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571 Atlas Exercises Rev2015
571 Atlas Exercises Rev2015
Rev. 5- 2015
API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
B. controlled rates of heat during startup and shutdown
C. designs that incorporate sufficient flexibility
D. All of the above
12. External ________inspection can be used for non-intrusive inspection for
internal thermal fatigue cracking and where reinforcing pads prevent nozzle
examination.
A. Dye penetrant
B. Shear Wave UT
C. Visual
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
4.2.14 Erosion / Erosion-Corrosion
13. Erosion - Corrosion is ______________________________.
A. the accelerated mechanical removal of surface material as a result of relative
movement between, or impact from solids, liquids, vapor or any combination
thereof
B. removing protective films or scales by exposing the metal surface to further
corrosion
14. Increasing the hardness of the metal substrate is _____________________.
A. always a good method to prevent erosion from occurring
B. not always a good method to prevent erosion from occurring
15. Visual examination of suspected or troublesome areas, as well as UT checks
or RT can be used to detect the extent of metal loss.
A. True
B. False
16. Which of the following is not a form of erosion or erosion - corrosion?
A. cavitation
B. fretting
C. carburization
4.2.16 Mechanical Failure
17. One of the properties of mechanical fatigue is that it typically happens
___________.
A. well below yield strength of the material
B. well above yield strength of the material
C. at the yield strength of the material
18. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface _______________under cyclic
loading.
A. at openings only
B. at notches or stress raisers
C. underneath reinforcement pads only
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
19. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on the toughness and hence
fatigue resistance of a metal. In general ___________tend to perform better
than___________.
23. Piping on supports are often very prone to atmospheric corrosion due to
__________________.
A. long horizontal runs
B. being located next over sprays and leaks
C. water entrapment between the pipe and the supports
24. The method(s) that can be used for inspection to find atmospheric corrosion
are_________________.
A. Visual and RT
B. UT and Visual
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
27. Preventing CUI calls for careful selection of insulating materials. Therefore
__________ materials will hold less water against the vessel/pipe wall than
___________and, are potentially be less corrosive.
A. closed-cell foam glass - mineral wool
B. mineral wool - closed-cell foam glass
C. asbestos - closed-cell foam glass
28. The recommended technique for identifying wet insulation and potential CUI
is ____________.
A. Profile radiography
B, Neutron backscatter
C. Insulation removal
4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion
29. Cooling water corrosion is a general or localized corrosion of carbon steels
and other metals caused by _______________________________________.
A. dissolved salts, gases, organic compounds or microbiological activity
B. Low pH, inert gases, inorganic compounds or microbiological activity
C. High pH, gases, organic compounds or microbiological activity
30. ________cooling water outlet temperatures and or process side inlet
temperatures tend to increase corrosion rates as well as fouling tendency.
A. Decreasing
B. Increasing
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
31. Cooling water corrosion ________areas will appear as grooving along the
weld fusion lines.
A. at GTAW welds
B. at ERW welds
C. at nozzle welds
32. Cooling water should be monitored for variables that affect corrosion and
fouling. Below list the main variables that affect cooling water corrosion.
A. _______________________________
B. _______________________________
C. _______________________________
D. _______________________________
E. _______________________________
F. _______________________________
G. _______________________________
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
4.4.2 Sulfidation
36. Which of the following alloys form sulfides at a lower temperature than
carbon steel?
A. copper alloys
B. nickel alloys
C. aluminum alloys
37. Generally the resistance to Sulfidation in iron and nickel base alloys
increases as the _____________ content increases.
A. nickel
B. molybdenum
C. chromium
38. Inspection methods to determine thinning by Sulfidation include ___and ___.
A. UT thickness and VT
B. UT thickness and Profile RT
C. EC and Profile RT
39. Sulfidation is also known as __________________.
A. Sulfurous Oxide Attack (SOA)
B. High Temperature Sulfide Attack (HTSA)
C. Sulfidic Corrosion (SC)
4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)
40. The description of Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking is surface initiated
cracks caused by environmental cracking of 300 Series SS and some nickel
base alloys under the combined action of tensile stress, temperature and an
aqueous chloride environment. This condition is accelerated by__________.
A. increasing temperature
B. decreasing temperature
C. decreasing chloride
41. Which of the following alloys is highly susceptible to CLSCC?
A. nickel
B. duplex stainless steel
C. 300 series stainless steel
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
42. SCC usually occurs at pH values_____. At lower pH values, uniform
corrosion generally predominates. SCC tendency decreases toward the alkaline
pH region.
