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, 2009

Copyright , 2009.
. All rights reserved.
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laser
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(ESPI),
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iv

1.

1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

10

1.6

11

2. ()

12

2.1 --
2.2

14

2.3

23

2.4

28

3.

34

3.1
3.1.1

34

3.1.2

39

3.2

43

3.2.1 ((ESPI)
3.2.2

49

()

54

4.1

54

4.1.1 1

55

4.1.2 2

62

4.2 1-

66

4.3 2-

92

()

97

5.1

97

5.2

101

5.2.1
5.2.2

108

 ()

115

6.1 1
6.1.1
6.1.2

117

6.2 2

126

6.3

133

6.3.1 2
6.3.2 1

141

144

146

vi

,
.
,

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[1,2]
[3].


(..) ... (). ,
(ESPI)

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(ESPI). ,

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1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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 1

1.1
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() .
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3 4 .
( 1.1)

.

1.1: , (a) , (b) , (c) , (K),

(KK), (), (), (),
(), (), (), (),
() ().

1.2

4 (8 )
3
:

1o
2o
3o

D4
D5
A4
A4
D5
D5

(Hz)
293,6
587,3
440
440
587,3
587,3

(Hz)
D3
146,8
D4
293,7
A3
220
A3
220
D4
293,6
D4
293,6

4o

C3
C4
F3
F4
A3
A3
D4
D4

(Hz)
130,8
261,6
174,6
349,2
220
220
293,6
293,6

1.1:

2
.
().
.


. ,


( ) .


.
,
.
D4
A3 D3 .

1.3
1.3.1
( )
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[4].
()
.

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, ( )

.

1.3.2

( )
. (23mm) .

.

.
( 1.2)
3 1
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2 : 1)
2 2)
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.
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.

1.2: (a) (b)

1.3.3

( )
.
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, .

,
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1.3.4

( ) .

.
26 27

3 2-3
(2 ) .

1.4


.
.


.

1.4.1

(cm)
1
(N)
2
(N)
3

()
4

()

(N)

68

66

62

57

36

34

76,4

71,9

63,5

53,6

57,3

51,2

79,7

65,4

49,77

42

48

42,8

76,4 - 83,3

84 - 93,26

48

40

64

57,8

62,3 - 84,7

472

599,23

338

286

333

297

1.2:

.
.
2 68cm.
2 .

 2
1 .

1.4.2

1.3:

. ,
.

.
1.3
.
.

.

- (cm)
(cm)
(cm)

37,5 - 27

37 - 27,5

29,3 - 36

26-15

25,5 - 16

15,5 - 11,5

15,5 - 13

9,8 - 7

11 - 8,5

10,35 - 7,4

2,5

3,8

2,4

2,3

1.3:
9

 .

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1.4:

2
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2.

1.5


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10


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1.6


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(.
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1) .
2) ( ).
3)

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5) ( ).

, 5 68cm
2
1.3.

11

 2
()


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,
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:
( )

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2.1 --

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(
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2.1: --

12


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1)

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( -) ( -)
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2.2
--
,

.

2.2.1

, , L
h l
F.

[5,6]:
2
2 y
2 y
=c
t 2
x 2

14

(2.2.1)

2
c = T / ,

. H
,
c 2 = ES / , E S ( r 2 ).

dAlembert [6] :

y ( x, t ) = y + (t x / ct ) + y (t + x / ct )

(2.2.2)

y+ y
(x) .
F ,
.
[6,7]
.
.
:

y ( x, t ) = An cos(2 f n + n ) sin(
n =1

n x
)
L

(2.2.3)

.

:

fn =

n
T

2L

(2.2.4)

f , n L , T
.
Fourier
An :

An =

2h
L2
n l
sin(
)
2
n l ( L l )
L

15

(2.2.5)

 h, l, f
.

7 .

2.2 : :
(a), (b)
+ (c).

n.
L
l ( )
n(L/l) L/l .

F = T (dy/dx)x=0 :

sin(n l / L)
F (t ) = A
cos n lt
n
n

l .
16

(2.2.6)



(L).
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
1

10

100

10

100

10

100

0
-10
-20
-30
-40

0
-10
-20
-30
-40

Force Waveform

Mode Number (n)

2.3: : (),
().

2.2.2

2.2.2.1

. , [7].

[5,8]:

17

 2 y ESr 2 4 y
2 y
S 2
= S 2
x
4 x 4
t

(2.2.7)

, T/S.

( )
(inharmonicity)[9].
( stiffness) :

n 2 3 Er 4
n n 1 1 +

2
8
TL

(2.2.8)

(2.2.8) D5 (588Hz)

. , ,
.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Mode number, Harmonic (black), Inharmonic (red)

2.4: D5 (588Hz) 2:
( ), ( )
. 51,2N ( 1.2).

(stiffness)

. ,

.
18


.
,
.

[10] . ,
. ,

. ,
40-50

[10].

2.2.2.2

.

, ( )
[7].


.

. ,
.
, ()
, (F)
(u) [11].

^
^

Z=

F
^

(2.2.9)

u

.
19

 .
.

.

2.2.2.3

L,
, . ,
l
[12]:
L

l =
0

y
1 + dx L
x
2

(2.2.10)

l
( 1
2 ).

:

Tt = T 0 +

ES l
L

(2.2.11)

T0 , S
.
(Tension modulation)
:

(pitch)
.

.


[ n(L/l)].
20

,
.

,

.

2.2.2.4

, , y, , z. ,
( x )
.

.

[6].

2.4: : (y,z)
(x).

.

( ) [13].

21

(10dB per div.)

Amlitude (dB)

D4 (294Hz)

2000

2200

2400
2600
Frequency (Hz)

2800

3000

2.5: D4 A3
( ).

2.2.2.5

, ,
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, ( )
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( ).
.

,
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2.2.2.6

.

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.

22



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(two stage decay)[6] .

.

.
,
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[6,9].

2.2.2.7

()

. , ,
.
-
( ). ,

.

2.3

,
. ,
. ,
.

,
[14].
23

 (
, )

.

2.3.1

.

() ().


(x,y) .

(0,0)

(0,1)

(1,0)

2.6: 3 .
.

() [15]
. ,

(FEM) [6]
laser,
.

laser.
24



[16].
Ernst Chladni (1787) [16]



.
,
, (
Chlandi )

.

.


.
Jansson
[17]. ,


.
,
.
,
. Jansson
(
1),
.
. Jansson

.

25

2.3.2

.
( )
Helmholtz [18],
(, ).

. (V)
,
m = Sl , , S
2
( r ) l .

Helmholtz

(c) [19]:

fH =

c S
2 Vl

(2.3.1)

. ,
2.3.1
2
( S l ).

(
), l, mm
2
, S, cm .

l

. ,
l
, d, 1
leff = l+d.
end correction (
) d
.
26

 d=1,7r [6] r
.
.


.

Helmholtz [20]:

fH =

c
2

A
V (l + A )

(2.3.2)

Helmholtz

. ,


.
( Helmholtz) (
) [6].
Helmholtz


.

. Gough [21]

. , Q 30 17.

.
McLennan [22] 2
, .

27

2.4

.

.


.

2.4.1

.
,
, .

.

2.7:
() (x,y):
(1,1), (1,2) (2,1).

. , (1,1)
2.6 ( )

28

 *.

. Helmholtz
H A
T
top plate.

2.4.2

Chlandi .
. [23] .

2.8: Chlandi
[ 23].

1 8
1300Hz.
( (1,1) ) 150Hz .

(1,1)H (1,1)T [6].

. ,
.

( ) .

: , ,

.

