2bUVjusV ,Msl dk mlds

mn~~xe rd vuqjs[ku
ftl izdkj izR;sd ?kj dk ,d ,Msl gksrk gS mlh izdkj
izR;sd dEI;wVj tks fd bUVjusV ls tqM+k gS mldk ,d ,Msl
gksrk gS ] bls vkbZ ih ,Msl uke fn;k x;k gSA bl v/;k; esa
vkbZ ih ,Msl fdl izdkj ls fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gS rFkk
fdlh ,Msl dks mlds mn~~xe rd dSls Vsl fd;k tkrk gS ds
ckjs esa foLrkj ls v/;;u djsxsaA
bUVjusV dh nqfu;k esa vkbZ ih ,Msl ds vykok vU;
izdkj ds ,Msl Hkh gksrs gS] mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bZesy
,sMsl (someone@gmail.com), osc ,sMsl (www.google.com) ]
bu lHkh ,Msslks dks muds mn~~xe (source) rd Vsl djus
ij tkWp vf/kdkjh dks foospuk esa izxfr djus ds lw= feyrs
gS] fdlh vkbZ ih ,Msl dks Vsl djus ds iwoZ ge dqN
vo/kkj.kkvksa (concept) ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa tkusxsa%&

1 bUVjusV izksVksdkWy ,Msl

izR;sd fMOkkbl dks bUVjusV ij dusDV gksus ds
fy, ,d vkbZ ih ,Msl dh furkar vko;drk gksrh gSA vkbZ ih
,Msl 4 uEcjksa dh Js.kh (series) gksrh gS ftudk foLrkj
(range) 0 ls 255 rd gksrh gS] rFkk bUgs nkeyo ;k fcUnq
yxkdj izFkd fd;k tkrk gS A IPV4 eas vkbZ ih ,Msl fy[kus
dk mnkgj.k 129-23-11-45 gS A
;s vkbZ ih ,Msl fufpr usVodZ ,oa fMokbl ls rknkrE;
nkkZrs gSA fdlh Hkh fMokbl dk vkbZ ih ,Msl mlds
bUVjusV ij dusDV gksus ds le; ij mldh HkkSfrd fLFkfr
(location) dks ugh crkrk gS fdlh fMokbl dk vkbZ ih ,Msl
irk gksus ij tkWp vf/kdkjh dks mldk HkkSfrd yksdsku irk
djus ds fy, D;k djuk gksxk ;g vkxs ds i``"Bksa esa crk;k
tk;sxkA
1

vkbZ ih ,Msl 0 ls 255 rd ds 4 uEcjksa nkeyo ls

i``Fkd ls feydj curk gS bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd 256 4=
4]29]49]67]296 pkj vjc] mUrhl djksM+] mupkl yk[k
lM+lB gtkj nkS lkS fN;kuos fMokblsl dks,d le; esa vkbZ
ih ,Msl vkoafVr fd;s tk ldrs gSA
vkbZ ih ,Msl cukus dh bl izfof/k dks IPV4 uke fn;k
x;k gS] bUVjusV dk mi;ksx djus okyksa dh la[;k esa fnu
nwuh jkr pkSxquh dh foLQksVd xfr ls btkQk gks jgk gS
bllss IPV4 ls mijksDrkuqlkj vkbZ ih ,Msl vkoafVr djus ij
Hkfo; esa vkbZ ih ,Msl de iM+us dh vkkdka izrhr
gksus ij ] okZ 1995 esa vkbZ ih ,Msl fy[kus dh ,d ubZ
izfof/k fodflr dh x;h ftls IPV6 uke fn;k x;k rFkk blesa 128
fcV~~l dk mi;ksx vkbZ ih ,Msl cukus esa fd;k x;k ]blds
mi;ksx ls vkbZ ih ,Msl dh deh dh vkkadk iwjh rjg ls
lekIr gks xbZ gS A IPV6 eas vkbZ ih ,Msl fy[kus dk
mnkgj.k 2001:db:8:0:1234:0:567:8:gSA
vkbZ ih ,Msl pkgs IPV4 esa gks ;k IPV6 esa tkWp
vf/kdkjh ds fy, mn~~xe dks Vsl djus dh izfdz;k yxHkx
ogh gS blesa dksbZ vUrj ugh vk;k gSA
bUVjusV ,lkbUM uEclZ vFkWkfjVh (IANA-Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority) foo Lrj ij vkbZ ih ,Msl ds
vUrjky forfjr djus dk izca/k ns[krh gS rFkk mlds varxZr
ikWp {ks=h; bUVjusV iath;d (RIR-Regional Internet Registry)
dk;Z djrs gS tks LFkkuh; bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj dks
vkbZ ih ,Msl lewg forfjr djrs gSA

