Physics Module Form 4

4.1

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2010

UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

What is
thermal
equilibrium ?

1.

(______, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold
body.

2.

The SI unit for (______, temperature) is Joule, J.

3.

( Heat , _____________ ) is the degree of hotness of a body

4.

The SI unit for (heat , ___________) is Kelvin, K.

5.

When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two
bodies is (______, equal)

6.

There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium.
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the ______ temperature
irrespective of shape, mass, size or type of surface.

Calibration of
thermometer

7.

The ______

______ of an object is important in the construction of a

thermometer. It is a physical quantity which is sensitive to and changes linearly

with the change in temperature of the object.
4-1

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

8.

________________ (l 0 )/ ice point

9.

________________ ( l

100)/steam

GCKL 2010

: the temperature of pure melting ice/00C

point: the temperature of steam from water

that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C

10.

The lengths of the mercury column in the mercury-in-glass thermometer is 2.6 cm

at 0OC and 22.6 cm at 100OC. When the thermometer is placed in hot water, the
length of the mercury column is 16.9 cm. Calculate the temperature of the hot
water.
Answer :

Liquid-in-glass
thermometer

11.

The liquid used in glass thermometer should

(a) Be easily ______

(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a ______ range of temperature
(c) Not ______ to the glass wall of the capillary tube
12.

List the characteristic of mercury

(a) ______ liquid

(b) Does not ______ to the glass
(c) ______ uniformly when heated
(d) ______ point -390C
(e) ______ point 3570C
13.

Which modification increases the sensitivity of the thermometer ?

A. Increasing the size of the bulb
B. Increasing the thickness of the bulb
C. Reducing the diameter of the capillary tube
D. Reducing the length of the capillary tube

4-2

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2010

Check Yourself 1
1. The diagram below shows a thermometer is
used to measure the temperature of hot water.
When the thermometer and the hot water are in
thermal equilibrium, which of the following is
not correct ?

4.

Diagram below shows the liquid levels from

the bulb in three thermometers P, Q and R at
certain temperatures.

A.

The temperature of hot water is equal to the

temperature of the thermometer

B.

No heat flow between thermometer and hot

water

C.

Heat flows from hot water to thermometer

D.

Heat flows from thermometer to hot water

2.

Which of the following characteristics does a

liquid-in-glass thermometer work ?

A.

Volume of a fixed mass of liquid

B.

Length of the liquid

C.

Resistance of the liquid

A. 70.8 OC

D.

Pressure of the liquid

B. 65.4 OC

What is the temperature reading at

thermometer R ?

C. 62.5 OC
D. 57.7 OC

3.

Which of the following temperatures

corresponds to zero on the Kelvin scale ?
A. 273 OC
B. 0 OC
C. -273 OC
D. 100 OC

4-3

Physics Module Form 4

4.2

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Definition of Heat Capacity

1. Quantity of ______ energy required to raise the temperature of an object by

10C.
2. The unit of heat capacity is ______
3. Beaker A has (greater, same, less) heat capacity than beaker B.

B
A

A
A

4. This means that the (bigger, smaller) the mass, the (larger, smaller) the
amount of heat stored.

Definition of Specific Heat

Capacity

1. Quantity of ______ energy required to raise the temperature of ______of a

substance by 10C.
2. The unit of specific heat capacity is ______
3. An object with low specific heat capacity can be heated up______, as it
requires less heat to increase its temperature by 10C. It can be cooled
______due to little amount of heat stored in it.
4. An object with high specific heat capacity takes ______ time to heat up, as it
requires more heat to increase its temperature by 10C. It is ______ to cool
down due to larger amount of heat stored in it.

Q = Pt
Pt = mc
Q = Heat supplied
P = Power of heater
T = Time in seconds
M = mass of substance
C = Specific heat capacity
= Increase in
temperature

4-4

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Determining the heat capacity

of aluminium block
1. The purpose of wrapping the aluminium blok with wool ______ ______to or
______ of heat from the surrounding.
2. Oil in the holes for housing thermometer and the immersion heater is to
improve the ______ of heat from the heater to the thermometer through the
aluminium block.
3. The immersion heater of 50 W rated power is used for 5 minutes to heat up
the aluminium block. If the mass of the alumimium block is 1.0 kg and the
rise in temperature is 160C, what is the specific heat capacity of aluminium ?

Pt 15000

937.5 Jkg-10C-1
m 1 16

4. Specific heat capacity calculated is usually ______ than the standard value
because some ______is lost to the surroundings.

