.

(. 2121/1993),
, .
(, ) , , , , ,
.

( )
,




:

:

:
,
,

:
:

-:
:

Copyright
Copyright..
.....
.....(
()
)

,
,,
, 2013
2013

,
,,
,
2015

2015

8560
8561
560/15
775/15
ISBN
ISBN (set)
(set)978-960-16-6460-6
978-960-16-6460-6
ISBN
ISBN(vol.
(vol.1)2)978-960-16-5047-0
978-960-16-5048-7

( ) 38, 104 37 A,
TH.: 210.36.50.000, 210.52.05.600, 801.100.2665 - FAX: 310.36.50.069
KENTPIKH : EMM. MENAKH 16, 106 78 AHNA, TH.: 210.38.31.078
YOKATATHMA BOPEIA A: KOPYTA (TEPMA ONTOY - EPIOXH B KTEO), 570 09
KAOXP EONIKH, T.. 1213, TH.: 2310.70.63.54, 2310.70.67.15 - FAX: 2310.70.63.55
Web site: http/www.patakis.gr e-mail: info@patakis.gr,


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3
8 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4
9 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57
60
67
73
79
91
99

10 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104
106
117
134

11 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

142
143
146
151

12 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155
156
157
164
169
179
195
214
226
234
240

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

 

, . , !

.

, ,
,
.

.

,
.

,
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.


. . 6992797955
thgarmpis@gmail.com

A 8

. , . ,
.
, .
, , .
, . .


.
.

( )
V m. H :

m
=

V
S.I. 1 kg/m3 .
V. m
,  =
= 
.
V
H .
.
.

p ( ) F
.
F
p =
.

S.I. 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 .
F ,
F
, p =
.
A
F = pA,
. .
(Atm).
pat = 1Atm = 105 Pa
9

.
, ,
.

.


F
.

(-).


:
p =
gh
: .
h: , .
.

Pascal



. F .
.




F,

F

( ).
A

Pascal
()
.

,
pat .
Pascal,
. h :
p = pat +
gh
10

, ( -),

( ).
, . .
.
:


.

.
.

:


,


,
.

.
, .

.
.
.

V t t.

V
=

t
S.I. 1 m3/s.
11

. t x,

V = A

x (1).

x
 =
(2).

t

V (1)

x (2)
 =
=
 = .

t
t

.

.
A1
1 , A 2
2 . ,
.

m1 1 t
m 2
 2 .

V1 ,
V2
m1 ,
m 2 .

m = 

V (1),

V = A

x (2),

x = 

t (3).
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)

m1 = 

V1 1
x1 11
t (4)

m 2 = 

V2  2
x 2  2 2
t (5).
, ,
m1
m 2 (
).
.
(4)

m1 =
m 2 (5) 11
t =  2 2
t  A1 1 =  2 2 (6) ( ).
 = , (6)
1 =
2  = 
.
.

, , :
m1 = m2 , V1 = V2 , A11 = 2 2 , 1 =  2 .
.
() ,
,
.
() , , .
,
. .
m1
1
m2 2 ,
m1 =
m2

,
( ), ( ).
, ( ),
( ) ( ).

12

(
2 >
1 ).
, (A 2 < A1 ),
.

 BERNOULLI
.
, . y1 ,
1 , p1
,

y2 ,
2 , p2 ,

.
( I).

F1 = p1A1 F2 = p2 A 2
F1.
t m
s1 ,
m, V,
s2
.
-
, ( I) ( II).
, W. =  (1).
W. = W + WB (2), W ()
( ) WB , m
y1 y2 . :

WB =

m g y2
y1 =
 
Vg y2
y1

(3), .

W = WF1 + WF2 = +F1 
s1
F2 
s2 = p1A1 
s1
p2 A 2 
s2

V = A1

s1 = A 2

s2 , W = p1 
V
p2 
V  W = p1
p2 
V (4).

(2)

(3)
(4)

W. = p1
p2  V
  Vg y2
y1

(5).

:
1
1
1
1
1
 =
m 22
m 12 =   V22
  V12 =   V 22
12 (6)
2
2
2
2
2
(5)
1
1
1
(1) (6) p1
p2 
V
 
Vg y2
y1 =  
V 22
12  p1
p2
gy2 + gy1 = 22
12 
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
p1 +
1 +
gy1 = p2 +
2 +
gy2 p +  + gy = 
.
2
2
2
Bernoulli .
Bernoulli, :

1

(p), 
2 
 2

(gy) .

(
)

13

1 2
1 m 2

1

2 ,
 =


 =
.
2
2 V
V
2

m

U
gy , gy =
gy =
.

V

V
Bernoulli .
,
Bernoulli :
1
1
1
p1 +
12 = p2 +
22 p + 2 = 
.
2
2
2
, , , .
. , .
,
1 =
2 = 0, Bernoulli :
p1 +
gy1 = p2 +
gy2 p + gy = 
. ( ).

Torricelli
( )
h , .
Bernoulli ( )
( ), :
1
1
pE + 2 + gh = pK + 2 + 0 (1) (yE = y1 = h, yK = y2 = 0)
2
2
, , , pE = pK = pat (2).

,  = 0 (3).
(4)
1
1 2
(1) (2) pat + 0 + gh = pat + 2 + 0
gh =

 = 2gh .
2
2 
 = 2gh Torricelli :
H h
h.

A E A K .

A E  =   
 =   . A K << A E ,  <<  .


.

Bernoulli . ,
.
2
1 ,
3 . Bernoulli,
2

1 ,
3
,
, , ,
. ,
.
14

Bernoulli .
, ,
.
().
,
.
.
, . ,
.

, , , .
.
.


. .
F . F
, ()
.
,
.
0 .
:
F
F
F

F .

F F =  .


F
.

: S.I. 1 N
s/m 2 .
poise () = 1 dyns/cm 2 = 10
1 Ns/m 2
(1 dyn = 10
5 N, 1 cm 2 = 10
4 m 2 ).
.
, .

F =  .

.
, , ,
.
R.

, .
15


.

m
V

p
pat = 1Atm
p
.

kg
m3
kg/m3
N
m2
Pa = N/m 2
1tm = 105 Pa
Pa = N/m 2

m/s
m3/s

1 2


2

J/m3

gy

J/m3
N
s/m 2
m

.

m
m
=
(1)

V
V

F
F
p=
=
(2)

A
A
pat = 1Atm = 105 Pa (3)
p
. = gh (4)
=

=

V
= A (5)

t

A1 1 =  2 2
1 =
2 (6)

Bernoulli

p1 +

1 2
1

 +
gy1 = p2 +
22 +
gy2 (7)
2 1
2

Torricelli

=

2gh

F = 



(8)
(9)

.

m
. ,

V
m
 =
= 
., .
V


F
p =
,
F

. F ,

 =

F
.
A
p
. h
. p
.
.
A11 =  2 2
1 =
2 .
1
1
p1 +
12 +
gy1 = p2 +
22 +
gy2 Bernoulli .
2
2
, , y1 = y2 = 0,
1
1
Bernoulli p1 +
12 = p2 +
22 .
2
2
,
1 =
2 = 0, Bernoulli p1 +
gy1 = p2 +
gy2
( ).


