How to calculate the

Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation

s
Xi

Each value

Number of values in the data

Mean

How to calculate
1. Find the average of the data set (x-)
2. Take each value in the data set (x) and
subtract the mean from it to get (xi x-)
3. Square each of the differences (xi x-)2
4. Add up all the results from step 3 to get
the sum of squares (xi x-)2
5. Divide the sum of squares by the
numbers in the data set minus one (n-1)
6. Take the square root to get

example
Quiz scores: 1 3 5
Mean = 16 /4 = 4

Substract

squaring

1-4

-3

3-4

-1

5-4

7-4

20

n =4
n-1 = 3

20/3= 6.67 variance

Square root of 6.67 = 2.58
(standard deviation)

How to calculate the

Standardized Scores

Standard Scores (z-score and T-score)

A standard score expresses the position of an

individual score in terms of how many standard
deviations the score is above or below the mean of
the distribution. It is usually represented by zscore or T-score.

z-score is computed by using the following formula:

(X X )
z=

T-score is computed by using the following formula:

T = 50 + 10z
9

STANDARDISED
SCORES

Z score (Pupil A)

FORMULA

= Raw score Mean score

Standard deviation

= 7-4
= 3
2.58
= 1.16

= 10(Z) + 50

T score (Pupil A)

= 10(Z score) + 50
= 10(1.16) +50
= 61.6