29

2.4.3 , ( )

.
(1,1) (1,1)H
[24,6]. ,

. ,
( ).
[25]:

fT 2 + fH 2 = f 2 + f +2

(2.4.1)

(fB < fT) (fB > fT) [6].


[26].

2.4.4

(2.2.2.2 )
,
( )
( 2.2.9).


.
(
)
.

30



.

.
,


[27].

Gough [28,26] K
:

K=

2QB
n

2m
M eff

(2.4.2)

QB Q , n
, m Meff .
,
:

K<1
.

, >1,
(
) 2Q .

.

Wright [26] Gough

.
K>>1

.

.
31


.
(x,y,z) (z)
[26].
.




. Jansson [29]

(2,1) ( 2.6, ).
( ) (1,2) ( 2.6, ) ,
(1,1) ( 2.6,
).

2.5.5

Caldersmith Jansson [30,16,6]

.
.

.
(initial level)
(initial level fall). ,
.


:

1)

.
2)

32

.
( ),


.

Gough
.

.

Initial Level
Amplitude (dB)

80

Level Fall
60
40
20
0
0

Time (s)

2.9: (Initial Level) (Level Fall)

Caldersmith Jansson

[30].

33

3.1
3.1.1

.
studio
180Hz.

( )*
(omni-directional).
.
(Neumann U87) 1m
1 , (AKG C-414)
45 50cm
2.


.
/ (RME-FW400)
48KHz 24bit . 1 M-5
Avalon 2

( ) .
*

34

 3.1:

3.1.1.1 .

.
1
[31,25]. ,


( ppp). 2
1
78dB ( 20-20000Hz)
.

, .

3.1.1.2

.

,
( )

35

 2.
*
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- [30]
.

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. 1s
( ), 2s ... .
FD (
full duration).
.
39 52
(13 ). ,
39 1 52
. 51 64

. 51
D4 D4 D6 (293-1175Hz).

pp, p ,mf, f ff
, , , .
x
.
B1 B2
1 2, B4 , T1 T2 1
2 Ba1,Ba2 1 2 .
*

:

.

36

, 1
0,4m .


.
3.1
.
1 (B1) 51
.
D3, A3 D4.

(mf)
pp
p
mf

f
ff

B1
51 FD x2

-39 3s x2
-39 1s
-51 FD
-51 2s
-39 1s
39 FD x2
-39 1s
-39 3s

B2

B4
52 FD

-39 1s
-39 1s

52 3s

-39FD
-39 1s

-64 FD
-52 4s

51 4s

T2
39 4s

Ba1
39 6s

Ba2
39 FD
39 FD
39 2s

39 2s

39 FD
39 1s

T1

51 FD

-51 FD
-39 2s

-39 2s
-39 FD

39 2s

39 2s

51 FD

52 3s

3.1:

.
( )
.
1/12

.


.
,
, ( )
*

37

 . .
,
(pp,ff)
.


.

.

.

.

.
B1

B2

B4

Ba2

1,2mm

39 5s x2

1:10 x2

52 FD

39 FD

1mm

39 5s x2

1:10 x2

52 3s

39 FD

0,8mm

39 5s x2

1:10 x2

0,5mm

39 5s x2

1:10 x2

1cm

64 FD

-39 2s
-39 FD

52 2s

5cm

1:10 x2

8cm

1:10 x2

13cm

1:10 x2

39 2s

52 2s

52 2s
52 4s

39 x2
39
39
3.2:

39
39

. 13 D4 (4)

38

 , ,
1Hz, 2-3Hz 3-4Hz.



.

3.1.2

.
PRAAT [32] dBFa32
Metravib
..
,
3200.

.



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3.1.2.1

Fourier.

:


. ,

,
.

39

 Long Term Average Spectrum (LTAS)

[16].

( 50-100ms)

. , ,

(
)
.

39 ( ) (0-100ms)
5 .

(b)

Amplitude (linear)

Sound Pressure Level (dB)

(a)

0 0.1

1
Time (s)

Average initial level (dB)

2104

0
Frequency (Hz)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

(c)

2000

4000
6000
Frequency (Hz)

8000

104

3.2: , 5 1 2, 1s (a),
100ms (b). , 39 100ms (c).

40

 3.2

(0-100ms).
3.2 .


.


x , 0-100ms.
0,95-1,05s
1s 2s, 3s, 4s .
1/3

.

3.1.2.2

.
.

.


.
60dB 10dB. , DT10,
DT20DT60
.
script
PRAAT :


Hz.
41

 (0s).
60dB 10 .
3.3
x 13

.
,
( )
.
,

. .

DT 10

7
Decay Time (s)

DT 20

DT 30

DT 40
DT 50

DT 60

3
2

D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

3.3: DT10 60 39 (ff)

2 1.

39
2.
. ,

:
(D4), A4
D5 .
10 dB
42

 , DT10-2030 1s .

6 .

2

.
.
,

(demodulation)
.

(attack time)
.
. ,
(onset)
.

3.2
3.2.1 ((ESPI)

(time-averaged Electronic
Speckle Pattern Interferometry) -
.

[33] 1971 [34].

.
43

 ESPI
CCD.
laser .

.
.

.
ESPI
[35-38].

[39,40] 12
[3].
,
.

3.2.1.2 ESPI

3.4 ESPI
...
() (O)

. laser (L) Cobolt Samba
, .
532 nm () 150 mW.
laser (BS)
80/20. (RB)
(CCD),
().
().
(O) (DL).

50/50

.
44

 (NF)
.
(C)
,
LabView. ,
monitor (Sp)
(FG).

3.4: ESPI: L-, BS- , NF-

, E- , CCD- CCD, DL- , O-, C , FG - / , Sp- .

3.2.1.3

. , w,
(x,y) , t, :

w ( x , y , t ) = A ( x , y ) cos t + 0 ( x , y )

(3.1)

A(x,y) ,
0 (x,y) .

45

 ,
(CCD) :

1
2

I1 = I A + IB + 2 I AIB cos + (1+ cos ) Acos( t + 0 ) dt

(3.2)

,
,
. 0. = (2 / ) (1 + cos ) = 2m/, m
, (2) [35-37]:

I1 = I A + I B + 2 I AI B ( cos ) J0 ( A)

(3.3)

J0 Bessel .
(3.2)
(0). ,
, , + .
, ,
Taylor, [37]:

( ) J0 (A)

1 2
2
I 2 = I A + I B + 2 I A I B ( cos ) 1 A
4

(3.4)

1 2
, :

I = I 2 I1 =

I AI B
2

( cos ) 2 ( A2 ) J 0 ( A)

(3.5)

(x,y) .
200ms
1sec .

,

46

 .
.
(3.5) , I,
Bessel
|J0 ()|. |J0 ()|,
(=0)
.

3.5: Bessel |J0 ()|

ESPI .

3.2.1.4

ESPI
.
: )
)
.
(3.6) .

12 .

47

 .
. ,

3.6: ESPI
.. ... ().

.

.

monitor
(Genelec 8040A) 40cm
. 80Hz 2000Hz.


. ( )
. ,

.


[41].
,
.
48

,
:

[17].

. ,
(
) .
,
(, , )
.

3.2.2



.

3.2.2.1

. ( Pi)

.
20 20000Hz (sweep tones).

0,5m . ,
( 1-2)

.
120s
[42] dB-Fa32 (impulse
response) .

49

 . 5
2 60ml.

Sound Pressure Level (10dB per div)

(a)

(b)

200

500

1000

2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

3.7: 2
0,5m:

(a),

60ml (b).

1 dB 100Hz20000Hz, . 3.7
2
5
.
200Hz.