2
R A = R 2 =
.
4
V = Ah =
R 2 h.
, p =

16

. 
.1

P AS C AL
1.

2.

3.
F
pB =

gh B
A
B

hB
hA

pA = pat + p
.
pA = pat +
gh

pA = p
. = gh

pA =

F
+
gh A
A

4.

5. m

pA = p. + p
.

pA = p. + 
.

pA =

Mg
+
gh
A

6.

pA = 0
p
= 1gh1
p
= 1gd1
pE =
1gd1 +
2 gh2
pZ =
1gd1 +
2 gd 2

.2

pA =

( M + m )g
A

+
gh

7.

pA =
p
=
p
=
pE =
pZ =

pat
pat + 1gh1
pat + 1gd1
pat +
1gd1 +
2 gh2
pat +
1gd1 +
2 gd 2


.
: p
. = gh h
,
.

17

.3

 
( > )
1
2

h1


= 2 .
h2

1
: :

p
= pat + 1g h1 + d
p
= pat + 1gh1 + 1gd (1)

p
= pat + 2 gh2 + 1gd (2). (1). (2) :
pat +
1gh1 +
1gd = pat +
2 gh2 +
1gd

1 gh1 =
2 gh2 (3)

h1


= 2
h2

1

(4)

.
(pA = p
).
(3)
: pA = pat +
1gh1 p
= pat + 2 gh2
pat +
1gh1. pA = p
.
(pE
pZ ).
: pE = pat pZ = pat +
2 gh, pE
pz .

U .
V = 998 kg/m3 
.

= 18,4 cm d = 1,56 cm. ;
g = 10 m/s2 1Atm = 105 Pa.

V = 998 kg/m ,
= 18, 4 cm = 0,184 m , d = 1,56 cm = 0,0156 m , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa , 
= ; , pA = ;

3

p
= pat +  g
+ h = pat +  g
+  gh (1)

p
= pat +  g(
+ d ) +  gh (2)

(1), (2)
pat +  g
+  gh = pat + 
g
+ d +  gh

 g
= 
g
+ d

= 

+ d


=  

0,184
 
= 998

kg/m3  
= 920 kg/m3

+d
0,1996

pA = pat + 
g
 pA = 105 + 998
10
0,184 Pa  pA = 101
836,32 Pa.

2
, , , pA = p
.

) (

p
= pat +  g d +
= 105 + 920
10
0,1996 Pa = 101.836,32 Pa.

pA = p
= 101.836,32 Pa.

18

.4

, U
= 13.600 kg/m3 .
. h = 20 cm.
;
g = 10 m/s2 1Atm = 105 Pa.

 = 13.600 kg/m 2 , h = 20 cm = 0,2 m , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa , p
. = ;

,
p
. = pA (1).
, , :
pA = p
(2).

p
= pat + gh = 105 + 13.600
10
0,2 Pa = 127.200 Pa 

p
= 127.200 Pa (3).
(1), (2), (3) p
. = 127.200 Pa.

.5


h. F
:
F = p

.

F = p
 = gh

F
h.

, , . :
F1 = p
 = gh1

F2 = p
 = gh2

F3 = pE
 = gh3

h3 > h2 > h1 , F3 > F2 > F1 .
,
,
.


p. F
:
F = pA
.

F = pA =
ghA
F
,


. F
.

m,
B V :
m

=
(1), V = hA (2), B = mg (3)
V
(1)
(3)
m
F = pA =
ghA (2)
gV = mg
B.
V
F = B F < B
(    ) .
19

r = 0,1 m,
= 0,4 m

= 1.000 kg/m3 .
) .
)  = 10
6 m2
.
g = 10 m/s2 ,
= 3,14.

r = 0,1 m ,

= 0,4 m ,

= 1.000 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 ,

 = 3,14

) F = ;
p p =
g
(1). A =
r 2 (2).
(1)
F = pA (2)
g
r 2 = 1000
10
0,4
3,14
0,01 N = 125,6 N  F = 125,6 N.
)  = 10
6 m 2 , F = ;
p
= gr (3).
:
F = p   = gr   = 1.000  10  0,1  10
6  = 10
3   F = 10-3 N

.6

( )
F1
A
= 1
F2
A2

d1
A
= 2
d2
A1

WF1 = WF2 = F1d1 = F2d2

(F1 ) (d1 )
(F2 ) (d 2 ).
F2 > F1 d2 < d1  2 > 1 .

, F1
A1. . F

p1 = 1 (1). Pascal,
A1
A 2 . ,
F
F2 ,
p2 = 2 (2). , Pascal
A2
(1)
F1
F
F
A

p1 =
p2 (2)
= 2
1 = 1 (3).
A1
A2
F2
A2

B = F2 .
d1 ,
d 2 , V , .
d
A
V = A1d1 = A 2d 2
1 = 2 (4).
d2
A1
WF1 = F1d1
 ( ) WF
F
d (3) A1 A 2
1
= 1
1 (4)


= 1  WF1 = WF2

WF2 = F2d 2 

WF2
F2 d 2
A 2 A1
.
:

20

m = 1.000 kg.
) F1
m;
) ,
d2 = 0,1 m;
) F1 , F2 . ;
R1 R 2 = 5R1 g = 10 m/s2 .
F1 F2
, .***

m = 1.000 kg , R 2 = 5R1 , g = 10 m/s2

) F1 = ;
F1

A1 =
R12 (1). . F

p1 = 1 (2).
A1
Pascal,
A2 =
R22 (3).
, F2 ,
p2 =

F2
A2

(4). -

, Pascal :

p1 =
p2

(2)
(4)

F1
F
F
A
= 2
1 = 1
A1
A2
F2
A2

(1)
(3)

F1

R12
F1
R12
F
1
1
=


=

1 =

F1 =
F (5)
2
2
F2
F2
F2
25
25 2

R 2
25R1

( ), F2 = B = mg = 10.000 N.
(5)  F1 =

1

10.000 N  F1 = 400 N.
25

) d 2 = 0,1 m , d1 = ;
d1 ,
d 2 , V , .
V = A1d1 = A 2d 2

R12d1 =
R 22d 2
R12d1 = 25R12d 2
d1 = 25d 2
d1 = 2,5 m.
) WF1 = ; ,

WF2 = ;

WF1 = F1d1 = 400
2,5 J = 1.000 J  WF1 = 1.000 J

WF2 = F2d 2 = 10.000
0,1 J = 1.000 J  WF2 = 1.000 J
.

*** 2. 32.

21

B.
.7

1 =
2

A1 1 =  2 2

.
() , , .

m1 1
m 2
 2 ,
m1 =
m2 .
V1 =
V2 .

