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Retaining Wall Design
Retaining Wall Design
CE
632
Foundation Analysis and
Design
Conventional Retaining
g Walls
Reinforced concrete is used in wall design with thin stem and slab base
Relativelyy economical for design
g
Conventional Retaining
g Walls
Retaining
g Wall Design:
g Proportioning
p
g
Stem
Toe
First, approximate
dimensions are
chosen for the
retaining wall.
Then, stability of
wall is checked for
these dimensions
dimensions.
Section is changed
if its undesirable
from the stability or
economy point of
view.
Heel
Retaining
g Wall Design:
g Proportioning
p
g
0.3 m min
0.3 m min
Pa (Rankine)
Pa (Coulomb)
Equivalent
q
Fluid Method
Along line AB
1
Ph = K h H 2
2
Pv =
1
K v H 2
2
Terzaghi and Peck have produced semi-empirical charts for Kh and Kv for
diff
different
t types
t
off soils
il as listed
li t d in
i the
th table
t bl below
b l
Retaining
g walls with backfill slope of finite distance
10
Earth
Pressure
on
Retaining
walls
with
backfill
slope
l
off
finite
distance
11
12
Stability
y of retaining
g wall
OVERTURNING
about its toe.
BEARING CAPACITY
failure of supporting
base
SLIDING
along the base
Excessive SETTLEMENT
may occur if weak soil
y is located below the
layer
foundation within 1.5
times foundation width.
13
Stability
y of retaining
g wall
Deep seated shear failure may occur if there is
a weak soil layer below the foundation within a
depth of about 1.5 times width of foundation.
The failure surface may be assumed to have
cylindrical
cy
d ca sshape
ape a
and
d ccritical
ca failure
a u e su
surface
ace for
o
sliding may be determined through analysis.
14
Check Against
g
OVERTURNNG
15
Check Against
g
OVERTURNNG
The wall must be safe against overturning about the toe
FOS =
M
FOS =
Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment
Pav .B + Wi .xi
Pah . ya PP . y p
( P + W ) .x = M M
M M
x=
P + W
av
av
In the design of cantilever retaining wall it is preferred that the stem center is
right above the location of resultant force at the base (resultant of soil reaction).
16
Check against
g
SLIDING
F
FOS =
F
1.75
FR = R.tan b + cb B + PP
FS = Pah
FOS = 1.5,
1 5 if wind/seismic
i d/ i i
forces are considered
In most cases
passive earth
pressure is ignored
while calculating
FOS against sliding
Base friction and
adhesion may be
taken by the
following
assumption
2
1
b = to .2
3
2
2
1
cb = to .c2
3
2
17
18
( Pav + Wi ) + ( Pah PP )
2
M M
CE = x =
P + W
R
av
Eccentricity:
qmax
qmin
e=
B
x
2
Q 6e ( Pav + Wi ) 6e
= 1 + =
1 +
B
B
B
B
Q 6e ( Pav + Wi ) 6e
= 1 =
1
B
B
B
B
19
B = B 2e
Pah PP
tan =
Pav + Wi
qu
FOS =
qav
granular soil
[ 23 for
for cohesive soils
20
Wall Joints
Wall Joints
22
Wall Drainage
g
Accumulation of rain water in the back fill results in its saturation, and
thus a considerable increase in the earth pressure acting on the wall.
Thi may eventually
This
t ll lead
l d to
t unstable
t bl conditions.
diti
Two
T off the
th options
ti
to
t
take care of this problem are the following:
Weep hole
Filter material
Filter material
Perforated pipe
23
Wall Drainage
g
Vertical drains
Inclined drains
Combination of inclined
and horizontal drain for
cohesive soils
24
Wall Drainage
g
Perforated Pipes: These are provided horizontally along the back face of
wall at the bottom of stem
stem. The filter material around the perforated pipe
should satisfy the following requirements.
The soil to be protected should note wash into the filter
D15( Filter )
D85( Backfill )
<5
Excessive hydraulic pressure head is not created in the soil due to low
permeability.
D15( Filter )
D15( Backfill )
>4
25
Wall Settlements
Differential settlement
26
27