:

1.
,
, .
2. .

/ .
50


( 3.2.2.2).
3. ,
,
130Hz 8KHz
. ,

,
.

.

.



(x,y,z) [43].

3.2.2.2

(
)
0,5 mm.
.

. ,
,
( ) . ,


.
.

.
51



.


[31]

[44]. ,
50
.

. ( 1-2)

.
15

Magnitude (10dB per div.)

1000

2000
3000
Frequency (Hz)

4000

5000

3.8: 1 2
, 15 (),
().

3.8
.
,

52

53

 4
()

. ,
. ,

.



.
, 2
,
1 (1m
).
,
, ,



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2 ( )

.

4.1

.


.

54

4.1.1 1

1
6. 1,2 3
750Hz . ,
20
(60Hz-2000Hz).

(1,1)

(1,1)

(1,2)

(2,1)

(1,3)

(3,1)

4.1: 1

1 60Hz
148Hz
.
161Hz.
(1,1)H
.

260Hz .
(1,1) 290Hz.
(1,1)
.
( ) 330Hz.
360Hz
(1,2) 400Hz.

.

55


.
(2,1) 450Hz
2
.
470Hz 600Hz
(1,3). 650Hz
(1,3) 690Hz.
1
( ).
(1,3)
(3,1) 710Hz
. (3,1)
3
737Hz. (3,1)
820Hz

(3,3) 762Hz.

(1,2) (2,1)
(1,3) (3,1)
.

(1,2) (2,1) (1,3) (3,1)
1 .
(1,3) 690Hz (3,1)
710Hz (3,1) 737Hz 762Hz.

(1,3)-690Hz

710Hz

(3,1)-737Hz

(3,3)-762Hz

4.2:
56



2 (3,2)
. (3,1) 3
(3,3)
4 . ,
(3,3) . (3,1)
3
.

(
). , 800Hz

12dB*. , 800 1000Hz
(2,3) 860Hz, (4,2)1 890Hz, (4,2)2 960Hz
925Hz (2,2). ,
(2,2)

.

(2,3)

(4,2)

925Hz

(4,2)2

4.3: 800-1000Hz

.
2 .
2 140 ,
(
)
.

57

 2KHz
5 8
4.4 .

(5,2)

(4,3)

(7,3)1

(7,1)1

(3,4)

(8,2)

(6,3)1

(6,2)

(6,3)2

(7,1)2

(8,2)2

(7,3)2

4.4: 1000-2000Hz

1000Hz
1020Hz (5,2).

.

1070Hz. 4
3 (
) (4,3).
2 .
( )

1160Hz (3,4) . [(4,3)
(3,4)] 1-2KHz
4.4 .
58


(6,3) 1220Hz (6,2) 1285Hz.
6 1320Hz
(6,3)
.
1480Hz 7
.
(7,3) (7,1)1 1630Hz.
8
1690Hz (8,2)1 1720Hz (7,1)
7 . 1820Hz
8
(8,2)1 (8,2)2. ,
1910Hz 7
7 .
(7,3)2.

ESPI 6
1000Hz
(1,1) . ,

(2.3.1) ,

.
1,1
, 1,2 2,1 3,1 1,3 (
3,3 3 ).
[6]

,
. ,

[45] recording studio
59

 ,

3,5m [6,45].

Pressure Level at 1m (dB)

(1,3) T
(3,1) T

(1,2) T
(2,1) T

(1,1) T

(1,1) A

ESPI.

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50

100

1000

10000

Frequency (Hz)
4.5 : 40
3 ( ) 1.

, :
1) (1,1)
280 303Hz. ,

.
splitting mode


[6].
2) [(1,1)A ]
.
3) (1,2) (2,1)
ESPI.

60

 . Meyer [6,26]
(2,1)
.
4) 3,1 1,3
.
, 3dB
(1,1).
5) 1050 1180Hz
(3,4) (4,3)

.
6) ,
.

Caldermith ( resonance continuum)[26].

(1,1)
1 2 . ,
1050Hz
. (1,2) (2,1)
393Hz

Pressure Level at 1m (dB)

460Hz, 400Hz 450Hz ESPI.

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50

100

1000

10000

Frequency (Hz)
4.6 : 40
3 ( ) 2.

61

, 700 740Hz (1,3) (3,1) 2

9dB (1,1).

.

. ,
. ,
(1,2) (1,2)

Sound Pressure Response (dB)

365Hz 420Hz 1 2.

P1

P2

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

4.7 : .
1 (P1) 2 (P2) .

. ,

( STFT)
.

4.1.2 2

1
2
.
62

(1,1)

(3,1)1 +6dB

(1,1)

(3,3)2 +6dB

(1,2)

(2,1)

(2,3)+20dB

(2.2) +20dB

(1,3)

(3,1)+6dB

(3,3)3 +20dB

(4,3) +20dB

4.8: 60-1000Hz

2 171Hz
(1,1).
(1,1) 293Hz.
1
D4.
(1,2) 403Hz (2,1) 470Hz
1.
480 680Hz
(1,3) 720Hz.
20Hz (1,3) (3,1) 750Hz
(1,3).
(3,1) 770Hz 800Hz
,
(3,3).
( )
.
.
, 1
2 4 . (2,3)
63

 1 860Hz 870Hz
. ,
, 2
( 2 1). 905Hz
(2,2) 1.
1000Hz
(3,3)3 (4,3) (2,2) 920Hz (4,2)2
1 ( 4.3) .
1000 2000Hz
5 8 . (5,3) 1030Hz 5

(5,3)

(7,3)

(3,4)1

(3,4)2

(7,2)

(8,2)

(6,3)

1760Hz

1290Hz

(6,2)

1860Hz

1930Hz

4.9: 1000-2000Hz

1100Hz (3,4)1
.
(3,4)2 1160Hz (3,4)1,
2 .
(3,4)1 (3,4)2 1-2KHz
.
1260Hz 1340Hz
6 (6,3)
64

 1260Hz (6,2) 1340Hz . 1512Hz

7 (7,3)
1637Hz (7,2)
. 1700 1930Hz 4 8
(8,2) 1700Hz.

1.

Sound Pressure Level

(10 dB per div.)

(a)

(b)

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

4.10: 40
3 ( ) 1 (a) 2 (b) .

(1,1),
(1,1) .
(1,2) (2,1)
(1,2)
ESPI
1 .
(1,3) (3,1) 720 750Hz
(3,1)
. ,
1100Hz (3,4)1 (3,4)2
1.

65

4.2 1-
4.2.1

. ,
ESPI
( )
. ,

(2.2 -- )

.
,


.

. ,
- (2.4.4 -- )

.



.

4.2.1.1

-
Jansson Caldersmith
[30]. (
) 2 ,
(Initial Level) (Level
66

Fall 1s).

.
(dB/s)
.
39
2 2 .

Initial Level (0s) Level Fall (1s)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A#3 234
C4 262
D4 294
E4 330
F#4 370
G#4 416

P2

D3 148
E3 166
F#3 186
G#3 208
A#3 234
C4 262
D4 294

P1

D4 294
E4 330
F#4 370
G#4 416
A#4 468
C5 524
D5 588

P1

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D3 148
E3 166
F#3 186
G#3 208
A#3 234
C4 262
D4 294
A3 220
B3 248
C#4 278
D#4 312
F4 350
G4 392
A4 440
D4 294
E4 330
F#4 370
G#4 416
A#4 468
C5 524
D5 588

Amplitude (dB)

Initial Level (0s) Level Fall (1s)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.11 : 39
( ) D3 ,
A3 D4 1 (P1) 2 (P2).
.

