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4 0 Heat
4 0 Heat
4.1
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2010
What is
thermal
equilibrium ?
1.
(______, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold
body.
2.
3.
4.
5.
When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two
bodies is (______, equal)
6.
There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium.
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the ______ temperature
irrespective of shape, mass, size or type of surface.
Calibration of
thermometer
7.
The ______
Chapter 4 - Heat
8.
9.
________________ ( l
100)/steam
GCKL 2010
Liquid-in-glass
thermometer
11.
4-2
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2010
Check Yourself 1
1. The diagram below shows a thermometer is
used to measure the temperature of hot water.
When the thermometer and the hot water are in
thermal equilibrium, which of the following is
not correct ?
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
A.
B.
C.
A. 70.8 OC
D.
B. 65.4 OC
C. 62.5 OC
D. 57.7 OC
3.
4-3
4.2
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
B
A
A
A
4. This means that the (bigger, smaller) the mass, the (larger, smaller) the
amount of heat stored.
Q = Pt
Pt = mc
Q = Heat supplied
P = Power of heater
T = Time in seconds
M = mass of substance
C = Specific heat capacity
= Increase in
temperature
4-4
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Pt 15000
937.5 Jkg-10C-1
m 1 16
4. Specific heat capacity calculated is usually ______ than the standard value
because some ______is lost to the surroundings.
Aim
Experiment
800C
Hypothesis
600C
______
Responding variable
Apparatus
400C
When the mass of water ______ the temperature rise will ______ .
Manipulated variable
Fixed variable
800C
of water
______ in temperature
______
______
Setup
4-5
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Procedure
1. 100 ml of water is placed in a 500 ml beaker.
2. A heater is placed in the water.
3. Heating process is carried out for 1minute.
4. Highest temperature achieved is recorded.
5. Step 2 to 4 is repeated for 200ml, 300ml, 400ml and 500ml of water.
Analysis
Volume of
water used,
V (ml)
Final
temperature,
T2 (0C)
Initial
temperature,
T1 (0C)
100
200
300
400
500
V
Conclusion
1/
4-6
Rise in
temperature,
= T2 T1
(0C)
1/ (0C-1)
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
_____
3. Cold water will be
recirculated to repeat
the process continously
4. Hot water is
cooled by the
air from the
cooling fins
and the fan
2.
Sea Breeze
(wind from the sea)
3. Cooler
air blows
from the
land to
replace the
space left
by the hot
air and
convection
currents in
the air are
formed.
3. Cool air
blows from
the sea to
replace the
space left by
the hot air
and
______
currents in
the air are
formed
1. During the
night, the sea
is hotter than
the land
because
c land
c sea
4-7
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Check Yourself 1
1. Table below shows four types of liquid with
their respective specific heat capacities and
boiling points. All the liquids have the same
mass and same temperatures of 30oC. If the
same amount of heat is supplied to them,
which liquid, A, B, C or D will boil first ?
Liquid
Specific heat
capacity (Jkg-10C-1)
Boiling point
(oC)
3.0
50
5.0
80
A. 0.5 oC
4.2
100
B. 2.0 oC
0.2
200
C. 30.0 oC
D. 60.0 oC
A. P
A. 53 oC
B. Q
B. 60 oC
C. R
C. 66 oC
D. S
D. 70 oC
4-8
Chapter 4 - Heat
4-9
GCKL 2011
4.3
Definition of
Latent Heat
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
2. Latent Heat of fusion is heat absorbed when ________ changes into ________ or
heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant________.
3. Latent Heat of vaporization is heat absorbed when ________ changes into
________or heat released when vapour changes into liquid at constant________.
4. Unit for latent heat is ________ .
5. Process in which solid directly changes into vapour is called ________ .
1. Specific Latent Heat of fusion is heat absorbed when 1 kg ________changes into
________or heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant________ .
Definition of
Specific Latent
Heat
4-10
Chapter 4 - Heat
Fill the empty boxes for the heating curve below with the following words
Solid, liquid, gas, boiling point, melting point,
latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization
Calculation of
specific latent
heat of fusion
2. What is the mass of ice melted due to the heat absorbed from the
surroundings?
3. Determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
L=
14400
(80)(3 60)
Pt
=
=
=
3
m (49.2 6.4) 10
42.8 103
4-11
GCKL 2011
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Check Yourself 1
1. Diagram below shows the cooling curve of a
Gas. Temperatures T1 and T2 represents
T1
T2
A. Solidification
Room temperature
B. Boiling Point
Solidification point
C. Melting Point
Freezing Point
D. Melting Point
Room temperature
D. Melting point of Y is 10 oC
3. Diagram below shows the arrangement of
apparatus used to determine the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water. The water in the
beaker is heated by an immersion heater with a
4-12
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
5.
Heat produced in an engine block of car needs to be transferred out promptly to prevent overheating. This is
done by circulating a suitable cooling liquid through the engine block.
(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1oC-1 ?
________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Based on the table above,
(i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the cooling liquid to extract heat out of an engine block.
High Specific Heat Capacity
High specific latent heat of
vaporization
High boiling point
Low rusting rate
(ii) Decide which liquid is the most suitable and give reasons for your choice.
_____________________________________________________________________________
(c) Total energy released by an engine in 1 hour = 9.0 x 107 J
Energy breakdown : mechanical 40% and heat 60%
Mass of cooling liquid circulating in 1 hour = 150 kg
Temperature of water entering the engine = 30oC
Temperature of water exiting the engine = 60oC
Based on the information above,
(i) Calculate the power of the engine
(ii) Calculate the amount of heat produced by the engine in one hour.
4-13
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
(d) Suggest two ways to dissipate the heat from the cooling liquid.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
4-14
4.4
What is
kinetic theory
of gases ?
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
The kinetic theory of gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules),
all of which are in constant, _______ _______. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with
each other and with the walls of the container. Kinetic theory explains ___________ properties of
gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and
motion.
The ___________ of an ideal __________ ____ is a measure of the average _______ _______ of its
atoms.
Define the
three gas
laws.
Boyles Law
Charles Law
Pressure Law
T = ___________and
_______ of gas are
constant
P = ______ and
_____ of gas are constant
(temperature must be in
______scale)
V = ______ and
____ of gas are constant
(temperature must be in
______ scale)
Formula
Condition
Graphs
4-15
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Experiment
al set up
Calculation
involving
Boyles Law.
the
of gas
tube is
is 1.5
(a) Explain how a gas exerts a pressure on the walls of its container.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the Boyles law.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Find the volume of the gas when pressure is 2.5 x 105 Pa
(d) Find the pressure of the gas when the volume of the gas is 60 cm3.
(e) A bubble of air rises from the bottom of a pond to the surface. As the bubble reaches the
surface, its volume is double its original volume. Assume the temperature is constant, find
the depth of the pond. [Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water]
4-16
Question
involving
Charles
Law.
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
Relate the information you have mentioned to form a physics concept.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(iii) Name the concept.
______________________________________________________________________
(c)
(i)
Define pressure.
______________________________________________________________________
(iv)
Using kinetic theory of gas, explain why the pressure of a gas in a fixed container
increases with an increase in its temperature.
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4-17
Questions
involving
Pressure Law.
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
Diagram (a) shows the conditon of a snack pack kept in a refrigerator at 18oC, whereas Diagram (b)
shows the condition of the same snack pack in Borneo Highlands at the same temperature at 18oC.
(a)
(b)
______________________________________________________________________
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
4-18
(vi)
Chapter 4 - Heat
GCKL 2011
The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable
1. The apparatus for the experiment is set up as shown in the diagram
2. The ______ of the syringe is pressed down slowly until the volume of air inside
the syringe is 100 cm3
3. The ________ of the air in the syringe is read from the Bourdon gauge
4. The experiment is repeated with ________of air fixed at 80 cm3,
5. Make sure that there is no _____ and no increase in ___________ .
6.
The way you would tabulate the data
Volume, V (cm3)
Pressure, P (Pa)
100.0
(vii)
Check Yourself 1
A. 2.0 x 10 -4 m3
B. 4.0 x 10 -4 m3
C. 5.0 x 10 -4 m3
P
D. 8.0 x 10 -4 m3
3. Diagram below shows capillary tubes (a) and
(b) which are identical. If the atmospheric
pressure is 75 cmHg, determine the length of
gas column x and the pressure p.
Pressure
Volume
Mass
Density
Length
x (cm)
4-19
Pressure
p (cmHg)
24.0
21.0
22.4
21.0
Chapter 4 - Heat
70
75
80
70
GCKL 2010
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.35
0.86
1.17
2.85
A.
B.
C.
D.
Temperature
Pressure
Increases
No change
Decreases
Increases
no change
increases
increases
Increases
50
27
4-20
54 oC
300 oC
327 oC
600 oC
100
x