EXPERIMENT # 02

STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Job # 3
Experiment # 02
To Perform Torsion Test on:
i. Mild Steel/ Hot Rolled Steel Bar
ii. Cast Iron Specimen
Purpose:i. To study the shear stress behavior of the given two specimens.
ii. To determine the mechanical properties in shear. e.g. shear strength.
iii. To study the failure pattern of two material in torsion.

Apparatus: 10ton Buckton UTM

Vernier Calipers
Steel Tape

Related Theory:Moment:Rotational effect of force is known as moment. It is of two types. These are shown in
fig 2.1.
i.
ii.

Bending Moment:The moment which tends to bend a member is known as bending moment.
Twisting Moment:The moment applied about longitudinal axis of a member is known as torque
or twisting moment. It tends to twist the member.

Fig 2.1 types of moment

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Torsion:The deformation corresponding to twisting moment or torque is known as torsion.

Bending Theory:M
I
Where

E
R

M = moment
I = 2nd moment of inertia

= Bending Stress

y = distance b/w neutral axis & fiber under consideration

E = Modulus of Elasticity
R = Radius of curvature

Torsional Theory:Assumptions:i. Material is homogeneous.

ii. Section should be circular
iii. A plane section of material perpendicular to longitudinal axis of member
should remain plane & should not warp.
iv. The material should be with in elastic range.
v. Hooks law is valid.
vi. For small angle of rotation, length and radius of sample remain the same.
vii. For circular member subjected to torque shear strain varies linearly.

r
Where

T
J

G
L

= Torsional shear strength (N/mm2)

r = Radius of the shaft (mm)
T = Torque (N/mm)
J = Polar moment of Inertia (mm4)
G = Modulus of rigidity
= Angle of twist (radians)
L = Effective length

Polar Moment of Inertia:The geometric rigidity of X-section is termed as polar moment of inertia. It is
calculated as summation of 2nd moment of area about both the axes.
For a circular section

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

4

Ix =

d
64

d
64

Iy =

d4
32

J = I x + Iy =
According to torsional theory

T
J

G
L

T
J

T
J

So we can use

xr

So,

=o

max

when

r=0

when

r=R

Shear stress distribution for circular and hallow circular shafts are shown in fig 2.2.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Fig. 2.2: shear stress distribution.

So when r = R

max

T
J

D
2
4
d
32

xR=

max

16 T
D3

16 T
D3

Modulus of Rigidity:In case of torsional test no force is present to elongate the member thats
why no reduction of area takes place. Thats why graph ends at extreme points and
curve do not come down. Typical curves for tension and torsion test are shown in fig
2.3

Fig. 2.3: typical curves for tension and torsion test of steel.
When material is subjected to pure twist loading in torsion test, slope of the
shear stress strain curve is termed as modulus of rigidity or modulus of elasticity in
shear. it relation with modulus of elasticity is as
E = 2G (1 + )

Poissons Ratio:It is the ratio of lateral strain to the axil strain. When material is subjected to
axil loading only.

Lateral Strain
axil strain

<1

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

For mild steel

For Concrete

= 0.3
= 0.2

This Poissons ratio tells us that how much lateral strain can develop if we know
normal strain. = 0.2 means 20% of the axil strain will be the lateral strain.

Relation b/w Yield Strength in Tension and in Torsion:

= 0.577
For mild steel
y

Definitions:Torsional Shear Stress:Shear stress developed in a material subjected to torsion corresponding to a

specified torque.

T
J

xr

And for a circular section

max

16 T
D3

Torsional Shear Strength:It is the maximum value of the shear stress that a material can bear in
torsion test.

Torsional Deformation:Angular displacement caused by a specified torque in simple torsion test is

termed as torsional deformation. OR it is the angle of twist divided by the gauge
length.

Torsional deformation

G.L

Shear Strain:It is the change in angle b/w two planes that were initially at right angle.
Units of shear strain are radians. It is expressed by .
xy = shear strain refers to xy-plane.