,

. ,
( 1s )
.

. ,

,
.

:

67

1. D3
(1,1) 262Hz
290Hz (1,1).
2. A3
(1,1).

(1,2) (2,1) (400-450Hz)
.
3. D4
(1,1) D4 (296Hz)
460Hz (2,1).

1

.

4.11 146-588Hz.

(1,2)T

(1,1)T

P1
P1
P2
P2

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

(1,2)T

(1,1)T

(1,1)T

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Amplitude (dB)

(1,1)H

Initial Level - Level Fall Difference

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.12 : 39
( ) D3 ,
A3 D4 1 (P1) 2
(P2). .

68



. , D3 A3
, (1,1),
1s 60dB .
D4 D4 50dB 1s.
(1,1)
D3 E3 (166Hz) 48dB.
(1,2) A3
D4 38-40dB. , A3 (1,2)
G4 D4 G#4.
- 470Hz D 20Hz
(2,1), 2


.


. ,
(1,1) 290Hz
1
[6]

.
39

: 1) 700 750Hz (1,3) (3,1) 10501150 Hz (4,3) (3,4).
4.13
,
1 2s.
(1,3) (3,1) ( 3)
1100Hz ( 5) (2)
(1,1).

69

Average Level (dB)

120

Average Level 0,05s

Average Level 1s
Average Level 2s

100
80
60
40
20
0
100

300

500

700

900

1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

Frequency (Hz)
4.13: 39
(), 1s
() 2s ().

. , (1,1)
56dB 1s 1s 2s 10dB
.

,
2 (two
stage decay). , 60dB
1s
.

3
.


:
5KHz
250 315Hz
(1,1).
1,6KHz
1,25KHz.
70

10

0
12 Hz
5
16 Hz
0
20 Hz
0
25 Hz
0
31 Hz
5
40 Hz
0
50 Hz
0
63 Hz
0
80 Hz
0
H
1 z
k
1. H
25 z
k
1. Hz
6
kH
2 z
k
2. Hz
5
3. kH
15 z
kH
4 z
kH
5 z
k
6. Hz
3
kH
8 z
k
10 Hz
12 kH
.5 z
k
16 Hz
kH
z

Average Level (dB)

0,05s
1s
2s
3s

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1/3 Octave Bands

4.14: 39 1
.
.

. ,
( ) (1,2) 400Hz
. ,
(
)
.
( 4.15)
2. ,
30 .
2KHz
4
5

. ,

71

Magnitude (dB)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100

600

1100

1600

Frequency (Hz)
4.15: 39
(), 1s
() 30 ().

D3 .

Sound Pressure Level (dB)

0s

1s

2s

1000

2000
3000
Frequency (Hz)

4000

5000

4.16 : D3 (146Hz) .

2 5
(1,1) (3,1) .
2 .
5

72

 .
2.

4.2.1.2

.


. ,


.

D3 146Hz
3 4.16.

.
(1,1) 165Hz 2 (1,1).
5 730Hz (3,1)

(1,3) 40Hz . , 9
1050Hz

Amplitude (dB)

.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

147 Hz
294 Hz
441 Hz
588 Hz
735 Hz

3
4
Time (s)

4.17 : (1-5) D3 (146Hz)

(2 5 )

73

 ( dB ). ,

148Hz 1.
D4
(1,1) 80dB/s
0,5s 13dB/s.

. ,


4 (1176Hz)

Amplitude (dB)

(3,4) 5.

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

294 Hz
588 Hz
882 Hz
1176 Hz
1470 Hz

Time (s)
4.18 : (1-5) D4 (294Hz)

,
.

6 DT10 DT60
10.
. DT10 DT60
51 .
1.

.

74

DT10

10

DT20
DT30

Time (s)

DT40
DT50

DT60

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.19 : DT10-60 51 .
.

1. D3 (146Hz)
, (1,1),
(1,1) . A3
(1,1) (1,2) 400Hz
G4. ,
D3 (1,1) (1,2), (1,3) (3,1)
700 740Hz (4,3) 1050Hz,
466Hz 500Hz 620Hz
466Hz (2,1)
.


[46].

.
,
. D4 DT10-40

75

 0,5s DT50 DT60 0,78s 1,63s

( 2 ).


.


.
3 D4

Amplitude
Envelope (dB)

D4.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D4
D#4
E4

Time (s)

4.20 : D4, D#4 4 D4 .

D4
.
,
( dB). ,
DT10-60

4.21, ,
DT10 DT20. ,

,
.

76

DT10
DT20
DT30
DT40
DT50
DT60

Decay Time (s)

7
6
5
4
3
2

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.21: DT10-60 39 1.

4.2.1.3

: 1)
2)
.

.

3 (,
). ,
, .
,

.

77

70

70
60

165 Hz
331 Hz
496 Hz
661 Hz
827 Hz

50
40

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

60

30
20

165 Hz
331 Hz
496 Hz
662 Hz
827 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

10

0
0

0
0

156 Hz
313 Hz
469 Hz
626 Hz
782 Hz

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

175 Hz
350 Hz
525 Hz
701 Hz
876 Hz

Time (s)

3
Time (s)

4.22: D3. E3 (
)

E3 (165Hz) D3
(1,1) .
( ) 0,5s
.
2 (331Hz) (1,1)
290Hz
.
D3# (156Hz)
2 (1,1) F3
(175Hz) 2
4
(701Hz) (1,3) 5.

4.2.1.4

.
78

 1
.
2 .

Pitch (Hz)

296
295
293.8

Pitch (Hz)

293
0

0.5

1
Time (s)

1.5

0.5

1
Time (s)

1.5

313
312.5
311.6
310

4.23: D4 D#4 D4

4.23
.
.
n
n . ,
.


.

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Max - Mean pitch

Difference (Hz)

1-2s 39 .

4.24: 39

79

4.2.1.5

.
,

: 1)
2)

).
,

. ,

-

.

. ( 1)

.

50
40
30
20

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.25:

80

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

10
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Attack Time (ms)

60

4.2.2

. ,
.
, ,


.
,

.

, (ms)
, .
. ,
.

4.2.2.1

.


( )
. ,

.

(147Hz-294Hz).

81

70

70
233 Hz
466 Hz
699 Hz
932 Hz
1165 Hz

50
40
30
20

60
Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

60

10
1
Time (s)

30
20

0
0

70

1
Time (s)

40
30
20

60

Amplitude (dB)

50

221 Hz
442 Hz
663 Hz
885 Hz
1106 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

10
1

0
0

70

312 Hz
624 Hz
936 Hz
1248 Hz
1560 Hz

Amplitude (dB)

60
50
40
30
20

Amplitude (dB)

80

10
1

Time (s)

Time (s)

0
0

70

441 Hz
882 Hz
1323 Hz
1764 Hz
2206 Hz

60
Amplitude (dB)

40

10

0
0

0
0

261 Hz
523 Hz
784 Hz
1046 Hz
1307 Hz

50

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

417 Hz
835 Hz
1252 Hz
1669 Hz
2087 Hz

Time (s)

Time (s)

4.26: D3 (233Hz 261Hz) A3 (441Hz 221Hz)

D4 (312Hz 417Hz).

4.2.2.2

.
, ( )
*
.

*

.

.

82

 117 39 3
.

pp
mf
ff

70
Initial - Fall Level
Difference (dB)

60
50
40
30
20
10

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.27:
.

1:
1) D3
.
D3
(D4). D3
(1,1)H (1,1)
2
, .
2) A3 D4
(1,1)
(1,2) .
4.27 A3 D4
(1,1) 20 40dB
(50-60dB). ,
(1,2) 400Hz
.
83


39 1
(mf).
( ) 2
DT .