1. h . 10 m
2 m/s. 2,5 m;

h = 
. , d1 = 10 m , 1 = 2 m/s , d 2 = 2,5 m , 2 = ;

, , . :
d
10
1 =  2
11 =  2 2
d1h1 = d 2 h2
d11 = d 2 2

2 =
1 1 
2 = 2

m/s 
2 = 8 m/s
d2
2,5
2. . h1 = 2 m

1 = 0,8 m/s.
2 = 4 m/s;

h1 = 2 m ,
1 = 0,8 m/s ,
2 = 4 m/s , h2 = ;

d . , ,
. :


0,8
1 =  2
11 =  2 2
dh11 = dh2 2
h11 = h2 2
h2 = h1 1  h2 = 2

m  h2 = 0,4 m

2
4
3. 1,44  10
3 m3 /s. 12

=
cm.

) ;
)
1

. ;
4

 = 1,44  10 m /s ,

3

=

12


cm =

12


2

 10 m

)
= ;
, .
2
4
4  1, 44  10
3
 =    =
=
=
m/s 
= 0,4 m/s.
2
4

122  10
4


1
)
1 = 0,4 m/s , A 2 =
A ,
2 = ;
4 1
1
11 = 2  2  11 = 2
1  2 = 41 
2 = 1,6 m/s.
4
22

4.
= 10
2 m3 /s. 10

1 =

cm.

)
1 ;
) .
) 0,45 m .
g = 10 m/s2 .

 = 10
2 m3 /s ,

10

1 =

cm =

10  10
2


m=

10
1


m,

g = 10 m/s2

)
1 = ;
:
A1 =

2
1



4



10
2

2
-2
 m 2 = 10 m 2  A = 10 m2
1
4
4
4

 = 11  1 =


10
2
=
m/s 
1 = 4 m/s.
1
10
2
4

) ;
(
2 >
1 ). , (A 2 < A1 ), .
) h = 0,45 m ,

A2 = ;

1
(1).
2

1 ,
2 h = 0,45 m.
.... , , :
11 = 2  2
 2 = 1

.... (, ): K .()
   .(  ) = WB 

2 =

12 + 2gh

(2)

(1)  A 2 =

2 =

1
1
m
22
m
12 = +mgh 
22

12 = 2gh 
22 =
12 + 2gh 
2
2

42 + 2
10
0,45 m/s 
2 = 5 m/s

10
2 4 2 10
2 2

m =
m = 2  10
3 m 2  A 2 = 2  10-3 m2 .
4
5
5

A 2 :
 = 11 =  2 2   2 =


10
2 2
 2 =
m  A 2 = 2  10-3 m2
2
5

23

.8

( ) B ERNO UL LI
p1 +

1 2
1

 +
gy1 = p2 +
22 +
gy2
2 1
2

,
.
T y1 ,
1 , p1 ,
. y2 ,
2 , p2 , .

1.
, , h = 5 m.
2Atm
10 m/s, 1,82 Atm.
) ;
)
, ;
103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa.

h = 5 m , p1 = 2Atm = 2
105 Pa , 1 = 10 m/s , p2 = 1,82Atm = 1,82
105 Pa ,
= 103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa
)
2 = ;
1 2
1 2
ernoulli , , p1 +

1 +
gy1 = p2 +

 +
gy2 (1).
2
2 2
, y1 = 0 y2 = h.
1
1
1
1
(1)
p1 +
12 + 0 = p2 +
22 +
gh
2
105 +

103
102 = 1,82
105 +

103
22 + 103
10
5 
2
2
2
2
200.000 + 50.000 = 182.000 + 500
22 + 50.000
500
22 = 18.000

22 = 36 m 2 /s2

2 = 6 m/s .
A
) 1 = ;
A2
, , :



6

3
1 =  2
11 =  2 2
1 = 2
1 =

1 =
2
1
2
10
2
5
2.
. ,
5Atm 
 3Atm .
h , ;
103 kg/m2 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa.

p1 = 5Atm = 5
105 Pa ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa , h = ;

1 2
1 2
Bernoulli , , p1 +

 +
gy1 = p2 +

 +
gy2 (1).
2 1
2 2
, y1 = 0 y2 = h.
, A1 = A2 = A (2).
(2)
, , 1 =  2
11 =  2 2

1 =
2 (3).
(3)
1
1
(1)
p1 +
12 + 0 = p2 +
12 +
gh
p1 = p2 +
gh (4)

2
2
p1
p2
5  105
3  105
2  105

gh = p1
p2  h =
h=
m=
m = 20 m  h = 20 m.
3

g
10  10
104
24

p2 = 3Atm = 3
105 Pa ,

= 103 kg/m3 ,

(4) Bernoulli p1 = p2 +
gh.

p2 < p1 , h .

p = p1
p2 = gh, h.
3. .
1 = 18 cm2 ( )  2 = 6 cm2 .

1 = 4 m/s.
)
2 ;
) ;
103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa , .

A1 = 18 cm 2 ,

A 2 = 6 cm 2 ,

1 = 4 m/s ,

= 103 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa

)
2 = ;
, , :

18
1 =  2  11 =  2 2  2 = 1 1  2 = 4

m/s 
2 = 12 m/s
2
6
) p1 = ;
1 2
1 2

1 +
gy1 = p2 +

 +
gy2 (1).
2
2 2
, , y1 = y2 = 0.
, p
= pat = 1Atm = 105 Pa.


1
1
1
1
1
1
(1)  p1 +
12 = p2 +
22  p1 = p2 +
22

12  p1 =  105 +
 103  122

 103  42  Pa =
2
2
2
2
2
2


5
5
= 100.000 + 72.000
8.000 Pa = 164.000 Pa = 1,64  10 Pa  p1 = 1,64  10 Pa.
Bernoulli , , p1 +

4. 20 m/s.
) p ;
) F A = 100 m2 ;
) ;
1,2 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa.

 = 20 m/s ,  = 0 ,  = 1,2 kg/m , 1Atm = 10 Pa

)
p = ;

. , 
= 0.
1 2
1 2
Bernoulli , , pB +
 + gy1 = p +
 + gy2 (1).
2 
2 
, , y1 = y2 = 0.
1
1
1
1
(1)  pB + 2 + 0 = p + 0 + 0  p
p = 2 p = 2  p =
 1,2  202 Pa 
p = 240 Pa
2
2
2
2
) A = 100 m 2 , F = ;
p F F = A

p  F = 100
240 N  F = 24.000 N.
) pB = ;
, ,
p
= pat = 1Atm = 105 Pa. p = p
p  p = p
p  pB = 100.000
240 Pa  pB = 99.760 Pa.
3

25

.9

V ENTO URI

1 =

2gh
2

 A1 
 A 
1
2

( )

Ventouri .
A1 , A 2 h , .
, , .
pB = p1 = pat +
gh1 p
= p2 = pat + gh2 , :

p1
p2 = pat +
gh1
pat

gh2 =
g h1
h2 =
gh  p1
p2 =
gh (1)

, , 1 =  2
11 =  2 2
2 =
Bernoulli , , p1 +

1
 (2).
2 1

1 2
1

1 +
gy1 = p2 +
22 +
gy2 (3).
2
2

, , y1 = y2 = 0.
(3)
p1 +
p1
p2 =

gh =

1 2
1

 = p2 +
22
2 1
2

1 12 2 1 2


1
2  22 1
2

(1)

(2)

gh =

p1 +

1 2
1 2
1 = p2 +  12 12

2
2 2


1 2  12
1  2
1 
2
 2



1 2  12
2gh
1  2
1  12 =

1 =
2  2
A12



1
A 22

2gh
2

 A1 
 A 
1
2

A1 = 3A 2 ,

h = 0,1 m ,

1 =

2gh

26

 A1 
 A 
1
2

g = 10 m/s2 ,
=

1 = ;

2  10  0,1
m/s =
32
1

2
m/s = 0,5 m/s 
1 = 0,5 m/s.
8

.10

TO RRI C EL LI
.
 =

2gh

( , . 14 Torricelli)
.