Torsional shear strain:It is the stain corresponding to a specified value of torque in torsional test. It
is equal to torsional deformation multiplied by radius of the bar.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

xr
G.L

Expected failure of mild steel & Cast iron in torsion test:Fracture in torsion in ductile material is occurs in the plane of the max. shear
stress, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bar.
Whereas brittle material failure occurs along a 45o helix to the axis of the
bar, due to maximum tensile stress across that plane.
Procedure: Observe the lines marked over the specimens that are straight initially.
Determine the physical properties of the materials specimen. e.g. length,
dia.
Fix the specimen in the machine.
Apply torque too the specimen by rotating the handle of the machine.
At a specified value of torque balance the load arm of the machine and note
down the load value at balanced condition.
Observe the yielding of the material (if occurs.)
Apply the torque until the fracture takes place.
Note down the maximum value of the load
Observe the line over the material they will clearly show that torsion has
occurred/
Make necessary calculations for the shear strain and shear stress.
Draw the graph b/w shear strain and shear stress.
Determine the necessary results. Such as modulus of rigidity.

Observations and Calculations:The physical properties of the tested specimen are shown in table 2.1.
Specimen
Properties

Mild
Steel
(mm)

Cast
Iron
(mm)

215

210

Total Length
Effective
Length
D1

145

140

18.05

18.05

D2

18.05

18.01

D3

18.02

17.98

Davg

18.04

18.01

Table 2.1: physical properties of tested specimen in torsion test.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Shear Stress strain relationship & Graphs:Mild Steel:The shear stress and shear strain relationship of mild steel specimen in
torsion test is shown in table 2.2 and also in graph 2.1.
Note: A handmade graph is also attached with hardcopy.

Sr.
No.

Angle of
twist

Load (P)

Twisting
moment T
= P*L

Shear
stress
=
16T/d3

Shear
strain
max = r/le

Degr
ee

Radi
an

Tons

N-mm

N/mm2

Rad

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.017

0.121

60300.108

52.309

0.001

0.035

98174.556

85.165

0.002

0.052

158474.664

137.474

0.003

0.070

209804.508

182.002

0.004

0.087

267114.528

231.717

0.005

0.105

298012.104

258.520

0.007

264.572

0.008

264.572

0.009

264.572

0.010

264.572

0.011

264.572

0.012

264.572

0.013

264.572

0.014

264.572

0.015

Shear
stress
=

Shear
strain
max = r/le

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sr.
No.

0.12
2
0.14
8
0
0.15
9
7
0.17
10
5
0.19
11
2
0.20
12
9
0.22
13
7
0.24
14
4
Angle of
twist
7

1187.01
0
1932.57
0.197
0
3119.58
0.318
0
4130.01
0.421
0
5258.16
0.536
0
5866.38
0.598
0
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
0.61 6003.7
2
20
Load (P)

304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
304988.97
6
Twisting
moment T
= P*L

Remar
ks
Startin
g

Yieldin
g

Remar
ks

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

16T/d3

Degr
ee

Radi
an

Tons

16

16

0.279

0.627

17

20

0.349

0.637

18

24

0.419

0.667

19

28

0.489

0.695

20

32

0.559

0.725

21

40

0.698

0.778

22

50

0.873

0.835

23

60

1.047

0.890

24

80

1.396

0.967

25

100

1.745

1.034

26

130

2.269

1.100

27

160

2.793

1.150

28

200

3.491

1.196

29

250

4.363

1.285

30

302

5.27
1

N
6150.87
0
6248.97
0
6543.27
0
6817.95
0
7112.25
0
7632.18
0
8191.35
0
8730.90
0
9486.27
0
10143.5
40
10791.0
00
11281.5
00
11732.7
60
12605.8
50

