novel humanmachine interface. The operation of this system only requires user eye movement.
Using this system, many communication aid systems have been developed for
people with severe physical handicaps, such as ALS patients. We have reported a
new eyegaze input system already. It utilizes a personnel computer and a home
video camera to detect eye-gaze under natural light. In this paper, we propose a
new web browsing system for our conventional eye-gaze input system.
Eye-Gaze input system has to detect gaze direction of users. Our Eye-Gaze input
system. Runs an image analysis software for Eye-Gaze detection.
On horizontal Eye-Gaze detection, the detecting method uses the

difference in reflectance between the Iris and the sclera; this is estimated by the
difference in reflectance between the Iris and the sclera; this is estimated by the
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difference of integral value of the brightness on area A and B, shown in fig. On
vertical Eye-Gaze detection, We draw attention to the vertical movement of Iris.
The light intensity distribution from eye image changes with Iris movement. The
light intensity distribution from eye image changes with Iris movement. The
vertical Eye-Gaze can be detected using this change.
In this , we propose the web browsing system using above methods,

Hardware configuration and screen shots. The indicators for web browsing are
displayed on monitor of personnel computer.
By switching 3 function groups, this system offers many

Function groups, this system offers many functions such as mouse cursor control,
scrolling of screen , decision of selected object , refreshing web page and
text input by using screen keyboard. User can switch function groups by gazing
menu indicator, shown in fig.4.
This system analyzes the location of selectable object on web page, such as
hyperlink, radio button, edit box, ETC.
This system stores the locations of these objects, in other words, the mouse cursor
skips to the object of candidate input. Therefore it enables web browsing at a faster
pace.
The evaluation experiments for the proposed system were conducted with five
objects. Subjects were browsing through two web sites, the results show that the
subjects can operate this system as they planned, and correct easily errors in
operation.
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CHAPTER 5
HOW TO RUN EYEGAZE SYSTEM?
A user operates the Eyegaze System by looking at rectangular keys that are
displayed on the control screen. To "press" an Eyegaze key, the user looks at the
key for a specified period of time. The gaze duration required to visually activate a
key, typically a fraction of a second, is adjustable. An array of menu keys and exit
keys allow the user to navigate around the Eyegaze programs independently
5.1 Eyegaze Analysis EyeFollower 2.0
Accommodates all natural head motions during normal computer operation
Automatic Eye Acquisition The EyeFollower 2.0 automatically acquires the

eyes when the user enters the workspace and it rapidly re-acquires the eyes when
he returns his attention to the screen after turning his head away
Head Motion Volume
Side to Side: 20 inches (51cm)
Up and down: 12 inches (30cm)
Back and forth: 15 inches (38cm)
Head Speed: 8 inches/sec (20cm/sec)
Head Accelerations: 20 inches/sec (50cm/sec)
Fig 5.1 Eyegaze system range
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CHAPTER 6
Uses of Eyegaze
Every year more than 100 000 people are diagnosed with motor neurone diseases.
Typically, even when all other ways of communicating are either severely
damaged or completely lost, the eyes still function. Communication by Gaze
Interaction (COGAIN) is a Network of Excellence designed specifically to help
people with these disabilities to communicate more effectively with eye gaze. At
the COGAIN stand you can see how this technology is used by a person who
relies on it.
Current eye tracking equipment allows users to generate text on a