2 izkbosV

vkbZ ih ,Msl

IANA }kjk IP ,Msl ds rhu fufpr lewgks dks izkbosV

usVodksZ ds bLrseky ds fy, vkjf{kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;s
ifCyd bUVjusV ij fn[kkbZ ugh nsrs gS] buds ckjs esa
lwpuk izkbosV usVodZ ds Lokeh ls izkIr gksrh gS A
2


A



Network Address Translator
;s

rhu lewg gSa %&

10-0-0-0-

ls

10-255-255-255

172-16-0-0-

ls

172-31-255-255

192-168-0-0-

ls

192-168-255-

255

3 bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj (ISP)

bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ;k rks O;olkf;d :i ls lsok
nsus okys ;k laLFkk;s gksrh gS tSls fd fctusl lewg ;k
ljdkjh laLFkk,s ] os vius miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, vkbZ ih
,Mslks ds Cykd fjtoZ djk ysrs gSA
bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj dks lwpuk izks|kSfxdh
vf/kfu;e 2008 dh /kkjk 2 1 c ds vuqlkj e/;orhZ dh
lwph esa j[kk x;k gS A [kkrk /kkjdksa dh bUQkjesku ds
j[kj[kko ds lEc/k esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk e/;ofrZ;ksa ds fy,
fnkkfunsZk fu;e 2011 cukdj fufpr fd;k gS fd Hkkjr esa
dgha Hkh bUVjusV dh lsok nsus okys bUVjusV lfoZl
izksokbMj [kkrs /kkjdksa dh lwpuk ,oa lgc) vfHkys[kksa
dks vUosk.k ds iz;kstuksa ds fy;s de ls de 90 fnu dh
vof/k ds fy;s ifjjf{kr j[ksxk A ;fn os bl la/kkj.k dks j[kus
esa foQy gksrs gSa rks /kkjk 67 lh vkbZ-Vh-,DV
2000 esa muds fy, 3 o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl dk izko/kku fd;k
x;k gSA
3

4 Mk;esfud ,oa LVsfVd

,Msl

vkbZ ih

fdlh lfoZl izksokbMj ds }kjk mlds ikl Iakthd``r vkbZ

ih ,Msl esa ls ml le; miyC/k vkbZ-ih- ,Msl ds iwy esa ls
vLFkkbZ :Ik ls vkoafVr vkbZ ih ,Msl dks Mk;usfed vkbZih- ,Msl dgk tkrk gSA ;s ,Msl fdlh miHkksDrk dks mlh
le; mldh fMokbl dks vkoafVr fd;s tkrs gSa tc og
vkWuykbZu l= dh 'kq:vkr djus ds fy, bUVjusV ls dusDV
gksrk gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ;s fdlh Hkh ,d
fMokbl ds vkbZ-ih- ,Msl mlds ykWfxu l=ksa ds fy, vyx
vyx gks ldrs gSaA
LVsfVd vkbZ ih ,Msl LFkkbZ :Ik ls fdlh fMokbZl dks
vkoafVr dj fn;s tkrs gSaA ifj.kker% vkbZ-ih- ,Msl izR;sd
ykWfxu l= esa vifjorZuh; jgrk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr
O;kikfjd laLFkku ;k laLFkk vius fy, fLFkj bUVjusV mifLFkfr
pkgrs gSa tSls fd dksbZ osCklkbV rks mls ,d LVsfVd
vkbZ-ih- ,Msl dh vko;drk gksxhA

5 Packet
bUVjusV ij tc dksbZ MkVk Hkstk tkrk gS rks mls
iSdsVksa esa foHkDr dj fy;k tkrk gS bu iSdsVksa dks
bUVjusV ds fofHkUu :Vksa ls xUrO; ij Hkstk tkrk gS rFkk
xUrO; ij iqu% mUgs fjvlsEcy djds MkVk dk iquZfuekZ.k
dj fy;k tkrk gSA tc Hkh dksbZ bUQkesZku tSls fd Qkby]
bZesy] eSlst] gk;ij VsDlV ekdZvi ySXost html
MkD;wesaV ;k osc ist dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
Hkstk tkrk gS] rks usVodZ dk vkijsfVax flLVe ml
bUQkesZku dks mfpr vkdkj ds NksVs NksVs VqdM+ksa
esa foHkDr dj jokuk dj nsrk gSA buds iSdsVksa esa ls
izR;sd iSdsV ij xUrO; dk ,Msl lekfo"V jgrk gSA ;s fofk"V
iSdsV fdlh usVodZ ds vyx vyx ekxksZa ls ;k=k djrs gq,
4