.
DT10
DT20
DT30
DT40
DT50
DT60

14
12
Time (s)

10
8
6
4

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

70

70
393 Hz
785 Hz
1178 Hz
1571 Hz
1963 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

60
Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

60

555 Hz
1109 Hz
1664 Hz
2218 Hz
2773 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

0
0

1
Time (s)

1
Time (s)

4.28: DT10-60 ( ) 39
(mf)
( D4)

D3
. A3
(1,1) (1,2)
. D3
A#4 (468Hz) (2,1)
. , C#5 (558Hz)
84




.


.
D3

.

.
.
DT

.
D3

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

294 Hz
588 Hz
882 Hz
1177 Hz
1471 Hz

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

Time (s)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

294 Hz
588 Hz
882 Hz
1176 Hz
1470 Hz

Time (s)

4.29: D4 () ().

. , 0,2s
6,3s (
5s ) 60dB
2s.

85





.
39
1

.
DT10
DT20
DT30
DT40
DT50
DT60

12

Decay Time (s)

10
8
6
4

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.30: DT10-60 51 (mf)

,

.
, 248Hz
.

4.2.2.2

86

 39 (mf) 2.

Amplitude (dB)

5 .
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

100

300

500

700

900
1100
1300
Frequency (Hz)

1500

1700

1900

4.31: 39
(mf 2).
5
.

. 5
(3) 400Hz
(1,2) (2,1) ,
.

: (1s )


.

,
.

87

4.2.2.3

.

. , (1,1)

. ,

.
D4
.

Magnitude (Linear)

(V)

(H)

2.5
Time (s)

4.32: D4 (V) (H)

.

() (1,1)
(V).


.


(1,1). ,

88

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

H1
H2
V

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Initial - Fall Level

Difference (dB)

Notes- Frequency (Hz)

4.33:
(V) (H1) (H2).

(V) - (1,1)
(1,2) 400Hz A3
D4.
4.2.2.4

.

(L/h) ( ).
D3
(1/2L, 1/3L, 1/4L, 1/5L).
.
(589Hz 1178Hz) .

1/3, 4 5 1/5. ,


89

 ms
.
, ,
()

.

70

80

Amplitude (dB)

295 Hz
589 Hz
884 Hz
1178 Hz
1473 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

plucking at 1/3

60
Amplitude (dB)

plucking at 1/2

70

50
40
30
20
10

10

0
0

0
0

plucking at 1/4

294 Hz
588 Hz
882 Hz
1175 Hz
1469 Hz

50
40
30
20

Amplitude (dB)

70
60

10
0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

Amplitude (dB)

294 Hz
588 Hz
881 Hz
1175 Hz
1469 Hz

Time (s)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

plucking at 1/5

294 Hz
588 Hz
881 Hz
1175 Hz
1469 Hz

Time (s)

4.34: D4
(1/2, 1/3, 1,4 1/5)

.
. ,

.

4.2.2.4

.
39
(p-ff).

90

Average Level (dB)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
16 kHz

12.5 kHz

10 kHz

8 kHz

6.3 kHz

5 kHz

4 kHz

3.15 kHz

2.5 kHz

2 kHz

1.6 kHz

1.25 kHz

1 kHz

800 Hz

630 Hz

500 Hz

400 Hz

315 Hz

250 Hz

200 Hz

160 Hz

125 Hz

100 Hz

1 /3 Octav e Ban ds
4.35: 39 1
: (pp)
(ff). .

(ff) (p). ,
(1,1)

.

91

4.3 2-

. ,
.
2
D3 1.
-
(1,1) 176Hz (1,1)
290Hz . A3 D4
A3
D3 (1,1)
(1,2) 2
400Hz .

Initial - Fall Level

Difference (dB)

70

mf
f

60
50
40
30
20
10

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

4.36:
.

39 (mf) 1
.


(1,2) (2,1).

92

.
2

Average Level (dB)

130

4
3

0,05s

1s
2s

110
90
70
50
30
100

600

1100

1600

Frequency (Hz)

4.37: 39 3
2s
(mf 1). 5
.

2

30 .
0,05s
1s
2s
IR at bridge

Average Level (dB)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

Frequency (Hz)
4.38: 3 39
(mf 2). 30
.

93


2
.


.
,


.
.
(4.39) 39
,
(pp ff ), 2.

Average Level (dB)

120

pp (0s)
ff (0s)

100

IR at Bridge

80
60
40
20
0
100

1000

10000

Frequency (Hz)
4.39: 39 2
( 1). 20
.

.

400-470Hz
(1,2) (2,1),

94

 700-780Hz (3,1)
.

80

80
295 Hz
589 Hz
884 Hz
1179 Hz
1473 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

10

314 Hz
629 Hz
943 Hz
1258 Hz
1572 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

0
0

0
1

2
Time (s)

Time (s)

4.40: D4 D#4 D4
(mf- - 1)

D4 D#4 D4 (1,1)
2.
4
D4 (3,4)2 .
DT10 60
39 1
1.
DT10
DT20
DT30
DT40
DT50
DT60

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

1
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Decay Time (s)

10
9

N o te s - F re q ue ncy (H z)

4.41: DT10-60 51 (mf - 1)

95

,
DT10
- DT30. ,
,

.

96

 5
()
5.1

1,2, 3 . ,
800Hz .


.

(1,1)

(1,1)

(1,2)

(2,1)

(1,3)

(3,2)1

5.1:

(1,1) 176Hz
, (1,1), 330Hz. (1,2)
510Hz.


.
(2,2) 550Hz 2 .
580Hz 680Hz
750Hz (1,3).
(3,2) 2 .
(3,2)1 830Hz.
830Hz 920Hz (3,2)2 ,
2KHz
.
97



(3,2)
(3,1) (3,3)
( ).

(3,2)2

(2,3)

(4,2)

(5,3)

(5,2)

1550Hz

1830Hz

5.2: 1000-2000Hz

(2,3) 1008Hz
. (4,2) 1120Hz
4
. (5,3) 1280Hz 5
.
( )
.
5 (5,2) 1464Hz. ,
1500 1900Hz 4
1550, 1620, 1650 1830Hz 5 6
.
6 8 .

98

Sound Pressure Level

(10dB per div.)

(a)

(b)

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

5.3 : 40
3 ( ) 1 (a) 2 (b).

H
, (1,1),
. (1,1)T 330Hz
.
750Hz 930Hz
(1,3) (3,2)1 (3,2)2. 1

.
(1,2) (2,1) 500
550Hz
1, .
1050Hz
1000Hz
1240Hz (4,2) (5,3)
2.

D4.

. ,

.
99

(10 dB per div.)

Sound Pressure Level

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

5.4 : .
1 ( ) 2 ( ) .

(2,1) 545Hz
2 1
(1,2) .
1000Hz
(2,3)
.


1,2 3 . ,
, (1,1),

.



.

100

5.2
5.2.1

5.2.1.1

.
52
.
Initial (P1)
Fall (P1)
Initial (P2)
Fall (P2)

80
60
40

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350

20
C3 131
C#3 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262

Amplitude (dB)

100

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

5.5 : 52
( ) C3 ,
1 (P1) 2 (P2).
.

C3 (131Hz)
176Hz ( E3,F3 F#3)
[ (1,1)H]
. ,


.
101

 F
. ,
330Hz (1,1) .

1
, .
(1,1) A3
D4 . (1,1), D4
(1,2) 500Hz
1s
(1,1)T.
1.
-
.
-

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

P1
P2

C3 131
C#3 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Amplitude (dB)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

5.6 : 52
( ) C3 ,
1 (P1) 2 (P2).