computer by using eye gaze. Users are able to select letters and numbers by
looking at a keyboard on a screen with their eyes, and can construct words and
sentences that can be spoken aloud by the system. Using these systems both
empowers and enables people with disabilities as they can now communicate
without the need for an assistant or helper, giving the users greater freedom in
their lives.
Eye tracking systems that allow text entry by eye gaze have been in
existence for about two decades, but the technology is still only available to a
small portion of the potential user population. Obstacles for more wide-spread use
currently include: the high cost of eye tracking equipment, the limitation that gaze
communication applications may only work with a particular dedicated eye
tracking device, and finally that eye tracking devices are often hard to use and
require experts to operate them.
6.1 The Basic Eyegaze Can
Adjust to a new user in about 15 seconds. (Calibration)
Type with one of four keyboards, then print or speak. (Typewriter)
Turn pages on the computer screen by looking at "up" or "down". (Read Text)
Play games, two "Paddle" games, plus Solitaire and Slot Machine. (Games)
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6.2 With Options The Eyegaze Can
Be at two sites!! Portable computer has a handle to hand-carry between two sites.
Two sets of other components and cables for access to Eyegaze System at school,
work or home. Dimensions 9"x5'txl7'1, weight approximately 16 lbs.
(Transportable Computer)
Be a keyboard to a second computer to run any keyboard-controlled software, by

means of the T-TAM connector. (Second Computer Mode)
Speak 100 "canned phrases" through a speech synthesizer, with a single glance of
the eye. Phrases can be changed by caregiver or user. (Phrases)
Control appliances anywhere in the home or office from one Eyegaze screen. No
special wiring. (Lights and Appliances)
Dial and answer a speaker phone from one screen. "Phone Book" stores 16
frequently used numbers. (Telephone)
CHAPTER 7
Environment required for an Eyegaze system
Because eye tracking is done using infrared light. Eyegaze system must take care
of light sources in the room in order to ensure the best accuracy. The Eyegaze
System must be operated in an environment where there is limited of ambient
infrared light. Common sources of infrared light are sunlight and incandescent
light bulbs. The System makes its predictions based on the assumption that the
only source of infrared light shining on the user's eye is coming from the center of
the camera. Therefore, stray sources of infrared may degrade the accuracy or
prevent Eyegaze operation altogether. The System works best away from
windows, and in a room lit with fluorescent or mercury-vapor lights, which are
low in infrared.
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CHAPTER 8
EYETRACKING V/S GAZE TRACKING
Eye trackers necessarily measure the rotation of the eye with respect to the
measuring system. If the measuring system is head mounted, as with EOG, then
eye-in-head angles are measured. If the measuring system is table mounted, as
with scleral search coils or table mounted camera (remote) systems, then gaze
angles are measured.
In many applications, the head position is fixed using a bite bar, a forehead
support or something similar, so that eye position and gaze are the same. In other
cases, the head is free to move, and head movement is measured with systems
such as magnetic or video based head trackers.
For head-mounted trackers, head position and direction are added to eye-in-head
direction to determine gaze direction. For table-mounted systems, such as search
coils, head direction is subtracted from gaze direction to determine eye-in-head
position.
Eye tracking in practice
A great deal of research has gone into studies of the mechanisms and dynamics of
eye rotation, but the goal of eye tracking is most often to estimate gaze direction.
Users may be interested in what features of an image draw the eye, for example.
It is important to realize that the eye tracker does not provide absolute gaze
direction, but rather can only measure changes in gaze direction. In order to know
precisely what a subject is looking at, some calibration procedure is required in
which the subject looks at a point or series of points, while the eye tracker records
the value that corresponds to each gaze position. (Even those techniques that
track features of the retina cannot provide exact gaze direction because there is no
specific anatomical feature that marks the exact point where the visual axis meets
the retina, if indeed there is such a single, stable point.) An accurate and reliable
calibration is essential for obtaining valid and repeatable eye movement data, and
this can be a significant challenge for non-verbal subjects or those who have
unstable gaze.
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CHAPTER 9
Developments in Eyegaze Technology
LC technologies have recently developed a Portable Eyegaze System. The
Portable Eyegaze System can be mounted on a wheelchair and run from a 12-volt
battery or wall outlet. It weighs only 6 lbs (2.7 kg) and its dimensions are
2.5"x8"x9" (6.5cm x20cm x23cm). The Portable Eyegaze System comes with a
flat screen monitor and a table mounts for its monitor. The monitor can be lifted
off the table mount and slipped into a wheelchair mount.
Fig 9.1The Scientist Stephan Hawking uses this system with wheelchair to
communicate.
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CHAPTER 10
EYETRACKING APPLICATIONS
Eye tracking has significant potential for the creation of new and exciting applications in a
broad range of fields:
Neurosciences /Neuropsychology
Vision Research
Experimental Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Psycholinguistics
Psychiatry /Mental Health
Human Factors /Ergonomics /Industrial Design /Human Computer Interaction