Smax = h,

h
, 
= gh ,  = 2gh ,
= 45
2
.
d=

.

, , ,
.

B.
Torricelli,

=

2g h
d

(1).

d.
x
,
y
. :
1 2
x = 
, x = 
t (2),
y = gt (3), y =
gt (4)
2
x = S y = d.
x=S
S
(2)
S = 
t
t =
(5)


(5)
1
1 S2 (1)
gS2
S2
y=d
(4)
d = gt 2
d= g 2
d=
d=
 S2 = 4hd
4d 2  4d 2
4hd + S 2 = 0 (6)
2
2 

4g h
d
4 h
d
d, -

,
 0 
4h
Smax = h (7).

4  4S2  0  16h2
16S2  0  16S2  16h2  S  h, :

(6) S = Smax = h, 4d 2
4hd + h2 = 0  2d
h = 0  2d
h = 0  2d = h  d =

(1)
(5)

(8)


=


h 
2g  h

 
=
2 


(7)

t=

(9)

 =

gh

2
+ 2y

t=
(9)
(11)

h
g

2g

h
 
=
2

(10). (3)

gh + gh =

(10)

2gh

=

gh

y = g

h
(8).
2

(9)
h


y =
g

gh (11)

2gh .
27

1
m ,
h
d =
(8). .... , , :
2

(8)
1
1
2
2

=
W

K



=
W

m


m
=
+mgd

.... (, ):
 .()

 .(  )
B


2
2
....
(9)
2
2
2


= gh   = 
+ gh

= 2gh

2
Bernoulli, Bernoulli , , :

1 2
1 2
p
+

+ gy1 = p +
 + gy2 (12)
. 2
2
,
,

h
y1 = d =
(8) y2 = 0. , ,
Bernoulli
2
, p
= p = pat (13).

(13)
(9)
1
h
1
(12)
pat + 2
+ g
= pat + 2 + 0
2 = 2
+ gh

2
2
2

2

= 2gh

= 2gh .
.
(9), (11) 
= y = gh ,
= 45.
.

Torricelli,

=

2g h
h1

(1).

h1. ,
, :
x
= S
= 
t
(2) y
= h1 =
(2)

(1)

S
=

(3)

2h1
 S
= 2 h1 h
h1
g

2g h
h1 

1 2
gt
t
=
2

(4)

(), S
= 2 h2 h
h2

(5).

, :

) = 2 h (h
h ) 
h (h
h ) = h (h
h )  h h
h = h h
h 
h h
h h = h
h  h( h
h ) = ( h
h ) ( h + h ) 

S
= SA
1

(4)
(5)

2 h1 h
h1

2
1

2
2

2
1

2
2

h = h1 + h2 (6). h = h1 + d (7).
(6), (7)
h2 = d.

E AB = ZH,  S1 = S5 .
E  =
,   S2 = S4 .
E  =  ,
 S3 = Smax .

28

2h1
g

(3)

1. .
, h = 1,25 m ,  = 2 cm2 . 5 L;
g = 10 m/s2 .

h = 1,25 m , A = 2 cm 2 = 2  10
4 m 2 , V = 5 L = 5  10
3 m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , t = ;

Torricelli,
=
. 14).

= 2
10
1,25 m/s 
= 5 m/s.
 =  (1).
=
(1), (2)  A
=

V
t

2gh (. -

(2).

V
V
5  10
3
t=
t=
s  t = 5 s.
t
A

2  10
4  5

2. . , h = 1,8 m , 10 cm2 ,
4  10
3 m3 /s.
)
.
) h

.
g = 10 m/s2 .

h = 1,8 m ,

A = 10 cm 2 = 10  10
4 m 2 = 10
3 m 2 ,

. = 4  10
3 m3/s ,

g = 10 m/s2

) ;
Torricelli, :

=

2gh =

2
10
1,8 m/s = 6 m/s  
= 6 m/s. :

  =     = 6  10
3 m3/s.
. = 4  10
3 m3/s. 
>  . ,

, ()
.
) h
= ;
, , .

4  10
3
 . =     . =    = .   =
m/s  
 = 4 m/s.

10
3

2
42


= 2gh
 

2 = 2gh
 h
=
=
m = 0,8 m  h
= 0,8 m.
2g
2  10

29

. 11



h. .
T W
. P
. :
1
m2 + mgh
2

1

=  2 + gh  A
 2


W
. =
P
.

1
Bernoulli , , :
1 2
1 2
pB +
 + gy1 = p +
 + gy2 (1)
2 
2 
,  = 0, , 
= .
, y1 = 0 y2 = h.
1
1
1 2
(1)  pB + 0 + 0 = p
+ 2 + gh  pB
p
= 2 + gh 
p =
 + gh (2).
2
2
2
m :
W
. = pV

(2)

 1 2

 1 m 2 m 
1
1
2
2
 2
 +
gh  V =  2
V  + V gh  V = 2 m + mgh  W. = 2 m + mgh

F F = A

p
P
. = F

(3)

(2)

1

F = 
2 +
gh  A (3).
 2


1

P . =  2 + gh  A.
 2


2
.... , m , :
.... (, ):  =
W  K .(  )
  .( ) = W. + WB 
1
1
m2
0 = W
.
mgh  W. =
m2 + mgh (4)
2
2
:
 m2


+ mgh 
 2
 m
W
. (4)
 2

P
. =
(5)
P
. =
 P. = 
+ gh 

t
t
2

 t

V
 =
= A (6).

t

(5)

30

( )

V

m
=

t

t
(7)

=

V

t

(6)



m
=  (7).
t

 2

 1

P. = 
+ gh  
P. =  2 + gh  A.
2
2





1. 
= 1.000 kg/m3 
= 900 kg/m3 .
d1 = 20 cm, d2 = 30 cm.
) -;
) ;
)  = 1 cm2
-.
) A = 400 cm2 .
)
264 N. ;
1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

 = 1.000 kg/m3 ,
) p
= ;


= 900 kg/m3 ,

d1 = 20 cm = 0,2 m ,

d 2 = 30 cm = 0,3 m , 1Atm = 105 Pa ,

g = 10 m/s2

.1

p
= pat +  gd1 = 105 + 900
10
0,2 Pa = 101.800 Pa 

p
= 101.800 Pa
) p
= ;