.
(1,1) (1,1)
220Hz -

102

.
.
(2,1) 550Hz
. , (2,1) (1,2)
( 50Hz),
, -
(1,2).
, -
(1,1)
(1,2) .

.

5.2.1.2

52

( 1).

:

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

0s to 3s

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

5.7 : 52 4

103

2104

O , (1,1) 176Hz
, (1,1)T 330Hz,

, [(1,2) (2,1)] 500
550Hz 750Hz 930Hz
(1,3) (3,2)1 (3,2)2
(1,1).
, (1,2) (2,1)
.
360
460Hz
.
,
( )
.

780 900Hz

.
,
, 220Hz

.
5.7
. ,
1s () 3KHz
2s 3s ( )
2KHz 1,4KHz .

5.2.1.3

,
.

104

80

70
330 Hz
660 Hz
990 Hz
1320 Hz
1650 Hz

60
50
40

220 Hz
441 Hz
661 Hz
882 Hz
1102 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

30
20

50
40
30
20

10

10

0
0

0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

5.8 :

5.8 E4 (330Hz)
D4, (1,1)
, .
, 124dB/s 0,3s
18dB/s.
A4 (220Hz) 4
(3,2)1 (3,2)2
2 .

147 Hz
295 Hz
442 Hz
589 Hz
737 Hz

80
70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

156 Hz
312 Hz
468 Hz
624 Hz
780 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

Time (s)

80

80
165 Hz
331 Hz
496 Hz
661 Hz
826 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

70

Amplitude (dB)

70

Amplitude (dB)

2
Time (s)

10

175 Hz
350 Hz
525 Hz
700 Hz
875 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

0
0

0
0

Time (s)

2
Time (s)

5.9 :

105

 C3 D4 F4 (147-175Hz).
( )

(1,1)H .

. 2
( )
(1,1) Hz
(330Hz) .
( )
(1,2) 510Hz F3
1,2s ( 442Hz)
. 4 ( )


( dB).
, 5 ( )
3 (1,3), (3,2)1 (3,2)2
. , 5 D3
(1,3) 750Hz. D#3
(780Hz) (1,3) (3,1)

( )
(1,1). 5 E3 (165Hz) (1,3)
830Hz
. . , 5
F3 (175Hz) (3,2)1 (3,2)2
4 A4
1s .


. ,



106

 . ,
,
5.7

(1,3) (3,2)1 (3,2)2 .

. , ,
(
)

50
40
30
20

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

C3 131
C#3 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

10
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350

Attack Time (ms)

4
3
2

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350

1
C3 131
C#3 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262

Difference (Hz)

Max - Mean Pitch

N o tes - F requ ency (H z)

N o tes - F requ ency (H z)

5.10 : ( ) ( )

107

5.2.2

5.2.2.1

. ,
C3 F3

. , 2
A3 D3
(1,1). , (1,2)

- (38dB 49dB ).
, ,

60
40
20
0

C4 131
C#4 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Initial - Fall Level

Difference (dB)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

5.11: 52
1 .

52 (1 )
(mf) . ,

(1,1) ( 315Hz) ( 800Hz). ,
108

500Hz

(1,2).

,
1s
8KHz . 2
5KHz 6s

16 kHz

2s
5s

12.5 kHz

10 kHz

1s
4s

8 kHz

6.3 kHz

5 kHz

4 kHz

3.15 kHz

2.5 kHz

2 kHz

1.6 kHz

1.25 kHz

1 kHz

800 Hz

630 Hz

500 Hz

400 Hz

315 Hz

250 Hz

200 Hz

160 Hz

0s
3s
6s

125 Hz

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

100 Hz

Average Level (dB)

1000Hz .

1/3 Octave Bands

5.12: 52 1
.

,

. ,

52 2
, (p) (f). ,
20
.

109

Average Level (dB)

100

f 0s
IR

80

p 0s

60
40
20
0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)
5.13: 52 2
( 1). 20
.

5.2.2.2

. ,
,

. E4
(330Hz) F4 (350Hz) 5.14 D4 ,

(1,1)
. ,
,
.
80

80
331 Hz
661 Hz
992 Hz
1323 Hz
1654 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

10

350 Hz
700 Hz
1050 Hz
1400 Hz
1750 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

0
0

3
Time (s)

5.14 :

110

3
Time (s)

 A3
.

80

80
329 Hz
659 Hz
988 Hz
1318 Hz
1647 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

10

349 Hz
698 Hz
1048 Hz
1397 Hz
1746 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

5.15 : E4 F4 A3

, E3 (165Hz) F3 (175Hz) C3
(1,1)
2 C3 1 C4
( ).
80

80
165 Hz
329 Hz
494 Hz
659 Hz
823 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

10
0
0

175 Hz
349 Hz
524 Hz
698 Hz
873 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

Time (s)

Time (s)

5.16 : E3 F3 C3

, 2 5 (1,2) (3,2)1-2 4

2 . 4
E3 F3.

, ,
(
)
.

111

, DT10 60
52
.
DT10
DT20
DT30

8
7
6

DT40
DT50
DT60

5
4
3
2
1
0

C4 131
C#4 139
D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Time (s)

10
9

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

5.17: DT10-60 52 (mf - 1)

, ,
.
Fourier D3 C3 13s

(148Hz). ,
60dB
.

(1,1)

, (1,1) Helmholtz

.
52
.


.
112

Average Level (20dB per div.)

Hole Open

Hole Sealed

100

200

300

500

1000

2000 3000

104

5000

2104

Frequency (Hz)
5.18: ( ) () 52
(Hole Open)
(Hole closed).

.
300Hz
. ,
500Hz 750-850Hz (1,2) (1,3),(3,2),(3,2)2
, .

(1,1).

F3 (175Hz)
.
80

80

175 Hz
349 Hz
524 Hz
698 Hz
873 Hz

60
50
40

70

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70

30
20
10
0
0

175 Hz
349 Hz
524 Hz
699 Hz
873 Hz

60
50
40
30
20
10

Time (s)

2
Time (s)

5.19 : F3 C3
( ) ().

113

 (175Hz)

. ,
20dB 3dB/s.

,
. ,
(1,1)
.

114

 6
()

. ,
,
. ,

.


100-2KHz 6-7 .
,

. ,

( )
.

.

6.1 1
20
1 6 .

6.1.1

1 (1,1)
165Hz. 180Hz 500Hz
(1,1) (1,1)
590Hz.
( )
. ,
115

 (1,2)
. 670Hz

( ) 630Hz
650Hz.
(1,1)
. 2

(1,1). (1,1)
(1,1)1 (1,1)2

( ) [6]. ,

590-650Hz 2
(1,1) .

(1,1)

(1,1)1

(1,1)2

(1,2)

(2,1)

(2,2)

(1,3)

6.1: 1

(1,2) 940Hz 2
.
(2,1) 1150Hz
1050Hz.
16dB
5.1, (2,2) 1230Hz (1,3) 1580Hz.
1900Hz (3,2).
,

.

116

 6.2: (3,2)

4
1200Hz .
- 1
(1,1) (161Hz) 2 .
, 1 (1,1)
12dB, 42 (!) 6
5.1 ,
2 ( ).


.

.

6.1.2

40
39
(
).
()
. ,
(1,1) 2 , ,
6 ESPI
(3,1) . , (2,2)
(2,1) .

117

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

(1,1)T

(1,2) (2,1) (3,1)

(1,1)H

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.3: 39
(), 1s
() 40 () ( 1-mf).