and Usability Research/ Informatics studies...
Developmental Psychology
Science of Education
Reading diagnostics and remediation
Medicine /Opthalmology
Communication Research - Media Studies /Media Psychology
Transportation: Flight simulators /driving simulators
Robotics - remote vision control
Video and arcade games
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CHAPTER 11
ADVANTAGES
People who have used the alphabet clustering system realize that this old process
can become tiresome and confusing (picture of alphabet clustering is shown
below). However, this newer method of a spreadsheet-like communication board
is useful because it can cater to whatever each particular individual would like to
express. There is unlimited vocabulary that can be used on these boards. In
addition, this encoded system can be used with phrases, letters, words, numbers,
pictures or anything else that is needed. Once a person knows how to indicate
what they want in each row and column, the possibilities are infinite amounts of
communication. A user may become frustrated with too much information on a
particular board. However, he or she can simply start a new board with new
vocabulary (but the same colors, letters, and/or numbers). Although users will
need initial training and practice, the benefits of communicating effectively prove
that this short adaptation process is worth it.
Facts
*Other technologies that use the eyes are becoming popular including eye typing.
*LC Technologies, Inc. is developing a system called EYETRACKING, that will
pioneer the use of computers by nonverbal, disabled persons.
*The success of an eye-gaze board will be increased if it is introduced during an
activity that is enjoyable to the individual.
*The eye-gaze board should look age appropriate so that the person is
comfortable using it.
*The ability to express oneself is something that no one should be deprived of.
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CHAPTER 12
DISADVANTAGES
13.1 Disadvantages
It causes diariah
It is not safe even for eyes
It reduces the power sight of the eye
Each method of eye tracking has advantages and disadvantages, and the choice
of an eye tracking system depends on considerations of cost and application.
There are offline methods and online procedures like AttentionTracking. There
is a trade-off between cost and sensitivity, with the most sensitive systems costing
many tens of thousands of dollars and requiring considerable expertise to operate
properly. Advances in computer and video technology have led to the
development of relatively low cost systems that are useful for many applications
and fairly easy to use. Interpretation of the results still requires some level of
expertise, however, because a misaligned or poorly calibrated system can produce
wildly erroneous data.
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CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION
Today, the human eye-gaze can be recorded by relatively unremarkable

techniques. This thesis argues that it is possible to use the eye-gaze of a computer
user in the interface to aid the control of the application. Care must be taken,
though, that eye-gaze tracking data is used in a sensible way, since the nature of
human eye-movements is a combination of several voluntary and involuntary
cognitive processes.
The main reason for eye-gaze based user interfaces being attractive is that the
direction of the eye-gaze can express the interests of the user-it is a potential
porthole into the current cognitive processes-and communication through the
direction of the eyes is faster than any other mode of human communication. It is
argued that eye-gaze tracking data is best used in multimodal interfaces where the
user interacts with the data instead of the interface, in so-called non-command
user interfaces
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CHAPTER 14
REFERENCES
[1]
IEEE
TRANSACTIONS
ON
NEURAL
SYSTEMS
AND
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING,VOL.10,NO.1,MARCH 2002The Camera

Mouse: Visual Tracking of Body features to Provide Computer Access for People
With Severe Disabilities.
Margrit Betke,James Gips,Peter Fleming
[2] Perceptual Gaze Extent & Level of Detail in VR:Looking outside the Box
Hunter Murphy*,Andrew T. Duchowski*
Department of Computer Science,Clemson University
{hmurphy/Andrew}@vr.clemson.edu
[3] Disability studies Quarterly

Spring 2002,Volume 22,N0.2
www.cds.hawaii.edu
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