Aim

To investigate the relationship between temperature rise and mass of water

Experiment

800C

Hypothesis

600C

______

Responding variable

Apparatus

400C

When the mass of water ______ the temperature rise will ______ .

Manipulated variable

Fixed variable

800C

of water

______ in temperature
______

duration, water, weighing scale,

______

rating of heater used

Thermometer, water, beaker water, weighing scale

Setup

4-5

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Procedure
1. 100 ml of water is placed in a 500 ml beaker.
2. A heater is placed in the water.
3. Heating process is carried out for 1minute.
4. Highest temperature achieved is recorded.
5. Step 2 to 4 is repeated for 200ml, 300ml, 400ml and 500ml of water.
Analysis
Volume of
water used,
V (ml)

Final
temperature,
T2 (0C)

Initial
temperature,
T1 (0C)

100
200
300
400
500

V
Conclusion

1/

Applications of specific heat capacity

Water as heating agent in

heating radiator

4-6

Rise in
temperature,
= T2 T1
(0C)

1/ (0C-1)

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

2. Heat from hot water is

released to the cooler
surroundings of a room to
achieve _____

_____
3. Cold water will be
recirculated to repeat
the process continously

1. Cool water is pumped into the hot

water reservoir to absorb a large amount
of heat due to its ______specific heat
capacity.

Water as a coolant in car

engine

4. Hot water is
cooled by the
air from the
cooling fins
and the fan

2.

______ specific heat

capacity of water allows it

to absorb a large amount
of ______from the
engine
3. Cool water is recirculated
through the engine blocks
and the process continues
while the engine is running

2. Hot air rises up

from the land

Sea Breeze
(wind from the sea)

Land Breeze (wind from the

land)

1. During the day

land gets hotter
than the sea
because c land c sea

3. Cooler
air blows
from the
land to
replace the
space left
by the hot
air and
convection
currents in
the air are
formed.

1. Cool water is pumped

into the hot engine

3. Cool air
blows from
the sea to
replace the
space left by
the hot air
and

______
currents in
the air are
formed

2. hot air rises

from the sea

1. During the
night, the sea
is hotter than
the land
because
c land
c sea

4-7

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Plastic handle _____specific heat capacity

Household apparatus and

utensils
Steel ______specific heat
capacity

3. Diagram below shows a bullet moving at a

velocity of 60 ms-1 is embedded in a wooden
block.

Check Yourself 1
1. Table below shows four types of liquid with
their respective specific heat capacities and
boiling points. All the liquids have the same
mass and same temperatures of 30oC. If the
same amount of heat is supplied to them,
which liquid, A, B, C or D will boil first ?
Liquid

Specific heat
capacity (Jkg-10C-1)

Boiling point
(oC)

3.0

50

Assuming all the energy lost by the bullet is

converted to heat energy and is absorbed by
the bullet. What is the rise in temperature of
the bullet ? ( Specific heat capacity of the
bullet = 120 Jkg-10C-1)

5.0

80

A. 0.5 oC

4.2

100

B. 2.0 oC

0.2

200

C. 30.0 oC
D. 60.0 oC

2. Table below shows the specific heat capacity

of four different metals.

4. Diagram below shows 200 g of water at 0 oC is

poured into a cup containing 400 g of water at
80 oC . Assuming there is no heat loss to the
surroundings.

Which of the following is the most suitable

metal to be used in a rice cooker for fast
heating ?

What is the final temperature of the mixture ?

[ Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 Jkg-10C-1]

A. P

A. 53 oC

B. Q

B. 60 oC

C. R
C. 66 oC

D. S

D. 70 oC

4-8

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

5. Diagram below shows the temperature-time

graph of two solids X and Y of equal mass but
of different substances are heated
simultaneously by identical heaters.

Which of the following comparison is correct?

A. Cx > Cy
B. Cx < Cy
C. Cx = Cy

4-9

GCKL 2011

Physics Module Form 4

4.3

Definition of
Latent Heat

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

1. Latent Heat is the total energy ________ or released when a substance changes
its ________ state completely at a ________ temperature.