.1

p
= pat +  gd1 +  gd 2 = 105 + 900
10
0,2 + 1.000
10
0,3 Pa =

= 104.800 Pa  p
= 104.800 Pa
)  = 1 cm 2 = 10
4 m 2 , F1 = ; .5
,
p
= 101.800 Pa p = pat = 1Atm = 100.000 Pa, . p1 = p

pE = 1.800 Pa. F1 :
F1 = p1   = 1.800  10
4  = 0,18   F1 = 0,18 N
) A = 400 cm 2 = 4  10
2 m 2 , F2 = ; .5
, p
= 104.800 Pa
pZ = pat = 1Atm = 100.000 Pa, .
p2 = p
p = 4.800 Pa. F2 :
F2 =
p2 A = 4.800  4  10
2 N = 192 N  F2 = 192 N
) F. = 264  , V = ;
d, p

,
F V = Ad (1).
F. = 264 . F = F. = 264 .
F
264
F = p   p =
 p  =
Pa  p = 6.600 Pa.
A
4  10
2
p = p
p  p = p + pZ  p = 6.600 + 100.000 Pa 
p = 106.600 Pa.

p

= pat +  g d + d1 +  gd 2  106.600 = 100.000 + 900  10 d + 0,2 + 1.000  10  0,3 

106.600 = 104.800 + 9.000d
9.000d = 1.800
d = 0,2 m.
(1)  V = 4  10
2  0,2 m3  V = 8  10-3 m3 .
31

2.
A1 = 1 cm2 A 2 = 10 cm2 .
,
k = 1.000 N/m . .
)

= 0,1 m;
) .
) (1) .
g = 10 m/s2 .

A1 = 1 cm 2 ,

A 2 = 10 cm 2 ,

k = 1.000 N/m ,

g = 10 m/s2

.6

)

= 0,1 m , m = ;


= 0,1 m, .
F1
, F1 = B = mg (1).
F

p1 = 1 (2).
A1
Pascal, . ,
F
F2 ,
p2 = 2 (3). ,
A2
(2)
F1
F2
F1
A1
F1
1
Pascal
p1 =
p2 (3)
=


=


=

F2 = 10F1 (4).
A1
A2
F2
A2
F2
10


, F
. = k

.
, F2 = F
. = k

(5).
(4)

(1)
(5)

k


= 10mg  m =

k



1.000
0,1
m=
kg  m = 1 kg
10g
10
10

) d = ;
d 2 =

= 0,1 m. d1 , d 2 ,
V , .
A
10
V = A1d1 = A 2d 2  d1 = d 2 2  d1 = 0,1

m  d1 = 1 m.
A1
1
d = d1 + d 2
d = 1,1 m.
) WF1 = ;

, F
. .
1
1
WF1 = WF
 . = U
. =
k

2 =

1.000
0,12 J = 5 J  WF1 = 5 J.
2
2

WF1 , WF2 WF1 = F1d1 WF2 = F2d 2 , .

.
32

3.
H = 2 m. h 10 cm2 ,

= 2 m/s.
) h .
) ;
) 2tm, ,

.
1.000 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, 204 = 14,3, 240 = 15,5.

H = 2m,

A = 10 cm = 10 m ,

3

204 = 14,3 ,


= 2 m/s ,

 = 1.000 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1Atm = 105 Pa ,

240 = 15,5

)
= ; , h = ; .10
 =  
= 2
10-3 m3/s.
Bernoulli (
) ( ), :
1 2
1 2
pZ +
 + gy1 = p
+
 + gy2 (1)
2 Z
2

, ,
, pZ = p
= pat (2).

,  = 0 (3).
, y1 = h y2 = 0.
(1)

(2)
(3)

1 2
2
22

+ 0  h =
 h =
m  h = 0,2 m.
2
2g
2
10

pat + 0 + gh = pat +

) S = ; .10
d = H
h = 1,8 m. , , x = S = 
t (4)
1 2
2d
gt
t =

t = 0,6 s.
2
g
(4)  S = 2
0,6 m  S = 1,2 m
y=d=

) p
Z = 2Atm = 2  105 Pa , 
 = ; ,  = ; ,  = ; .10

Bernoulli , :
1
1
pZ
+

2 + gy1 = p

+

2 + gy2 (5)
2 Z
2

() :
p
Z = 2Atm = 2  105 Pa, p
 = 1tm = 105 Pa,


Z = 0, y1 = h, y2 = 0
1
(5)  p
Z + 0 + gh = p

+ 

2 + 0 
2
1
200.000 + 1.000  10  0,2 = 100.000 +
 1.000 

2  

= 204 m/s  

= 14,3 m/s.
2
() :
S
= 

t  S
= 14,3  0,6 m/s  S
= 8,58 m

 = S
S = 8,58
1,2 m = 7,38 m   = 7,38 m.

33

Bernoulli , , :
1
1 2
p
+

2 + gy1 = pE +
 + gy2 (6)
2

2 E
, y1 = d = 1,8 m y2 = 0.
, , , :
p
= pE = pat (7)
(7)
1
1
(6)
pat + 
2 + gd = pat + 2 + 0 
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
2

+ gd = E   = 
 + 2gd   = 
2 + 2gd 
2 
2
 = 204 + 2
10
1,8 m/s   = 240 m/s   = 15, 5 m/s.

 .... ,
Bernoulli .

4. 0,6 cm
10 m .
0,2 cm, 9 m/s.
) .
) ;
) .
) :
i) F1 F2
ii) W

V = 10
3 m3 .
)
.

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 ,  = 3,14 .

r1 = 0,6 cm = 6  10
3 m ,
g = 10 m/s2 ,

r2 = 0,2 cm = 2  10
3 m ,

h = 10 m ,

2 = 9 m/s ,

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa ,

 = 3,14

)
1 = ; .7
A1 =
r12 (1), A2 =
r22 (2).
, , :
2

1 =  2
11 =  2 2

(1)
(2)

)
. = ;
 . = 11

(1)

r12
1 = 3,14  6  10
3

= 113,04  10
6 m3/s 
. = 113,04  10-6 m3/s.

34

 r 
 1
r12
1 = r22
2 
1 =
2  2  
1 = 9
  m/s 
1 = 1 m/s
 3
 r1 

)  1 m /s =
2

) p1 = ; .8
Bernoulli , , :
1 2
1 2
p1 +

 +
gy1 = p2 +

 +
gy2 (3)
2 1
2 2
, p
= p2 = pat = 1Atm = 105 Pa.
, y1 = 0 y2 = h
(4)
1
1
1
1
(3)
p1 +
12 + 0 = p2 +
22 +
gh  p1 = p2 +
22

12 +
gh 
2
2
2
2


1
1
p1 =  100.000 +
 1.000  92

 1.000  12 + 1.000  10  10  Pa 
2
2


(4).

p1 = 240.000 Pa = 2,4
105 Pa = 2,4Atm.

) i) F1 = ; , F2 = ; Bernoulli, . 13
,
F1 = p1A1 o
F2 = p2 A 2 .

