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Example of a Relation
attributes
(or columns)
tuples
(or rows)
2.2
Attribute Types
The set of allowed values for each attribute is called the domain
of the attribute
Attribute values are (normally) required to be atomic; that is,
indivisible
The special value null is a member of every domain
The null value causes complications in the definition of many
operations
2.3
Example:
instructor = (ID, name, dept_name, salary)
Formally, given sets D1, D2, . Dn a relation r is a subset of
D1 x D2 x x Dn
Thus, a relation is a set of n-tuples (a1, a2, , an) where each ai Di
The current values (relation instance) of a relation are specified by
a table
An element t of r is a tuple, represented by a row in a table
2.4
2.5
Database
A database consists of multiple relations
Information about an enterprise is broken up into parts
instructor
student
advisor
Bad design:
the need for null values (e.g., represent an student with no advisor)
relational schemas
2.6
Keys
Let K R
K is a superkey of R if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique
which one?
Referencing relation
Referenced relation
2.7
2.8
Relational algebra
Relational operators
2.9
Selection of tuples
Relation r
and D > 5
A=B and D > 5 (r)
2.10
Select A and C
Projection
A, C (r)
2.11
r x s:
2.12
r s:
2.13
r s:
2.14
rs
2.15
2.16
Natural Join
r
2.17
Figure in-2.1
2.18
End of Chapter 2
Figure 2.01
2.20
Figure 2.02
2.21
Figure 2.03
2.22
Figure 2.04
2.23
Figure 2.05
2.24
Figure 2.06
2.25
Figure 2.07
2.26
Figure 2.10
2.27
Figure 2.11
2.28
Figure 2.12
2.29
Figure 2.13
2.30