EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS

Abstracted by:

ENGR. RODOLFO B. SOLOMON

 Collection of data-process of obtaining numerical
measurements

Tabulation or presentation-organization of data

into tables, graphs or charts in order to have a
logical and statistical conclusion

Statistics Analysis of data-the process of extracting from

the given data relevant information from which
numerical description can be formulated

Interpretation of data- task of drawing

conclusions from the analyzed data, formulation
of forecasts or predictions
 Descriptive(measures of central
Tendency, variability, skewness and
kurtosis)

Statistics Inferential-higher of order critical

judgment and mathematical
methods (testing of hypothesis, z
and t-test, correlation, analysis of
variance, chi-square test,
regression analysis and time series
analysis
 education
sociology business

Sports Uses of Statistics economics

Medicine Psychology
government
Terminologies
• Data- a set of observations, values, elements or objects under
consideration
• Population (N)- complete set of all possible observations or elements.
• Universe- the set of all entities under study
• Sample (n)- Representative of a population
• Variable- attribute of interest observable on each entity in the
universe
Types of data
1. Qualitative data (attributes)- categories
1. Students according to sex
❖2. Age level
❖3. Curriculum level

• 2. Quantitative data – (variable)-result of counting or

measuring
❖ Discrete –(whole number) no. of students in the
classroom
❖ Continuous-dimension of a room 8.5m x10m x3.4m
➢ Point estimate
➢ Interval estimate
 Statistic x
Population Sample
Sample
(Parameter)
μ (mu)
N
n= 2
Where:
n- sample size
1 +N(e)
N- population size
e- margin of error
Given: 15,000
Population = 15,000 n=
margin of error 5% (.05) 1 + 37.5
Solve for the sample size (n)
15,000
15,000 n=
n= 38.5
1 + (15,000) (0.05)2
n= 389.61
15,000 say 390 or 400
n=
1 + (15,000) (0.0025)
Scales of Measurement
1. Numerical Scale – numbers may be substituted for names of various
classes of the variable (kind and not degree categorical data)
• Color (red =1, yellow =2, 3=blue. . .)
Sex (male =0, Female=1)
• Race
• Civil status
Continuation of Scales of Measurement
2. Ordinal Scales (rank, degree of variable)
• Height ( tall = 1, taller=2, tallest=3)
• Educational Attainment
• None =0
• elementary =1
• High school =2
• Diploma =3
• BS=4
• Masters Degree =5
• Doctorate Degree= 6
Continuation of Scales of Measurement

• 3. Interval scales- degree of difference or distance

between observations. Unchanged by linear
transformation

Grades Ranks Difference

90 1 20
(r1 & r2)
70 2 30
(r1&r3)
10 (r2 &r3)
60 3
Continuation of Scales of Measurement

• 4. Ratio Scales in cases where the ratio of any two given values of a
variable in an interval scale starts from a fixed origin (zero)

• 0 90 0 40
• 90/40 = 9/4 add 5cm to both lengths
• 95/45≠ 9/4
Subscript and summation notation
• ∑ ( summation symbol Greek capital letter Sigma) denotes that
subscripted variables are to be added.
• Xi (x sub i) where i stands for numbers 1,2,3,…,n.

n
• ∑ (xi) = (x1) + (x2) + (x3) +. . . (xn).
i=1

4
• ∑ (xi)3 = (x1)3 + (x2)3 + (x3)3 + (x4)3
i=1
Continuation of Subscript and summation notation

?
• ∑x 2 = ∑(x)2
?
• ∑x2 ∑y2 = ∑(x2 y2)
?
• ∑x ∑y = ∑(x y)
?
• ∑x2 ∑y2 = ∑(x2 y2)
 Continuation of Subscript and summation notation

x y xy x2 y2 x2y2

5 2 10 25 4 100

2 6 12 4 36 144

3 5 15 9 25 225

4 3 12 16 9 144

∑x= 14 ∑y=16 ∑xy= 49 ∑x2=54 ∑y2=74 ∑x2y2=613