F1 = p1A1 = p1
r12 = 2,4  105  3,14  6  10
3

F1 = 27,1296 N

F2 = p2 A 2 = p2
r22 = 105  3,14  2  10
3

F2 = 1,256 N

N = 27,1296 N 

N = 1,256 N 

ii)
V = 10
3 m3 , W = ; Bernoulli, . 13

t m
s1 , m, V,

s2 . W ()
( ) :
W = WF1 + WF2 = +F1 
s1
F2 
s2 = p1A1 
s1
p2 A 2 
s2  W = p1 A1 
s1
p2 A2 
s2 (5)

V = A1

s1 = A2

s2 (6).
(5)

(6)

W = p1 
V
p2 
V  W = p1
p2 
V 

W = 2,4  105
105  10
3 J  W = 1,4  102 J = 140 J.

 
) 
=;,
 V  B

U 
 t  = ;
B

1 2
1

1 =

1.000
12 J/m3 = 500 J/m3 .
2
2
1 2


K 

=
 = 500 J/m3 .


V  B
2 1

gy1 = 0, y1 = 0.


U 

= gy1 = 0.

V  B

35

5. 0,2 m3/s 1 Atm.

H = 20 m.
) ;
) ;
) h = 15 m;

= 103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

= 0,2 m3/s ,

H = 20 m ,

p1 = 1 Atm ,

 = 103 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa

)
1 = ; .7

1 ,
3 = 0 H = 20 m. .... ,
, :
1
1
.... (, ): K  .( )
 
 .(  ) = WB  m32
m12 =
mgH 
2
2
1
2
0
m
1 =
mgH 
1 = 2gH 
1 = 2  10  20 m/s 
1 = 20 m/s
2
) 1 = ;

.7

 = 11
1 =


0,2 2

A1 =
m
A1 = 10-2 m2 .
1
20

) h = 15 m , A 2 = ; , p2 = ; .8

1 ,
2 h = 15 m. .... , :
1
1
.... (, ): K .()
   .(  ) = WB  m
22
m
12 =
mgh 
22

12 =
2gh 
2
2

2 =

12
2gh (1) 
2 = 202
2  10  15 m/s 
2 = 10 m/s

0,2 2

= A 2 2
A 2 =

A2 =
m
A 2 = 0,02 m2 .
2
10
1
1
 2 +  gy1 = p2 +
 2 +  gy2 (2).
2  1
2  2
, y1 = 0 
 y2 = h.

Bernoulli , , p1 +

1
1
1
1
1
 2 + 0 = p2 + 
22 + 
gh  100.000 +

1.000
202 = p2 +

1.000
102 + 1.000
10
15 
2
1
2
2
2
p2 = 100.000 Pa
p2 = 1 Atm

(2)  p1 +

(1)
1
1
1
1
 2 + 0 = p2 + 
22 + 
gh
p1 + 
12 = p2 + 
12
2gh + 
gh 
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
p1 + 
1 = p2 + 
1

gh + 
gh  p1 = p2  p2 = 1 Atm
2
2

(2)
p1 +

, , p
= p = 1 Atm.

36

6.  = 0,1 m2 ,
m = 5,4 kg .
20 m/s.
)
p ;
) F ;
)
2 , ;
. = 1,2 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

 = 0,1 m 2 ,

m = 5,4 kg ,

1 = 20 m/s ,

. = 1,2 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 .

)
p = ; .8
.
, 
= 0 p
= patm .
Bernoulli , , :
1
1
p +
. 2 + .gy1 = p +
 2 + .gy2 (1)
2
2 . 
, , y1 = y2 = 0.
1
1
1
(1)  p +  .
12 + 0 = p + 0 + 0  p
p =  .
12  p =  .
12 
2
2
2
1
2

p =

1,2
20 Pa 
p = 240 Pa.
2
) F = ; .5

p F
F = A

p  F = 0,1
240 N  F = 24 N.
)
2 = ;
1
 2 (2).
2 . 2
, F = 0  F = w  A 
p
= mg

p
=

A

1
 2 = mg  2 =
2 . 2

2mg
 2 =
A.

(2)

2
5,4
10
m/s 
2 = 30 m/s.
0,1
1,2

7. 1 kg/m3 .
120 m/s 100 m/s.
)
p ;
)  = 50 m2 .
g = 10 m/s2 .
. = 1 kg/m ,
3

 = 120 m/s ,

 = 100 m/s ,

g = 10 m/s2

)
p = ; .8
,
 . .
Bernoulli , , :
1
1
pB +
 2 + .gy1 = p +
 2 + .gy2 (1)
2 . 
2 . 
, , y1 = y2 = 0.
1
1
1
1
(1)  pB + . 2 = p + . 2  p = pB +
. 2

 2 (2).
2
2
2
2 . 
37

Bernoulli , , :
1
1
p = pB +
. 2

 2 (3)
2
2 . 
(2)
1
1
1
1
p = p
p
(3) p = pB +  .
2
 .
2
pB
 .
2 +  .
2 
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
p = . 
  p =
 1 120
100 Pa 
p = 2.200 Pa.
2
2

)  = 50 m 2 , m = ; .5

p F
F = A

p  F = 2.200
50 N  F = 110.000 N.
, :
F

F = 0
F = w
F = mg
m =

m = 11.000 kg
g

, ( )
.

.

8. U . 24 m/s .
;

= 800 kg/m3 , . = 1,2 kg/m3 , =
g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

1 = 24 m/s ,

 = 800 kg/m3 ,

. = 1,2 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa ,

h=;

.8

, . ,
(
2 = 0)
(p2 = patm ).
Bernoulli , , :
1
1
p1 +
.12 + .gy1 = p2 +
 2 + .gy2 (1)
2
2 . 2
, , :
y1 = y2 = 0 ( , ).
1
1
(1)
p1 + .12 + 0 = patm + 0 + 0
p1 +
 2 = patm (2).
2
2 . 1
, , :
p
= pE
p1 + 
gh = patm (3)
 2
1
1
(2), (3)
p1 + .12 = p1 +  gh
.12 =  gh
h = . 1

2
2
2 g
1,2
242
h=
m  h = 0,0432 m  h = 4,32 cm.
2
800
10

h
p,
p
(3)
p = patm
p1 =  gh  h =
.
 g

38

9. . .
1 = 20 m/s.
) ;
) .
) h .

= 103 kg/m3 ,
. = 1,2 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

1 = 20 m/s ,

 = 10 kg/m ,
3

. = 1,2 kg/m ,

3

g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa

) p1 = ; .8
, .
,
(
2 = 0)
(p2 = patm ).
Bernoulli , , :
1
1
p1 +
 2 + .gy1 = p2 +
 2 + .gy2 (1)
2 . 1
2 . 2
,
, y1 = y2 = 0.
1
1
.12 + 0 = pat + 0 + 0  p1 = patm
.12 
2
2


1
p1 =  100.000

 1,2  202  Pa  p1 = 99.760 Pa.
2


(1)  p1 +

) ;
( )
p1 = 99.760 Pa.
patm = 100.000 Pa.

p = patm
p1 = 240 Pa
.
( .)
) h = ; .8
, ,  = 0,  = 0 pB = p1 = 99.760 Pa,
pE = patm = 105 Pa.
1
1
 2 +  gy1 = patm +
 2 +  gy2 (2)
2  
2  
, y1 = h  y2 = 0.
p
p1
(2)  p1 + 0 + 
gh = pat + 0 + 0  
gh = patm
p1  h = atm


g
240
h=
m  h = 0,024 m  h = 2,4 cm.
103
10
Bernoulli , p1 +

39

10.  = 0,01 m2 h1 = 0,55 m h2 = 0,45 m.

