Internal Energy

The total of all the possible kinds of energy of a system

is called its internal energy.
It is obtained by state of system hence it is called as
state function.
Symbol Representation and sign convention
Internal energy of a system is represented by symbol E
U= Uf - Uin
U Is Positive +ve if Ef >Ein and negative -ve if Uf < Uin
Units of U SI unit is Calorie 1Cal=4.184J
 First law of Thermodynamics

●Total Energy of an isolated system remains

constant though it may change from one form
to another.
●Change in Energy 1)Absorption of Heat
2)Evolution of Heat 3) Work being done by
system.
● Mathematical Statement of First law.
U=q-w
q is the amount of heat applied to the system
w is the work done by the system
 Work and the 1st Law…
• We can think about work as a function of pressure and
volume
• dw = PdV
• Where PdV is the incremental small change in volume at
pressure associated with force x distance (dimensions of
work)
• Restate the first law as:
• dU = dq - PdV
Enthalpy of System.
● Total heat content of a system at constant pressure is equivalent to
addition of internal energy U and product of pressure and volume.is
called as enthalpy of system and represented by symbol H. Thus
enthalpy is defined by equation’
● H=U+PV
● It is a state function, independent of path.
● Change in Enthalpy

● H = H2-H1
 H = H2-H1-----(2)
Substituting values of H1 and H2 as from 1 and 2
H = (E2+P2V2)-(E1+P1V1)
=(E2-E1)+(P2V2-P1V1)
E+ (PV)
If P is constant while gas is expanding We can write

H= E+P V
H = E + w------(3)
E = q – w----------(4) by First law/ q is heat transferred
From equation (3) and (4) it s usually written as
H=q p
Unit and sign convention of Enthalpy
H= H2-H1
H is positive H2>H1 Reaction Endothermic
H is negative H1>H2 Reaction Exothermic