2. Latent Heat of fusion is heat absorbed when ________ changes into ________ or
heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant________.
3. Latent Heat of vaporization is heat absorbed when ________ changes into
________or heat released when vapour changes into liquid at constant________.
4. Unit for latent heat is ________ .
5. Process in which solid directly changes into vapour is called ________ .
1. Specific Latent Heat of fusion is heat absorbed when 1 kg ________changes into
________or heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant________ .
Definition of
Specific Latent
Heat

2. Specific Latent Heat of vaporization is heat absorbed when 1 kg ________

changes into ________or heat released when vapour changes into liquid at
constant________ .
3. Unit for latent heat is________.

4. When temperature remain constant, ________energy of the molecules remain

constant. However energy absorbed is used to overcome ________ of attraction
and atmospheric pressure.

4-10

Physics Module Form 4

Heating curve

Chapter 4 - Heat

Fill the empty boxes for the heating curve below with the following words
Solid, liquid, gas, boiling point, melting point,
latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization

Calculation of
specific latent
heat of fusion

Mass of water collected in Set A = 49.2 g

Mass of water collected in Set B = 6.4 g
Power of heater = 80 W
Time interval of switching on the heater = 3 minutes
1. Calculate energy supplied by the heater.

2. What is the mass of ice melted due to the heat absorbed from the
surroundings?
3. Determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
L=

14400
(80)(3 60)
Pt
=
=
=
3
m (49.2 6.4) 10
42.8 103

4-11

GCKL 2011

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Check Yourself 1
1. Diagram below shows the cooling curve of a
Gas. Temperatures T1 and T2 represents

T1

T2

A. Solidification

Room temperature

B. Boiling Point

Solidification point

C. Melting Point

Freezing Point

D. Melting Point

Room temperature

power of 1 kW. The beaker and its content is

resting on an electronic balance which
measures the mass of the beaker and its
content.

When the water is boiling, it is found that 80 g

of water is boiled away in 3 minutes.
What is the specific latent heat of vaporization
of water ?

2. Diagram below shows the heating curve of a

solid Y of mass 2 kg which is heated by a
heater of 70 W power. Which statement
below is NOT true ?

A. 2.10 x 106 Jkg-1

B. 2.15 x 106 Jkg-1
C. 2.20 x 106 Jkg-1
D. 2.25 x 106 Jkg-1
4. Diagram below shows the arrangement of
apparatus used to determine the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice. There are two identical
sets. One of the sets is called a control set
which is without a power supply.

A. Specific latent heat of Y is 10500 Jkg-1.

B. Specific heat capacity of solid Y and
liquid Y are the same
C. Total heat used is 1120 J
The aim of the control set is

D. Melting point of Y is 10 oC
3. Diagram below shows the arrangement of
apparatus used to determine the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water. The water in the
beaker is heated by an immersion heater with a
4-12

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

A. To find the mass of ice melted due to the

heat absorbed from the surroundings

C. To detect any changes in the melting point

of the ice

B. To find the mass of water formed by

condensation from the vapour in the air

D. To find the mass of water evaporated

5.

Heat produced in an engine block of car needs to be transferred out promptly to prevent overheating. This is
done by circulating a suitable cooling liquid through the engine block.
(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1oC-1 ?
________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Based on the table above,
(i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the cooling liquid to extract heat out of an engine block.
High Specific Heat Capacity
High specific latent heat of
vaporization
High boiling point
Low rusting rate
(ii) Decide which liquid is the most suitable and give reasons for your choice.
_____________________________________________________________________________
(c) Total energy released by an engine in 1 hour = 9.0 x 107 J
Energy breakdown : mechanical 40% and heat 60%
Mass of cooling liquid circulating in 1 hour = 150 kg
Temperature of water entering the engine = 30oC
Temperature of water exiting the engine = 60oC
Based on the information above,
(i) Calculate the power of the engine

(ii) Calculate the amount of heat produced by the engine in one hour.

(iii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the cooling liquid.

4-13

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

(d) Suggest two ways to dissipate the heat from the cooling liquid.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________

4-14

Physics Module Form 4

4.4

What is
kinetic theory
of gases ?

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS

The kinetic theory of gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules),
all of which are in constant, _______ _______. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with
each other and with the walls of the container. Kinetic theory explains ___________ properties of
gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and
motion.
The ___________ of an ideal __________ ____ is a measure of the average _______ _______ of its
atoms.

Define the
three gas
laws.

Boyles Law

Charles Law

Pressure Law

T = ___________and
_______ of gas are
constant

P = ______ and
_____ of gas are constant
(temperature must be in
______scale)

V = ______ and
____ of gas are constant
(temperature must be in
______ scale)

Formula

Condition

Graphs

4-15

Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Experiment
al set up

Calculation
involving
Boyles Law.