)
;
)
.
) h1 h2 . h1 .

= 103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

 = 0,01 m 2 ,

h1 = 0,55 m ,

h2 = 0,45 m ,

 = 103 kg/m3 ,

g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa

) 
= ; ,  = ; .7, .8
Bernoulli ( ) ( ), :
1
1
pA +
 2 +  gy1 = p +
 2 +  gy2 (1)
2  
2  
, , , pA = p
= pat (2).

,  = 0 (3).
, y1 = h2 y2 = 0.
(2)
1
1
(1) (3) pat + 0 +  gh2 = pat +
 2 + 0
 gh2 =  2


2 

2

=

2gh2  
=

2
10
0, 45 m/s  
= 3 m/s.

 =    = 0,01
3 m3 /s 
= 0,03 m3 /s.

) 
= ; , p
= ; .7, .8
, , :
1 =  2
A = 

=  =

2gh2 (4)

= 3 m/s

Bernoulli ( ) , :
1
1
pA +
 2 +  gy1 = p +
 2 +  gy2 (5)
2
2  

,  = 0 (6).
, y1 = 0 y2 = h1 .
(2)
(4)
1
1
(5) (6) pat + 0 + 0 = p
+  2
+  gh1
p
= pat
  2gh2
 gh1 
2
2

p = at
 g h1 + h2 (6)  p
=  100.000
1.000  10  0,55 + 0,45  Pa  p
= 90.000 Pa  p
= 9  104 Pa.

) h1(max) = ;
p

0
h1 + h2 

40

(6)

pat

g h1 + h2  0  
g h1 + h2  pat 

 100.000

pat
p
p
 h1  at
h2  h1(max) = at
h2  h1(max) = 

0,45 m  h1(max) = 9,55 m.

g

g

g
 1.000  10

8
1
8.1.1. :
)
)
)
) .
;

8.1.2. :
)
) ,

)
) .
;

8.1.3. :
)

)
)
)
.
;

)
) p = pat +
gh .
;

8.1.7. p
. h
:
)

8.1.8. :
)
)
)
) .
;

8.1.9. 8.1.4. :
)

)

)
) .
;

:
)
)
)
)
.
;

8.1.5. p :
)
)
)
)

.
;

8.1.6.
:
)

8.1.10. :
)
)

)
)
.
;
41

8.1.11. :
)

)
)

) , .
;

8.1.12. :
)
)
)
) .
;

8.1.13. :
)
1 =
2
)
11 =
2 2
) 11 = 2  2 ) A11 =  2 2
;

8.1.14. :
)
)
)
) ,
.
;

8.1.15. ,

m1 A1 t
m 2
A 2
:
)
m1 =
m 2 )
m1 >
m 2
)
m1 <
m 2
)
m1

m 2
;

8.1.16. ,
:
) ,
) ,
) , ,

) , ,
.
;
42

8.1.17. :
) ,
) ,

) ,

) , .
;

8.1.18. Bernoulli :
)
)
)

)
.
;

8.1.19. H Bernoulli
:
) p + 2 + gy = 
.
1
) p +  + gy2 = 
.
2
1
) p + 2 + gy = 
.
2
1
) p +  + gy2 = 
.
2
;

8.1.20.
,
:
)
)
)
) .
;

8.1.21. Bernoulli, :
) ,
) ,


) ,


)
.
;

8.1.22.
, :
) ,

) ,

) Bernoulli,

) Bernoulli,
.
;

8.1.23. Bernoulli,
:
) ,

) ,

) ,

) ,
.
;

8.1.24.
Bernoulli.
:
)
)
)

)
.
;

8.1.25.
.
,

.

) .
)

, pat .
)
, pat .
;

8.1.26.
.
)
pat .
)
pat .
) .
) .
;

8.1.27.
.
,
:
)

) ()
) ().
;

8.1.28.
.
F , , . :
)

)
,
)
,

)

0 .
;
43

8.1.29.

. F
, ,

. F :
)

)
)

)
.
;

8.1.30.

.
F ,
,
. F :


) F =
A

) F =
A




) F =
A
) F = 



;

8.1.31. F =
A


:

)
)

)
) .
;

8.1.32.
R :
)
)
) ,
) ,
.
;

8.1.33. :
)

)
)
)
.
;

2
8.2.1.

. , , ,
h :
) p = p = p = p
) p > p > p > p
) p < p < p < p
.

8.2.2.

44

. .

:
) F > F > F > F
) F < F < F < F
) F = F = F = F
.

8.2.3. U
,

1
2 . :

h1
= 1
h2

2

h1
= 2
h2

1

h1

2
h

2
= 12
) 1 = 22
h2
h2

2

1
.
)

8.2.4. , , U,

1 = 1.000 kg/m3 .


2 = 800 kg/m3 ,

h = 5 cm. :
) 1 cm
) 2 cm
) 4 cm ) 5 cm
.

8.2.5. h = 3 m
R =

10

d
:
) 5 cm
) 20 cm
) 10 cm
) 15 cm
.

8.2.8.


d1
d 2 .
WF1 , WF2
:
WF1
WF1
A
A
)
)
= 1
= 2
WF2
A2
WF2
A1
WF1
WF1
)
)
=1
<1
WF2
WF2
.

cm.

1.030 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

:
) 200  ) 273 
) 300 
) 309 
.

8.2.6.

 2 = 101.


F1 = 5 N,
F2
:
) 0,5  ) 5 
) 10  ) 50 
.

8.2.7.

F1 = 4 N
F2 = 12 N.

d1 , d 2 = 5 cm.

8.2.9. h .
8 m
1,5 m/s.
2 m
:
) 1,5 m/s ) 3 m/s ) 4,5 m/s ) 6 m/s
.

8.2.10. .
h1 = 2 m

1 = 2 m/s.
, 0,5 m,
:
) 0,5 m/s
) 1 m/s
) 4 m/s ) 8 m/s
.

8.2.11.
2 m/s.

1/3. :
2
)
m/s ) 4 m/s ) 6 m/s ) 8 m/s
3
.

45

8.2.12.
1 = 4 m/s. 1 = 9 cm 2 .


2 = 6 m/s, :
) 6 cm 2 ) 12 cm 2 ) 3 cm 2
) 27 cm 2
.

8.2.13.

1 = 2 cm
20 ,
2 = 0,2 cm .

1 = 0,5 m/s,
:
) 1 m/s
) 2 m/s ) 2,5 m/s ) 5 m/s
.

8.2.14.