xUrO; ij ,df=r gksrs gSa rc bUgs fjvlsEcy djds ewy Qkby

dk iquZfuekZ.k dj fy;k tkrk gSA

6 Network devices and services

usVodZ fMokblsl esa jkmVj] Qk;joky izkWDlh loZj]
xsVos] usVodZ ,Msl Vkalysku NAT rFkk Mk;usfed
gksLV dfUQxjsku izksVksdksYk DHCPdks 'kkfey fd;k
tk ldrk gS] fMtk;u djrs oDr bu usVodZ fMoklsl esa
ykWfxax Qhpj ftlesa fd vkjEHk fcUnq o xUrO; fcUnq ds
ckjs esa] miHksDrk dk ;wtj ykWfxu use] ykWfxu djus ds
fnukad o le; ds ckjs esa lwpuk j[kh tk,s gks Hkh ldrk gS
vkSj ugh Hkh gks ldrk gSA dqN ;k lHkh usVodZ fMoklsl
esa okLrfod vkjEHk fcUnq rFkk xUrO; fcUnq ds vkbZih- ,Msl dks ifjofrZr ;k Nqik nsus dk Qhpj jgrk gSA vr,o
vkjEHk fcUnq o xUrO; fcUnq ds okLrfod vkbZ-ih- ,Msl
irk yxkus ds fy, usVodZ ,MfeefuLVsVj ds lkFk dk;Z djuk
vko;d gksrk gSA

7 Mksesu use loZj

Mksesu use loZj DNS bUVjusV dh Qksu cqd gksrs
gSa A os Mksesu ukeksa ,oa muds vkbZ ih ,Msl dh ,d
Mk;jsDVjh dks la/kkfjr djrs gS rFkk fjDosLV izkIr gksus ij
vkbZ ih ,Msl dk feyku djrs gS vkSj mls Mksesu uke esa
cny nsrs gS ftls vke turk Hkyh Hkkafr le> lds rFkk
fMokbl dks ml QksjesV esa Hkstrs gSa ftls fMokbl le>
lds A

ISP

Go to
164.1
00.12
9.56

164.100.129.56 (www.nic.gov.in)

Who is
www.nic.go
v.in

My PC
= 164.100.129.56

www.nic.gov.i
n is
164.100.129.

DNS

www.nic.gov.in

7 Domain name dks iathd``r djuk

dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k laLFkk fdlh Hkh Mksesu use dks
vius Lo;a ds fy, iathd``r djk ldrs gS ckrsZ og Mksesu
use igys ls gh iathd``r u gks vFkkZr miyC/k gks A
Mksesu use dk iathdj.k ICANN bUVjusV dkiksZjsku
Qksj ,lkbUM usEl ,aM uEclZ uked xSj ykHkdkjh laxBu
(non-profit organization)ds ikl fd;k tkrk gS tks fd Mksesu
use loZj esustesUV rFkk vkbZ ih ,Msl vkoafVr djus dk
dk;Z foo Lrj ij djrh gSA
fdlh Mksesu use dks iathd``r djus ds fy, uke] irk]
Qksu uEcj] fcfyax laca/kh tkudkjh] bZesy ,Msl rFkk
rduhdh ,oa izkklfud laidZ lw= dh tkudkjh nsuh gksrh
gSA bu tkudkfj;ksa ds vykok iath;d ds ikl Mksesu use ds
iath;u dh rkjh[k Hkh fey ldrh gSA gkykafd mijksDr
tkudkjh foospuk dks vkxs c<kus ds fy, lw= dk dk;Z djrh
gS] ijUrq foospd dks ;g /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s fd mijksDr
6

tkudkjh fdlh O;fDr }kjk iath;u ds le; izLrqr dh xbZ Fkh]

dkYifud Hkh gks ldrh gSA

7
LiwfQax]
ekfLdax
rFkk
fjMk;jsfDVax (spoofing, masking and
redirecting)
bUVjusV ij Nn~~eoskh dk;Z djus dh izxr fof/k;ksa
esa vkbZ ih ,Msl dks yksi djuk] fdlh vU; ds gksus dk
vglkl djkuk rFkk vU; ds vkbZ ih ,Msl dk mi;ksx dj
ladsr ,oa lwpuk,a Hkstuk kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bu
fof/k;ksa dks ekfLdax] LiwfQax o fjMk;jsfDVx dgrs gSA bl
rjg dh fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx djds ?kfVr fd;s x;s vijk/k dh
foospuk djus ds fy, mUur Js.kh ds izfk{k.k fn;s tkus dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA gkYkkafd fof/kd izfdz;kvksa dks iwjk
djus ds ckn Hkh ijEijkxr foospuk ds rjhdks dks bLrseky
djuk rc Hkh vko;d gksrk gSA vafre mi;ksxdrkZ dh igpku
LFkkfir djus ds fy,@dqN izdj.kksa esa ekfLdax]
LiwfQax] ;k fjMk;jsfDVx mi;ksxdrkZ dh igpku gksus
esa :dkoV dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA

vkbZ ih ,Msl ;k Mksesu use dk

vuqjs[k.k
ifjn`; %& ,d ukxfjd ;g nkok djrk gS fd tc og
bUVjusV ij lfQZax dj jgk Fkk rc og ,d ,slh osclkbV ij
igqWpk ftlds ckjs esa mls yxrk gS fd dkuwu dk ikyu
djkus okyh laLFkkvksa dks mldk ijh{k.k djuk pkfg;s] og
ukxfjd ml osclkbV dk uke www.nic.gov.in nsrk gSA

1- vkbZ ih ,Msl irk djuk

7

igyk dne gksxk osclkbV www.nic.gov.in ds

vkbZ ih ,Msl dks fufpr djuk blds fy;s bUVjusV ij
cgqr ls lkVos;j Vwy miyC/k gS tks foospd dh enn
Mksesu use ds vkbZ ih ,Msl dk irk yxkus esa djrs
gS muesa ls ,d osclkbV www.getip.com gS&

mijksDr fp= ;g nkkZrk jgk gS fd www.nic.gov.nic

dk vkbZ ih ,Msl

164-100-129-56 gS A

fiax dek.M ds }kjk IP address irk djuk

ekbkslkV foUMkst ds MS-Dos Command foUMks ij
tkdj
ping<computer>VkbZi
djuk
gS
;gkW
ij
<computer> fdlh dEI;wVj vFkok Mksesu dk uke gSA
8

uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa ping command dk mi;ksx

djds nic.gov.in ds vkbZ ih ,Msl dk irk yxk;k tkuk crk;k
x;k gSA

;gkW ij foospd dks ;g irk gksuk pkfg, fd bu lkbVksa

ij dh xbZ bUDok;jh dh ekuhVfjax vFkok fjdkfMZax gks
jgh gks ldrh gSA vr% laosnukhy izdj.kksa esa foospd
dks ,sls bUDok;jh djuh pkfg, ftlls fd tkWp ,stsUlh dks okil
ls Vsl u fd;k tk ldsA

2- Mksesu use jftLVsku dk fu/kkZj.k

djuk ,oa fjdkMZ djuk
vxyk dne Mksesu use jftLVsku ls lacaf/kr
lwpukvksa dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa fjdkMZ djuk gS blds fy,
bUVjusV ij vusd osclkbVksa ij ;g lsok miyC/k gSA ,slh
9

gh ,d osclkbV ipinfo.info/html/ip_cheeker.php. ij tkdj

Domain Whois record dh fMVsy tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh
gS A

10

11

mijksDrk vuqlkj Mksesu use rFkk mlds jftLVsku ls

lacaf/kr fuEu tkudkfj;k izkIr gksrha gSa %&

iathd`r Lokeh dk uke irk

fcfyax laca/kh tkudkjh
izkklfud laidZ lw=
vkbZ ih ,Msl dk foLrkj bl Mksesu use ds lkFk
rduhdh laidZ lw=

bu laidZ lw=ksa ls laidZ djus ij os ;g vfrfjDr tkudkjh

ns ldrs gS fd ftl dEI;wVj dks [kkstk tk jgk gS mldk
yksdsku dgka gS vkSj fof/kd izfdz;k dk lkeuk djus ds
fy, vf/kd``r O;fDr dkSu gSA

3-lk{; dh [kkst
Lkk{; lac/kh lwpuk;s vusd fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij fey ldrh
gS tSls fd%&
miHkksDrk dk dEI;wVj
miHkksDrk dk bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj
ihfM+r@fkdkj ;k lansgh dk dEI;wVj
fkdkj@lansgh ds fuEu fyf[kr fMokblksa ds ykWx
Qkbyksas esa
jkmVj
Qk;joky
Oksc loZj
bZesy loZj
vU; dusDVsM fMokblksa esa
;fn vkbZ ih ,Msl ds lkFk le; le; tksu dh tkudkjh
lfgr o fnukad irk gks rks vf/kdkak vkbZl,ih ml fofk"V
le;] fnukad ij ml vkbZ ih ,Msl dk mi;ksx djus okys
iathd``r miHkksDrk dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysrs gSa rFkk
foospd }kjk pkgs tkus ij tkudkjh miyC/k djk nsrs gSa]
12

gkykafd foospd dks ;g lc tkudkjh izkIr gksus ds ckn Hkh

vius ijEijkxr foospuk dh rjhdksa dk bLrseky djds ;g irk
yxkuk gksrk gS fd ml le; ml [kkrs dk iz;ksx dkSu dj jgk
FkkA