A. above 2
B. below 2
C. above 4
43. Inspection for CL SCC can be detected by using which of the following NDE
methods?
A. VT
B. PT
C. Both methods above
4.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue
44. Corrosion fatigue can affect __________________ materials.
A. Carbon Steel
B. Austenitic Stainless Steel
C. All metals and alloys
45. The fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most often _________, as in
stress-corrosion cracking, but not branched, and often results in propagation of
____________cracks.
A. transgranular - multiple parallel
B. intergranular - multiple parallel
C. transgranular - multiple radial
46. Corrosion fatigue is usually found in Deaerators by using __________ NDE.
A. VT
B. MT
C. WFMT
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
4.5.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)
47. Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion cracking characterized by
surface-initiated cracks that occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
primarily adjacent to___________.
A. non-PWHT welds
B. PWHT welds
C. nozzles and other openings
48. Crack propagation rates increase dramatically with temperature and can
sometimes grow through wall in ____________________________.
A. a matter of a few weeks
B. a matter of hours or days
C. a matter of a few months
49. Caustic embrittlement is often found in piping and equipment that handles
caustic. It may also be found in a process unit that______________________.
A. removes naphtha
B. mercaptans
C. Light Gas Oil
50. Prevention of cracking in carbon steels can be achieved by PWHT to a
temperature of __________________.
A. 1250 oF
B. 1150 oF
C. 1300 oF
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
5.1.1.10 - Sour Water Corrosion (Acidic)
56. Corrosion of steel due to acidic sour water containing H2S occurs at a pH
between _________.
A. 4.5 and 7.0
B. 2.5 and 7.0
C. 4.5 and 6.0
57. Sour water corrosion primarily affects ________________
A. Stainless steels
B. Carbon Steels
C. Non-Ferrous metals
58. H2S content, pH, temperature, velocity and _________concentration are all
critical factors for Sour Water corrosion.
A. oxygen
B. CO2
C. Methane
59. Acid sour water corrosion is a concern in overhead systems of FCC and
coker gas fractionation plants with ___________________________
A. high H2S levels and low NH3 levels
B. low H2S levels and high NH3 levels
C. moderate to high H2S levels and low NH3levels
60. __________are susceptible to pitting attack and may experience crevice
corrosion and/or chloride stress corrosion cracking
A. Carbon and low alloy steels
B. 300 Series SS
C. Aluminum and Titanium
61. For carbon steel, damage is usually in the form general thinning but may be
highly localized to specific areas of high velocity or turbulence, typically where a
______________________.
A. water phase is condensing
B. water phase is evaporating
C. turbulence exists in the flow stream
Rev. 5- 2015
API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
Rev. 5- 2015
API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
67. Blistering, HIC, and SOHIC damage have been found to occur between
ambient and _______________.
A. 300oF or higher
B. 400oF or higher
C. 500oF or higher
68. Typical low-strength carbon steels used in refinery applications should be
controlled to produce weld hardness <200 HB. These steels are not usually
subject to SCC at hardness below ___________________.
A. 200 HB
B. 237 HB
C. 190 HB
69. Blistering and HIC damage _________ prevented with PWHT.
A. cannot be
B. can be
C. may be
Rev. 5- 2015
API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
5.1.3.1 High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
70. HTHA occurs when hydrogen reacts with ______in steel to form
______which cannot diffuse through the steel.
A. iron - iron oxide
B. carbon - carbon dioxide
C. carbides - methane
71. Internal visual inspection for blisters ______________ HTHA.
A. will always indicate
B. may not indicate
C. does not indicate
72. Acoustic Emission Testing is a proven method for finding HTHA.
A. True
B. False
Rev. 5- 2015
API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. A (Stress Corrosion Cracking)
27. A
28. B
29. A
30. B
31. B
32.
a. pH
b. Oxygen content
c. Cycles of concentration,
d. Biocide Residual
e. Biological Activity
f. Cooling water outlet temp
g. Hydrocarbon Contamination & Process Leaks
33. C
34. A
35. B
36. A
37. C
38. B
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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
39. C
40. A
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. C
45. A
46. C
47. A
48. B
49. B
50. B
51. A
52. C
53. B
54. B
55. C
56. A
57. B
58. A
59. A
60. B
61. A
62. C
63. A
64. B
65. B
66.
a. Hydrogen Blistering
b. Hydrogen Induced Cracking
c. Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking
d. Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking
67. A
68. B
69. C
70. B
71. B
Rev. 5- 2015