( )

(1,1)
. (1,1)
1000Hz 3
.
,
600Hz,
(1,1), 1900Hz,

.

, 1
(1,1) (1,2).
(2,1)-(2,2)
. ,
(1,3) ,
.
118

 (1,1)

,
. ,
, .
,
.

(1,1)T

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

(1,2) (2,1) (1,3)

(1,1)H

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.4: 39
(), 1s
() 40 () ( 2-mf).

,


(1,1) (1,3) 200Hz
.
2
. (1,1)
, .

ESPI
. 3KHz

119

(20dB per div.)

Sound Pressure Level

(, ).

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.5: .

( )

(1,1)
. ,
(1,1)
(4.2.1.5 )

Amplitude (20dB per div.)

(1,1)T

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

6.6 : (0-200ms) D5 D4 1
. (H)
(V).

120

,
.

6.1.3

-

51 .
(1,1) (1,2) (2,1)

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Amplitude (dB)

D4 .

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.7: 51 .

,

.

(1,2). ,
6.7
(1,2) (2,1)
(1,1). , ,
.

121

 1 1
.
D3
(1,1).


. , A3 278Hz
( 23dB)

.
70

70

50
40

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

60

147 Hz
293 Hz
440 Hz
587 Hz
734 Hz

60

30
20

30
20

0
0

0
0

2
Time (s)

2
Time (s)

70

70

40

Amplitude (dB)

50

314 Hz
628 Hz
942 Hz
1256 Hz
1570 Hz

60

156 Hz
312 Hz
468 Hz
624 Hz
779 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

40

10

10

30
20

50
40
30
20
10

10

0
0

2
Time (s)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2
Time (s)

70

165 Hz
330 Hz
495 Hz
660 Hz
825 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

295 Hz
590 Hz
884 Hz
1179 Hz
1474 Hz

50

333 Hz
665 Hz
998 Hz
1330 Hz
1663 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

2
Time (s)

0
0

2
Time (s)

6.8 : D3-E3 (147Hz-165Hz) D3

(294-333Hz) D4.

1
(1,1) 580 660Hz
D3 D4 (1,2) 3 D#4 D4 (
122

). 2 (1,1) 624628Hz .

. ,
D3
28dB E3 (165Hz) D3 (147Hz).


.
.
- 51 1.
initial Level

80

Level Fall

Amplitude (dB)

70
60
50
40
30
20

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

10

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.7: 51 .

39 1
6 .


.
,
51
2 , (p) (f). ,
15
.
123

80
Average Level (dB)

70

0s

1s

2s

3s

4s

5s

60
50
40
30
20

16 kHz

12.5 kHz

10 kHz

8 kHz

6.3 kHz

5 kHz

4 kHz

3.15 kHz

2.5 kHz

2 kHz

1.6 kHz

1.25 kHz

1 kHz

800 Hz

630 Hz

500 Hz

400 Hz

315 Hz

250 Hz

200 Hz

160 Hz

125 Hz

100 Hz

10

1/3 Octave Bands

Average Level (dB)

6.10: 39 (mf - 1).

f 0s

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

p 0s
IR

100

1000

10000

Frequency (Hz)
6.11: 15
2.

10dB :
D3 (1,1)H
DT30-60 E3 F3

124


.
10

DT10
DT20

DT30
8

DT40

DT50
DT60

Time (s)

6
5
4
3
2
1

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.12: DT10-60 51 (mf - 1)

. ,

2 (E3 F3) 20dB.


.
A3 D4 D#4
. ,

2 (1,1)
.
, D3

.

125

6.2 2
6.2.1

,
. ,
( )
.

(1,1)H

(1,1)T

(1,2)

(2,1)

(2,2)

(2,3)

(3,1)?

6.13: 2

2 (1,1)H
248Hz. 300 Hz 650Hz
(1,1) (1,1)1
780Hz.
( ) 1
(1,1)1. , (1,1)T2
1. 2 (1,2)
1181Hz.
16dB
. (2,1)
1360Hz, (+1
) 1560Hz 1660Hz
(2,2) 1720Hz.
1,3 1 2130Hz. ,

2 (2,3)
2 .
126

2500Hz. 6.13
. ,
1,
(3,2) 2350Hz
. ,
2 1 3
1200Hz

.

39 .

Average Level
(20dB per div.)

(1,1)T (1,2)
(1,1)H

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.14: 39
(), 1s
() 30 () ( 1-mf).

( )

ESPI (1,1), (1,1) (1,2) 1 (1,1)
. 39
:
1) ( ) 2,
1,
700 1800Hz
127

 (1,1). ,
(1,2) .
2) *

.
3 (248Hz), 10
.
3) ( )
(1,1) (1,2)

1s.
4) , (1,1)H
1
.
.

(1,1)H

(20dB per div.)

Average Level (dB)

(1,1)T (1,2)

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.15: 39
(), 1s
() 30 () ( 2-mf).

, . ,
15
*

,

.

128

 2400Hz 3,1.
1. ,

1
ESPI

,
.

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

P1

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Amplitude (dB)

39 .

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

P2

D3 148
D#3 156
E3 166
F3 176
F#3 186
G3 196
G#3 208
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
A3 220
A#3 234
B3 248
C4 262
C#4 278
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Amplitude (dB)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.16:: 51 . 1 (P1)
2 (P2)

129

 - 2

. , 2
(1,1)

. ,
294Hz A3 D3
.
D3
. ,
(
220Hz )
,
. ,


. ,
,

.

(1,1) (1,2)
760Hz 1180Hz
( 290Hz).
70

70
294 Hz
589 Hz
883 Hz
1177 Hz
1472 Hz

50
40

60

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

60

30
20
10

247 Hz
493 Hz
740 Hz
986 Hz
1233 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

0
0

Time (s)

2
Time (s)

6.17: D4

130

 ,
1.
,
. ,

.
(1,2)

mf

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

(1,1)T

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.18: 39
( (1,1) 833Hz
1 2
, .

.
(1,1)
. ,
,
.

131


D4
,
.

70

70

Amplitude (dB)

50
40
30
20

372 Hz
744 Hz
1116 Hz
1487 Hz
1859 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

351 Hz
701 Hz
1052 Hz
1403 Hz
1753 Hz

60

50
40
30
20
10

10

0
0

Amplitude (dB)

394 Hz
788 Hz
1182 Hz
1576 Hz
1970 Hz

60
50
40
30
20

Amplitude (dB)

80
70

10
0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

416 Hz
833 Hz
1249 Hz
1665 Hz
2082 Hz

Time (s)

2
Time (s)

6.19: D4

132

6.3
6.3.1

. ,
.

(1,1)

(1,1)

(1,1)

(1,2)

(2,1)1

(2,1)2

6.20: 2

2 (1,1)
386Hz.
. 450 Hz 900Hz
(1,1) (1,1)1
1000Hz 1100Hz. (1,1)T
1200Hz
.
1 (1,2) 1640Hz. 2KHz
2,5KHz
2 : O (2,1)1 2127Hz (2,1)2 2340Hz.
2
2 .



.
2 3 .

133

(1,1)T

(20dB per div.)

Sound Pressure Level

2 (1,1) (1,1).

100

(1,1)H

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.21: 30 1

(1,2) 1640Hz
2KHz (2,1)1 (2,2)2. ,
670 720Hz .
-

Average Level (20dB per div.)

(1,1), (1,1) (1,2) .

(1,1)T (1,2)
(1,1)H

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.22: 39 : (),
0,5s (), 1s .
1s (),2s () ...

134

 (1,1) (1,1)
3150Hz
.
,
(0,5s) .