N-mm

Degree

312464.196

271.057

0.017

317447.676

275.380

0.022

332398.116

288.349

0.026

346351.860

300.454

0.030

361302.300

313.423

0.035

387714.744

336.336

0.043

416120.580

360.977

0.054

443529.720

384.754

0.065

481902.516

418.042

0.087

515291.832

447.006

0.109

548182.800

475.539

0.141

573100.200

497.154

0.174

596024.208

517.040

0.217

640377.180

555.516

0.271
0.328

Fractu
re

Table 2.2: Shear stress ~ Strain relation of mild steel specimen.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Shear Strain ~ Shear Stress Relation

600
500
400
Mild Steel

300
Shear stress

rad

Logarithmic (Mild Steel)

200
100
0
0.20
0.00 0.40

Shear strain %age

Graph 2.1: Shear Stress ~ strain Relationship for mild steel specimen.

Cast Iron:The shear stress and shear strain relationship of cast iron specimen in
torsion test is shown in table 2.3 and also in graph 2.2.
Note: A handmade graph is also attached with hardcopy.

Sr.
No.

Angle of
twist

Load (P)

Twisting
moment T
= P*L

Shear
stress
=
16T/d3

Shear
strain
max = r/le

Degr
ee

Radia
n

Tons

N-mm

N/mm2

Rad

0.0

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

2
3
4
5

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

0.009
0.017
0.026
0.035

0.024
0.057
0.071
0.100

11960.352
28405.836
35382.708
49834.800

10.427
24.765
30.848
43.447

0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002

2.5

0.044

0.130

64785.240

56.481

0.003

3.0

0.052

0.166

82725.768

72.122

0.003

3.5

0.061

0.193

235.440
559.170
696.510
981.000
1275.30
0
1628.46
0
1893.33
0

96181.164

83.853

0.004

Remar
ks

Startin
g

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON
9

4.0

0.070

0.223

10

5.0

0.087

0.291

11

6.0

0.105

0.332

12

7.0

0.122

0.383

13

8.0

0.140

0.447

14

16.0

0.279

0.631

15

20.0

0.349

0.697

16

24.0

0.419

0.731

17

28.0

0.489

0.776

18

32.0

0.559

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

2187.63
0
2854.71
0
3256.92
0
3757.23
0
4385.07
0
6190.11
0
6837.57
0
7171.11
0
7612.56
0

111131.604

96.887

0.004

145019.268

126.431

0.006

165451.536

144.245

0.007

190867.284

166.403

0.008

222761.556

194.209

0.009

314457.588

274.152

0.018

347348.556

302.827

0.022

364292.388

317.599

0.027

386718.048

337.150

0.031
0.036

Fractu
re

Table 2.2: Shear stress ~ Strain relation of mild steel specimen.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Shear Strain ~ Shear Stress Relation

400
350
300
250
Shear stress

rad

200

Cast iron

150
100
50
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Shear strain %age

Graph 2.2: Shear Stress ~ strain Relationship for Cast iron specimen.

Relation b/w Angle of twist &Twisting moment:From the calculations of table 2.2 and 2.3 relationship b/w Angle of twist &
twisting moment is shown in graph 2.3 and 2.4 for mild steel specimen and cast iron
specimen respectively.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED STEEL BAR (II)

Angle of twist ~ Twisting moment

700000

600000

500000

400000
Mild Steel

T Mpa
300000

200000

100000

0
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

rad

Graph 2.3: Relationship b/w angle of twist & twisting moment for mild steel specimen.
Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED STEEL BAR (II)

Angle of twist ~ Twisting moment

450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
T Mpa

Cast Iron
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

rad

Graph 2.3: Relationship b/w angle of twist & twisting moment for mild steel specimen.
Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)

EXPERIMENT # 02
STEEL BAR (II) CAST IRON

TORSION TEST ON -- (I) HOT ROLLED

Comments: The behavior of the specimens is as expected.

In case of mild steel specimen a clear yielding shows that it is ductile
material.
After the test the lines on the specimens shows the twisting of the specimens.
And they also proves the assumption that plane section remains plane.

Adnan Jamil (2010-CIV-245)