4- tkudkjh izkIr djus dh fof/kd izf;k

vxyk dne ;g fu/kkZj.k djuk gS fd vko;d tkudkjh izkIr
djus ds fy, mi;qDr ikVhZ dkSu lh gS ftlls dkWUVsDV djds
rFkk fof/kd uksfVl loZ djds tkudkjh izkIr dh tkosA lEcf/kr
O;fDr dks /kkjk 91 n0iz0l0 dk uksfVl ftlesa vijk/k ua,oa /kkjkvksa dk [kqyklk gks rFkk pkgh xbZ tkudkjh esa
Li"V :Ik ls le; o fnukad ds lkFk vkbZ ih ,Msl dk mYys[k
gksuk pkfg;s rFkk ;g Hkh mYys[k gksuk pkfg;s fd pkgh
xbZ tkudkjh 65 ch lk{; vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:Ik
gksuh pkfg;s rFkk mls fMftVy flXuspj ds lkFk lajf{kr Hkh
gksuk pkfg;s ,oa tkudkjh gkMZ dkWih ,oa lkVdkWih
nksuksa :iksa esa ys ysuk pkfg;sA tkudkjh izkIr gksus ij
foospd dks gsk ,Yxksfjne dk mi;ksx dj gsk oSY;w
fudkydj iapukek cukdj lajf{kr dj ysuk pkfg;sA
bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ls izkIr gksus okyh tkudkjh
esa fuEufyf[kr lwpukvksa dk lekosk gksrk gS%&
i) miHkksDrk dh tkudkjh %
(a) iathd``r Lokeh dk uke] irk ,oa Hkqxrku
fof/k
ii) VkatsDkuy tkudkjh
(a)
dusDku ysus ds fnukad dh tkudkjh
(b) mi;ksx dh xbZ IP address dk le; fnukad dh
tkudkjh
iii) fo"k;oLrq%
(a) bZesy eSlst] MkVk QkbZy rFkk LVksj fd;s
x;s izksxkeA

13

fof/kd izfdz;kvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, tkudkjh izkIr djus

ds fy, bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj dks fn;s tkus okys uksfVl
ds dqN mi;ksxh izk:i ;gkW fn;s tk jgs gS%&

bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ls ,dkm.V

bUQkesZku izkIr djus ds fy;s
Any and all subscriber information relating to
the account of (name) including but not limited to user
identity user account information, screen names,
account status, detailed billing records, email account
information,
caller
line
identification
account
maintenance history notes and IP history form (date) to
present.

bUVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ls vkbZ ih ,Msl

dk mi;ksx djus okys iathd``r miHkksDrk
dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s
any and all subscriber information relating to
the individual who was assigned the IP address of (IP
address) on (date) at (time and time zone) including
but not limited to user identity, user account
information screen names, account status, detailed
filling records, email account information, caller line
identification, account maintenance history notes and
IP history form (date) to present.
Mksesu use jftLVsku mi;ksx djus okys

iathd``r miHkksDrk dh tkudkjh izkIr djus

ds fy;s
any and all subscriber information relating to
identity of the individual who registered and maintain
the
domain
names
of
(www.xxx.com)
and
14

(www.xxx.org) including but not limited to all account

information, billing records including credit cards
number or other payment information, user identity IP
history and caller line identification.
bUVjusV o vU; usVodksZ ds e/; gksus okys lHkh
dE;wfudsku vius xarO; rd igWpus ds fy, IP Address ij
fuHkZj jgrs gSA bUVjusV o usVodksaZ ls lacaf/kr
vijk/kksa dh foospuk dh pkch vkjafHkd IP Address dk
fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk mlds lkslZ rd igwWpuk gSA ;g dkSky
fdlh Hkh foospd dks lk{; ds vfrfjDr lkslZ dks <w<+us]
fkdkj O;fDr ,oa lkf{k;ksa ds dFkuksa dks vkil esa
iqf"Vdj.k rFkk lafnX/k dks <w<+us esa l{ke cukrk gS A

15

16