0,5s
1s. , (1,1)
(1,1)H

.

.

(1,1) (1,1)
.
,
.

(1,1)T (1,2)

Average Level
(20dB per div.)

(1,1)H

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.23: 39
(), 1s
() 30 () ( 2-mf).

3150Hz .
135


.
,
, ,
1, , . ,

(1,1)H (386Hz) (1,1) (1100Hz)

1800Hz (1,1)T (1,2) (1670Hz)
.
, 660-720Hz
. ( )
.

Initial Level

D 588
D# 624
E 660
F 700
F# 740
G 784
G# 832
A 880
A# 934
B 988
C 1048
C# 111
D 1176

Level Fall

A 440
A# 468
B 494
C 524
C# 556
D 588
D# 624
E 660
F 700
F# 740
G 784
G# 832
A 880

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D 294
D# 312
E 330
F 350
F# 370
G 392
G# 416
A 440
A# 468
B 494
C 524
C# 556
D 588

Amplitude (dB)

(1,1)T 1100-1200Hz.

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.24: 39 .

, A4 D5
D#5 F#5.
, A4
- .
,

136


2.

70

70

Amplitude (dB)

50
40
30
20

389 Hz
778 Hz
1167 Hz
1556 Hz
1945 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

292 Hz
584 Hz
876 Hz
1168 Hz
1460 Hz

60

10

50
40
30
20
10

0
0

Time (s)
70

50
40
30
20

60

Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)

70
439 Hz
878 Hz
1317 Hz
1756 Hz
2195 Hz

60

10

591 Hz
1181 Hz
1772 Hz
2363 Hz
2954 Hz

50
40
30
20
10

0
0

0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

70

70

50
40
30
20

989 Hz
1978 Hz
2968 Hz
3957 Hz
4946 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

884 Hz
1769 Hz
2653 Hz
3538 Hz
4422 Hz

60

Amplitude (dB)

2
Time (s)

10

50
40
30
20
10

0
0

Time (s)

Time (s)

6.25: D4 (292,389Hz), A4 (439Hz,552Hz)

D5 (884Hz,989Hz).

- 2 D5
(589Hz ) A4. ,
, ,

.

6.3.1.1

-
137

 .

,

D 588
D# 624
E 660
F 700
F# 740
G 784
G# 832
A 880
A# 934
B 988
C 1048
C# 111
D 1176

A 440
A# 468
B 494
C 524
C# 556
D 588
D# 624
E 660
F 700
F# 740
G 784
G# 832
A 880

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

D 294
D# 312
E 330
F 350
F# 370
G 392
G# 416
A 440
A# 468
B 494
C 524
C# 556
D 588

Amplitude (dB)

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.26: 39 .

32 (1 )

16 kHz

12.5 kHz

10 kHz

8 kHz

6.3 kHz

5 kHz

4 kHz

3.15 kHz

2.5 kHz

2 kHz

1.6 kHz

1.25 kHz

1 kHz

800 Hz

630 Hz

500 Hz

400 Hz

315 Hz

250 Hz

200 Hz

0s
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s

160 Hz

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

125 Hz

Average Level (dB)

(mf) .

Frequency (1/3 octave Bands)

6.27: 39 (mf - 1).

138


.
,
3,15KHz
ESPI. 1s
4KHz 3

, (1,1), 400Hz.

DT10 50 39
.
D4
. , DT10
,
.
DT10

DT20

Time (s)

DT30

DT40

DT50

3
2

D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880
A#5 934
B5 988
C6 1048
C#6 111
D6 1176

A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588
D#5 624
E5 660
F5 700
F#5 740
G5 784
G#5 832
A5 880

D4 294
D#4 312
E4 330
F4 350
F#4 370
G4 392
G#4 416
A4 440
A#4 468
B4 494
C5 524
C#5 556
D5 588

Notes - Frequency (Hz)

6.28: DT10-60 39 (mf 1)

. ,
(1,1) .
39
139

 39 .
156
.

H
(1,1)T (1,2)

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

(1,1)H

(1,1)T
(1,2)
(1,1)H

100

200

500

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.29: 39
. () (V). ,
( 156 ).

: (1,1)


.
( ).
, ,
,
.
, .
1
(1,1)

140

 6.6. , ,

.

(1,1) . ,

. 1
.

6.3.2

1. ,


.

.

(1,1)

(2,1)

(1,1)

(1,2)

(2,2)

(2,2)

(3,1)

6.30: 1

1 (1,1)
340Hz.
141

 . 380 Hz 800Hz
(1,1) (1,1)
970Hz. 1 (1,2) 1800Hz.
(2,1) 2300Hz
2200Hz (2,1)
2400Hz. (2,2) 2546 (3,1)
( ) 3400Hz.

. Helmholtz (1,1)T 1
2, (1,3)
.

. ,
, 1
2.
(1,1)T (1,2)

(20dB per div.)

Average Level

(1,1)H

(1,1)T

(1,1)H

100

200

500

(1,2)

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

5000

104

2104

6.30: 39 2 (), 1 ()

1 ()

1
2KHz
142

 1
(1,1) .

143


,

.

. ,
, ESPI,

.

:

1.

2. .

. ,

( ).

, ,

.
,

model based synthesis

(digital

waveguides)

.

( )
.
144

,


. ,

( )
.
,
,

.

,
.

145

[1]

Tzevelekos, P. and Kouroupetroglou, G., Acoustical analysis of woodwind musical

instruments for virtual instrument implementation by physical modelling. Proceedings of the
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http://speech.di.uoa.gr/sppages/spppdf//acoustica2004_physicalmodeling.pdf

[2]

.,

2008,

, , , 29/09/2008 1/10/2008, .: .
, .182-191

[3]

, ., , M., , . , . .,

. , 2008,
, , , 29/09/2008 1/10/2008, .: . ,
.182-191

[4]

, I., . (
)
http://www.lutherie.gr/stave/stave_3.htm

[5]

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York, 2000

[6]

Fletcher, N. and Rossing, T., The Physics of musical instruments. 2nd ed., Springer, New
York, 1998.

[7]

Boyce, E. W. and DiPrima, C. R., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems. John Wiley & Sons, 1992.

[8]

Roederer G. J., The Physics and Psychophysics of Music. 3rd ed., Springer, New York,
1995.

146

[9]

Fletcher, N. H., the nonlinear physics of musical instruments. Rep. Prog. Phys., 62, pp. 723764, Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1999

[10]

Goodway, M. and Odell, S., The metallurgy of the 17th and 18th century music wire (In The
historical Harpichord). Pendragon Press, Stuyvensant, Vol. 2, Ch. 6, New York, 1987

[11]

Benade, . ., Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press,

London, 1976

[12]

Legge K. A. and Fletcher N. H., Nonlinear generation of missing modes on a vibrating

string. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 76, pp. 5-12,1984.

[13]

Gough, C., The nonlinear free vibration of a damped elastic string, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 75,
pp. 17701776, 1984

[14]

Bucur, V., Acoustic of Wood. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2006.

[15]

Chakraverty, S., Vibration of Plates. Taylor & Francis, Inc., 2008

[16]

Janson,

E.,

Acoustics

for

Violin

and

guitar

makers.

Erik

Janson,

2002

http://www.speech.kth.se/music/acviguit4/

[17]

Jansson, E. V., A study of acoustical and hologram interferometric measurements on the top
plate vibrations of a guitar. Acustica, 25, pp. 95-100, 1971

[18]

Helmholtz, H.V., On the Sensations Of tone. Dover, New York,1954 (

1877)

[19]

Morse, P. and Ingard, U., Theoritical Acoustics, Princeton University Press,1986

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