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In this chapter, you will learn an additional equation besides conservation of mass and conservation of
energy. Up until now, there was no easy way to know if a given problem was realistic. A third equation
will be used to tell you what is possible and what is not possible, and to evaluate how good a
particular component or cycle is. This 3rd equation uses a new property called entropy.
{ Remember that a propertys value is independent of the path. Regardless of how you get from state 1
to state 2, the change in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy will be the same (because these are all
properties). Work and heat transfer are not properties, so depending on what path you take from 1 to
2, there will be a different amount of work and heat transfer. }
1. Entropy is a property
2. Entropy is used to tell what is possible/not possible
3. Entropy can also be used to tell how good a component or cycle is
For most problems, you will need to solve conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and the
entropy equation. Once again you will keep track of either (mass, energy, and entropy) or the (rate of
mass, rate of energy, and rate of entropy . Once you have decided if you are balancing properties, or
rates of properties, you can begin to write your equations. Let us start off with an entropy balance.
Entropy Balance

Concept 1:

In Out = Change

First you must know how entropy can enter or leave the control volume, and then decide which of these
are happening in a given problem.

Concept ?:

3 Ways Entropy can be Added or Removed from a Control Volume

1. Heat Transfer
2. Mass
3. Production

Heat Transfer
Heat transfer into the control volume brings entropy into the control volume. Heat transfer out
of the control volume carries entropy out of the control volume. Entropy has units of energy per
temperature (KJ/K or Btu/R), which implies that both the heat transfer and the temperature at which
heat transfer happens will be important for calculating entropy in or out.

Mass
Just as mass has internal energy, and enthalpy, mass also has entropy. Mass coming into your
control volume carries entropy into the control volume, and mass leaving your control volume carries
entropy out of the control volume. When you look up properties in a table or EES, they are usually
properties per mass (enthalpy is energy per mass), and you have to multiply by how much mass you
have to find the value for your system. From tables and EES, you will find entropy per mass [kJ/(kg*K)],
and you will need to multiply by the mass (to get kJ/K).
Production
Unlike mass and energy, entropy is not conserved. While we cant create or destroy energy,
entropy can be created but not destroyed. Usually you will be solving for entropy production to figure
out if the problem as stated is possible or not possible. If your calculations show that entropy is
destroyed, you will know that the problem cant happen as stated.

Example

1 kg of air is compressed inside of a piston-cylinder assembly from 14.7

psi and 300K to a pressure of 100.0 psi and a temperature of 400K. The
process is polytropic with n=1.3. Find the entropy production. Assume
a boundary temperature of 300K.

Because this problem deals with mass and energy (properties), you will be solving for entropy (also a
property), rather than a rate of mass, rate of energy and rate of entropy (rate of properties). Start off
my writing conservation of mass and energy.
=
= ( )
There is enough information to solve for conservation of mass and energy. Lets assume you have done
so, and that the values in the above equations have been solved. Of Q, m, , this problem has entropy
in or out through heat transfer and through entropy production. Qout means entropy will be carried out
of the control volume. A check on units of entropy, says that the entropy transfer must be in kJ/K, which
means that Qout will need to be divided by a temperature. The correct temperature is called the
boundary temperature (Tb), which is the average temperature that heat transfer occurs. For many
problems, the heat transfer is between the system and the surroundings, and if the surroundings are at
room temperature (for most our problems this is true) it is common to use room temperature as the
boundary temperature.
Entropy in or out with heat transfer =

The entropy production is represented by the symbol sigma, and it adds entropy to the control volume.
Entropy Production =
The change in entropy is the final entropy (at state 2) minus the initial entropy (at state 1). The entropy
at state 1 and 2 can be found by multiplying the entropy per mass (s1 or s2) by the mass.
Change in Entropy = Final Initial =
Putting them all together:
=
= ( )

+ = ( )

You will have to look up the entropy at state 1 and 2, and the entropy production () can be solved.

Definition
Entropy is loosely defined as a measure of disorder in a system. As an example, you might have a very
messy room (which we will correlate to a high amount of entropy). You could spend time and energy to
clean up your room, after which the room would have less disorder (less entropy). Over time your room
will become messy again unless you expend time and effort to keep your room clean. You might have
heard that entropy is always increasing, which captures the idea that if things are in a particular ordered
state (lower entropy), these things tend to move to a less ordered state (higher entropy).
1. Things tend to move from a state of lower entropy to a state of higher entropy. (entropy
increases)
2. Whenever there is entropy production, there has been a permanent loss of the ability to do
work. (Think of losing energy to friction)
3. If energy is used, the entropy of a system can decrease. (cleaning your room)
So if the entropy of a system can decrease, why have you heard that entropy is always increasing?
The answer is that when you look at what is possible and not possible, it is not entropy but the
entropy production that tells you what is possible and not possible. You now know that entropy can be
produced but not destroyed (entropy is not conserved like mass and energy). When you perform an
entropy balance for a problem and solve for entropy production, if the entropy production is negative
then the problem cannot happen as stated. The best case is that the entropy production is zero. If the
entropy production is positive, the process can happen as stated, but the process could be improved.
An example of a process with no entropy production would be a turbine that takes in high pressure and
high temperature steam, captures all of the energy from the steam to develop power (there is no
friction or other losses), and has lower temperature and pressure steam exiting the turbine. If entropy
production is zero, this is called a reversible process. For a reversible process, all of the power of the
turbine could be used to bring the low temperature and pressure steam exiting the turbine back to the
original high temperature and pressure steam entering the turbine. If entropy production is greater than
zero, called an irreversible process, the steam exiting the turbine could be brought back to the original
inlet condition, but it would take more power than the turbine provides.
<0

=0

>0

To find out if a process is possible or not possible, you simply need to calculate the entropy production.