4:1.
1 , 1
2 , 2
1  2 , :
)
1 = 4
2
1 = 4
2
)
2 = 4
1
2 = 4
1
)
1 =
2
1 = 4
2
)
1 =
2
2 = 4
1
.

8.2.15. 10 m3/s
8,64
107 m3 . :
) 100
) 120
) 150
) 200
.

8.2.17. (
m3/s)

.
:
) 6 m3/s
) 6 m3/s
) 8 m3/s
) 8 m3/s
.

8.2.18. .
:
)
) ( )
) ( ).
.

8.2.19.
.

:
) ) ) .
.

8.2.20.
:
)
) .
.

8.2.21. 8.2.16. 4 m/s. g = 10 m/s2 ,

:
) 0,4 m ) 0,8 m
) 1 m ) 1,2 m
.

46

h 1.

2h,  2 .
, :
) 1 >  2 ) 1 =  2
) 1 <  2
.

8.2.22.

8.2.25. -

.

,

:
) ) ) .
.

10 m/s. ,
1,2 kg/m3 ,
, 1tm = 105 Pa.
A. p
:
) 20 Pa
) 30 Pa
) 40 Pa
) 60 Pa
. F
 = 50 m 2 :
) 2.000  ) 3.000 
) 4.000  ) 5.000 
.

8.2.26.

8.2.23.

3 > 1 >  2 .
. (1), (2), (3) :
)
1 =
2 =
3
)
2 >
1 >
3
)
2 <
1 <
3
. (1), (2), (3) :
) p1 = p2 = p3
) p2 > p1 > p3
) p2 < p1 < p3
. , ,
:
) h1 = h2 = h3
) h2 > h1 > h3
) h2 < h1 < h3
.

.

1 , , ,
 2 .
. :
)  =  =  = 
)  >  =  = 
)  >  >  > 
)  >  >  > 
. :
) p = p = p = p
) p > p > p > p
) p > p > p > p
) p > p > p > p
.

8.2.27.

8.2.24.

. , 3Atm
2Atm .
103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 1Atm = 105 Pa. h , :
) 5 m ) 10 m ) 15 m ) 20 m
.

. ,
.
, :
) h1 = h2
) h1 > h2
) h1 < h2
.
47

8.2.28. A1

1. F1
, ,


1.
2 ,

F2 ,
. :
) F2 = 2F1 ) F2 = 4F1 ) F2 = 8F1 ) F2 = 16F1
.

A
8.3.1. 100 m . , 1 m 0,6 m, ;
1.020 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.2.
=

20

cm


= 1.000 kg/m 2 
= 920 kg/m3 .
d1 = 10 cm, d 2 = 20 cm.
) -;
) ;
) ; (
.)
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.3. 
= 1.000 kg/m3 
= 800 kg/m3 .

d1 = 30 cm, d 2 .
103.400 Pa.
) -;
) d 2 ;
) F1  = 2 cm 2
-.
)
F2 = 34 N.
1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.4. 4 cm 2 .
d1 = 0,1 m. . 2 , d
, ;
1.000 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.5. U . 
= 1.000 kg/m3 
= 900 kg/m3 .

- d = 0,1 m.
)
.
) ;
) ;
1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .
48

20

8.3.6. h = 10 m R =

cm.


) ;
)
.
1.030 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.7.
U,

= 13.600 kg/m3 .
.
p
. = 154.400 Pa, h.
1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.8.
m = 2.000 kg.
) F1 m;
)
d 2 = 0,01 m;
) F1 , F2 . ;
R1 R 2 = 8R1 , g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.9. ,
A1 A 2 = 5A1. ,
k .
.
m = 2 kg,

= 0,1 m.
) k ;
) .
) (1) .
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.10.
1 =

1 = 4 m/s.
) ;

10


cm.

) ,
2 =

5


cm. -

;
) , ;

8.3.11. 1,44  10
3 m3/s.
1 = 0,4 m/s.

)
1 ;
) .
) 0,192 m .
g = 10 m/s2 .

49

8.3.12.
. 3Atm 8 m/s, 2,84Atm.
, A1 = 10 cm 2
A 2 = 20 cm 2 .
) ;
) ;
) h , ;
)
, , F1 ()
F2 ()
.
)
.

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .
.

8.3.13.
. 1,82Atm 6 m/s, 10 m/s.
5 cm 2 .
, h = 5 m.
) ;
) .
)
, , W

V = 10
3 m3 .

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.14.
= 8  10
3 m3/s .

A = 10
3 m 2 .
) , ;
) , 4tm 3tm ,
h , ;
)
, , W
m = 1 kg.

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.15.
= 48  10
4 m3/s. -

A1 = 12 cm 2 (
) A 2 . 2,2Atm.
)
1 ;
)
2 ;
)  2 .

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa.

50

8.3.16. , 30 m/s.
) p ;
) F A = 100 m 2 ;
) ;
, 1,2 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa, g = 10 m/s2
.

8.3.17.
= 2,4  10
3 m3/s.

A1 , A 2 , 1 = 2 2 .
1,26Atm, 1,2Atm.
)
1 ,
2 , .
) 1 ,  2 , .

= 1.000 kg/m3 , 1Atm = 105 Pa.

8.3.18. Ventouri
. A1 , A 2
A1 = 2A 2 h = 0,15 m, h
, .
) , ;
)
1 ;
) ;

= 1.000 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.19. .
h = 0,8 m 3 cm 2 .
) ;
) 4,8 L;
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.20. . ,
h = 0,8 m , A = 20 cm 2 ,
6  10
3 m3/s.
) .
) h
,
.
) A1 = 1,5 m 2 ,

( ).
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.21. . , h = 1,8 m ,
10 cm 2 ,
8  10
3 m3/s.
) .
) ;
 = 3,2 m, g = 10 m/s2 .

51

8.3.22.
H = 1,25 m. , h = 0,45 m
,
20 cm 2 , .
)
.
)
;
) ;
) 
;
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.23.
h = 0,9 m. , d
, , .
) d

Smax ;
) .
) 

. ;
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.24. H = 5 m. 1 Atm 0,04 m 2 .

) ;
) ;
) h = 1,8 m;

= 103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

8.3.25.  = 0,2 m 2 . 10 m/s.

)
p ;
) F ;
) ,
;
. = 1,2 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.26. 0,8 kg/m3.

100 m/s 80 m/s.
)
p ;
)  = 60 m 2 , .
g = 10 m/s2 .

8.3.27. U .
18 m/s .
;

= 900 kg/m3 , . = 1,2 kg/m3 ,
g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

52

8.3.28. . .

1 = 25 m/s.
) ;
) .
) h .

= 103 kg/m3 ,
. = 1,2 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

8.3.29.  = 0,02 m 2 . 
= 4 m/s.

8
104 Pa.
) h2 ;
) ;
) h1;
) h1 h2 .
h1 .

= 103 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , 1 Atm = 105 Pa.

8.3.30. A = 40 cm 2 h = 10 m.
= 4 m/s.
) ;
) 500 kg .
)
, 500 kg ;

= 1.000 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 .

53