Diagram on the right shows an arrangement to investigate

relationship between pressure and volume of a fixed mass
at constant temperature. The pressure of the air in the glass
measured by a pressure gauge and the pressure can be
increased by using the bicycle pump. The pump of the gas
x 105 Pa when the volume is 80 cm3.

the
of gas
tube is
is 1.5

(a) Explain how a gas exerts a pressure on the walls of its container.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the Boyles law.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Find the volume of the gas when pressure is 2.5 x 105 Pa

(d) Find the pressure of the gas when the volume of the gas is 60 cm3.

(e) A bubble of air rises from the bottom of a pond to the surface. As the bubble reaches the
surface, its volume is double its original volume. Assume the temperature is constant, find
the depth of the pond. [Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water]

4-16

Physics Module Form 4

Question
involving
Charles
Law.

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

(a) State Charles law.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Diagrams below shows how (a) the pressure of the gas change with temperature and (b) the
volume of the gas change with temperature .

(a)

(b)

(i)

Compare the characteristics displayed by the graphs.

(ii)

1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
Relate the information you have mentioned to form a physics concept.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(iii) Name the concept.
______________________________________________________________________
(c)

(i)

Define pressure.

______________________________________________________________________
(iv)

Using kinetic theory of gas, explain why the pressure of a gas in a fixed container
increases with an increase in its temperature.
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________

4-17

Physics Module Form 4

Questions
involving
Pressure Law.

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

Diagram (a) shows the conditon of a snack pack kept in a refrigerator at 18oC, whereas Diagram (b)
shows the condition of the same snack pack in Borneo Highlands at the same temperature at 18oC.

(a)

(b)

Based on the above information and observation,

(a) State one suitable inference.
______________________________________________________________________
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________________
(c) With the use of appropriate apparatus, describe an experiment framework to test your
hypothesis. In your description, state clearly the following:
(i)

Aim of the experiment

______________________________________________________________________
(ii)

Variables used in the experiment

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

(iii)

List of apparatus and materials

_________ pressure gauge, a _______ with volume scale, rubber tube and retort
stand.

(iv)

Arrangement of the apparatus

4-18

Physics Module Form 4

(v)

(vi)

Chapter 4 - Heat

GCKL 2011

The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable
1. The apparatus for the experiment is set up as shown in the diagram
2. The ______ of the syringe is pressed down slowly until the volume of air inside
the syringe is 100 cm3
3. The ________ of the air in the syringe is read from the Bourdon gauge
4. The experiment is repeated with ________of air fixed at 80 cm3,
5. Make sure that there is no _____ and no increase in ___________ .
6.
The way you would tabulate the data
Volume, V (cm3)
Pressure, P (Pa)
100.0

(vii)

The way you would analyze the data

80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0

Check Yourself 1
A. 2.0 x 10 -4 m3

1. Diagram below shows a valve P connecting

two cylinders, A dan B. When P is opened,
gas from cylinder A moves to cylinder B.

B. 4.0 x 10 -4 m3
C. 5.0 x 10 -4 m3

P
D. 8.0 x 10 -4 m3
3. Diagram below shows capillary tubes (a) and
(b) which are identical. If the atmospheric
pressure is 75 cmHg, determine the length of
gas column x and the pressure p.

Which physical quantities does not change ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Pressure
Volume
Mass
Density

2. The graph in the diagram

below shows the
relationship between
pressure, P and volume, V
of a fixed mass of gas at
constant temperature.
What is the value of V2 ?

Length
x (cm)

4-19

Pressure
p (cmHg)

Physics Module Form 4

A.
B.
C.
D.

24.0
21.0
22.4
21.0

Chapter 4 - Heat
70
75
80
70

GCKL 2010

5. Air at a temperature of 27oC is kept in a

container at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. What
is the pressure of the air, in atmosphere, if it is
heated to a temperature of 77oC ?

4. Diagram below shows a fan is allowed to blow

in a closed room for an hour. What are the
possible changes to the pressure and
temperature of the air in the room ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

0.35
0.86
1.17
2.85

6. Table below shows the volume and

temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at
constant pressure.
V (cm3)
T(oC)

A.
B.
C.
D.

Temperature

Pressure

Increases
No change
Decreases
Increases

no change
increases
increases
Increases

50
27

What is the value of x ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

4-20

54 oC
300 oC
327 oC
600 oC

100
x