Example

1 kg/s of air is enters a compressor at 14.7 psi and 300K and exits at a
pressure of 100.0 psi and a temperature of 400K. The compressor uses
100 Btu/s to operate. Determine if this compressor is possible or not
possible, and if it is possible, determine if it is reversible or irreversible.
Assume a boundary temperature of 300K.

Because this problem deals with rate of mass and rate of energy (rate of properties), you will be solving
for rate of entropy. Start off my writing conservation of mass and energy.

= + ( )

States 1 and 2 are given, as well as mdot and the power. The rate of heat transfer is the only unknown
in the energy equation, so this can be solved from conservation of energy. There is no way to know if
the rate of heat transfer is in or out, although if this is a realistic component the compressor would
usually be hotter than its surroundings. If would be wrong to assume no heat transfer, because this
would probably violate conservation of energy.
Now to write the rate of entropy balance.
The rate of change of entropy with respect to time is written as
The rate of entropy transfer with heat transfer is either

or

. If the rate of heat transfer is in,

the rate of entropy will also be in. If the rate of heat transfer is out, the rate of entropy transfer will also
be out.
The rate of entropy transfer with mass, is simply .

If the rate of mass is

into the control volume, the rate of entropy will also be into the control volume. If the rate of mass is
out of the control volume, the rate of entropy will also be out of the control volume.
The rate of entropy production is written as .

=
+ ( ) +

Now that you know the rate of heat transfer from solving conservation of energy, the entropy at state 1
and 2 could be found, and the entropy equation would be used to solve for the rate of entropy
production.

The other thing the entropy equation can be used for is to determine how good a component or cycle
is. You now know that the best component would have no entropy production. If you wanted to know
how good a pump was, you could compare the power required for your pump, to the power a reversible
pump would need. Let us assume a pump with no heat loss.
Actual Pump: (Pumps water from 14.7 psi, 70F to 1000psi, 72F)

= , + ( )

= ( ) +

For the actual pump, you could solve for the power require dot run the pump, as well as the rate of
entropy production. Qualitatively, you know that the lower the rate entropy production, the better the
pump. You also know that is the rate of entropy production is negative, this pump is not possible. You
can determine exactly how good the pump is by comparing this pump to a reversible pump (the best
pump possible).

Reversible Pump: (Pumps water from P1=14.7 psi, T1=70F to P3=1000psi, T3=?)
The pump will leave at a different state due to friction and any other irreversibilities. For now
this will be called state 3.
STATE 1: Same condition entering the reversible pump as the actual pump
STATE 3: A reversible pump exits at the same pressure, but has a different exit temperature

= , + ( )

= ( ) +

For the reversible pump, there is no entropy production which gives:

= , + ( )

= ( ) + 0

Looking at the entropy equation for the reversible pump, if there is no entropy production, then the
entropy at state 1 and state 3 will have to be the same. You have 2 properties at state 1, so any other
property can be found at state 1. If you found the entropy at state 1, you would know the entropy for
state 3. You now would know the entropy and pressure at state 3, so any other property could be found.
Finding the enthalpy at state 3 (and temperature if you want to know), you can solve for the power
required for the reversible pump.

The measure of how good the pump is called the pump efficiency. The best pump would require the
power of the reversible pump to compress the water from 14.7psi to 1000psi. If the actual the actual
pump has friction or other irreversibilities, it will require more power to compress the water to 1000psi.
The key to getting the efficiency correct is to remember that efficiency is always between 0% and 100%.
Compare the power of the actual pump to the reversible pump. If you put the smaller power divide dby
the bigger power, you will get a number between 0% and 100%.
1. Decide if the actual or reversible case has more power.
2. Divide the smaller by the bigger to find the efficiency.
Hint: For a turbine vs a pump, the reversible component will be bigger for one and smaller for the
other.

NOTATION:
It is common to have a cycle with 4 or more components, which would typically be labeled states 1, 2, 3,
and 4. If you want to know a pump efficiency, (say a pump from state 1 to state 2) you would need to
solve for an additional state to figure out the exit condition the reversible pump would have. If the
actual pump goes from state 1 to state 2, It is common practice to call the exit state for the reversible
pump state 2s (rather than state 3 as in the prior example). The reason is that state 3 is already used for
one of the 4 components in the actual cycle. State 2s is used because we are going from state 1 to the
pressure at state 2, except the process from 1-2 will have the same entropy.
Replace state 3 with state 2s, and replace reversible pump work with , .

= , + ( )

= ( ) + 0

A process with constant entropy is called an isentropic process.

DEFINITION REVIEW:
Isothermal: same temperature
Polytropic: pvn=constant
Adiabatic: no heat loss
Isentropic: constant entropy