Thermodynamics

Lecture 3

Internal energy (u) for ideal

gases
In general for a real substance:
u = f(T,V)
[or (P ,
V) or (P , T)]

But for an ideal gas and to some

extent liquids & solids internal
energy is a function of temperature
only :
u = f(T)
2

Calculate (u) from CV data

Cv : heat capacity at constant volume
()
Relation between Cv and u:

Note :
when calculating u we are interested in the
change not in the absolute value as we are
going to see when studying the first law
Cv for ideal gases is a function of T only and it
can be easily integrated
3

Total internal energy

Examples
T1
(K)

T2
(K)

Cv J/mol K

100

200

Cv = 5

100

200

Cv = 3T + 4

Enthalpy (h) for ideal gases

In general for a real substance:
h = f(T,P)
[or (T ,
V) or (P , T)]

But for an ideal gas enthalpy (h) like

internal energy (u) is a function of
temperature only :
h = f(T)
6

Calculate enthalpy (h) from internal

energy or from Cp data
Enthalpy can be calculated using two
methods:
1. Making use of the relation between U and h:
H = U + PV
H2 H1 = (U2 U1) + (P2V2
P 1V 1 )
If internal energy (U) is calculated first then we can
calculate the enthalpy (H)

2. Calculating enthalpy (h) from Cp data. The

next slides explain how to do the calculations
7

2.Calculate enthalpy (h) from Cp

data
CP : heat capacity at constant pressure
()
Relation between Cv and u:

Note :
When calculating (h) we are interested in the
change but not in the absolute value as we are
going to see when we study the first law
Cp for ideal gases is a function of T only and it can
be easily integrated
8

Examples
T1
(K)

100

T2
(K)

200

Cv J/mol K

Cp= 6T2 +
12T3

4514*106 J/mol

The relation between Cv &Cp for ideal

gases
This relation is :
Cp = C v
+R

How?
We know that :
h = u + PV = u +
RT
Differentiate with respect to T:
10