!

" #

$ % &' ( ) # )* +

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5# 5% 5 +5% 6 4 3 +
2 , -1
95+> = 5% 3 8* 6 9 ) & : ( 7-; <
E 5% F 5G H5( 5* 5D # 9 , % C B % 4@@A ? " #
B 5& 5% I - 3 J 6 % $ ' KL 7 J -& J) = I
5 9L'5 #M5 7 5# 5% 5 , E . 6 B LD : E; $ L% A
= % . ) 9( N )# 6 D 9* K L

6 6 6 6 3 2 #K)#

2 3 O4
PQ " # 9+> 6 & ' RP # % I ST U 3
5 ) 5& 5% 5 : &L # 7 = I C 7 &
: 5 &L B 7 = % ) &+ $ < P3 9) % H( J 9
5V +5% 5I 5 5 3 1 8* 9 )& : % )
W5 5* 5D 5# % +% J D ? $ - #9 , % C J E # F G 9+>

! " # !
 % 3 J = , X T GKL $ 6 I " # H( Y*Z
J5 # % , E. ( I [' " # $ - # E &(
5 )# 5 53 . ) 9( 6 D , K L +% ' 3 7
=9
2 7 & ? O\
2 E. 3 : B I ] O4 W-%

&L 3 B I ] 2 O4 W-%
4
2 # I [ ' *+ Q &% ' UJ )

( ) = ( ) = ∑ =,
−

( ) ∑ l=, l
−l

2 ; 9 $ P $ ' J > Q#

[ ]= (∑ =,
χ[ − ] − ∑l = l [ )
− l]
,

2 ; 9 $ P $ Q?& = I ^ - )( 9 * #

![ ] = #[ ] + ν[ ]
Q &5% '5 R 5 53 5 :5 ST U = % σν _ N : ν[ ] E; #
∧

= $ J )0D *+

∑
3 (+ )
∧ ∧

* (+ ) =
/
∧
0 =,
10 +−0
2 (+ ) ∑
∧
= ∧
.
l=,
l +−l
∧ ∧
= &; 9 l $ & )0D R'* # &% 3 R l E;

4 ! 5
 ω[ ] [ ]R D D
∧ ∧

&% > Q a6 ` 4
3 3+ 2+

ω[ ] = ![ ]
∧7

A` 2

[ ] = 1 χ[ ]
∧7

ab`

 ∧   
[ ] = [χ[ ] χ[ ] [ ] = [![ ] ![ ] 1 = 1 , 1 '''' 1 /  =
7 ∧7

− ]''''![ − .]
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧

χ 7
− ]''''χ[ − /] ! 7
  
'''' .

2 #
2 ; 9 $ P $ 7 PQ J & = &%

[ ] = ω[ ] − [ ]
KV J PQ O4O\
= ; 9 ac` P $ K V J PQ N > >D
89 = [ [ ]] =
 
[ [ ]] + σ  + ∑l = 
. ∧

 
ν l

ac`

[ ]= #[ ] − 1 χ[ ]
∧7 ∧7

N Q # ac` P $ B )> = % N E PQ E; #
∧
5 #= % σν N d E D$ % J ; [ '* , B $ VD % )
= 9Q Q J FM* +%
7 & ? Oe
f N 8* # 7 > " # 9+> '% 7'"% d D 4@@A ? 7
2 I WU * a@` P $ K V J PQ 7 J = % C I
  

=   [ ]! [ ] − [ ]χ [ ]  +
∧ 7 ∧ 7

   
89 1

 
η  [ ] [ ]− 
∧ 7


∧

 

[ ] [ ]=
∧7 ∧

a4g` 2 % % # 9' R Y&D 7 J

[ ]= ( )−
∧
!! +η !ω a44` 2 $ &D L( a@` P N>

[ ]= ( )
∧
− −
+η !!
−
!! !ω a4\`

6
 [ ]= ( )
∧
− −
+η !!
−
!! !ω a4e`

6 !ω = [ω[ ]![ ]] χχ = [χ[ ]χ [ ]]6

7
!! = [![ ]! [ ]] 6 4h5555
7
IT R 5 55 η E; 5 55#

[ ] = 1 [ ]χ[ ] [ [ ]χ[ ]]
∧7
χ =
= %
5 J5 5 ) 9( 5 5# Q I 7 7 J # ' 3 $ L%
E .5 a4 e` 5 a@` d5 G$ = I FM* . 7 J d D N , )# 9L'
= &% $ 7 KL
2 7 & ? Oi
2 7 ac` P >D

 
 + ∑  = "
. ∧

 
l
l=
4i

89 = [ [ ]] + "σ ν a4A` 2 ; $K j 9 *J KV J PQ

7 & + W* = K D & + W* 9 9! 3 "σν )> % , # P)

2 ; 9 J &1 η h I T R 7 P J F k D= % a4i` P E # ) &

:= [ [ ]] + η " − 

∧7 ∧

  a4b`
∧ ∧
2 J $ &# W U 9) : # 9'
η 1 6 R Y&D 7 J F
∂: ∧ ∧ ∧

∧
= − !χ 1− η = ,
∂
!!

4l
∂: ∧ ∧

∧
= − !χ + χχ 1 = ,
∂1 4c
∂: ∧ 7 ∧
= " − = ,
∂η 4@
2 9% Q a4c` a4l` d R# D$

( )
∧ ∧
−
− !χ χχ !χ =η
!!
\g

. 5 5
 ∧
5 $ 5P $ η J5 $ ; ≠ , 2
7
53 % % # I Y X &1 ; , 0
2 ; 9

( )
∧
−
;7 − !χ χχ !χ
η = !!
∧
7
; \4
∧ ∧
= − !χ 1
2 9% Q, ; !!
% % I

;7
η= ∧
;7 \\

$ 53 5 L d5 5I - = % σν N E D η = (
4
< ; #
2 ; 9 a\e` P


= ! [ ] ! 7 [ ] [ ] − χ 7 [ ]1[ ]
∧ ∧

 
= [ ]! [ ] \e
2 9% Q J

[ ] ; !∧[ ]
7
λ=
;7 [ ] \i
2 ; $ K j a4c` a4l` d J &

∂:[
] = [ ]![ ] − [ ] ; 7 ![ ] ∧ [ ]
∂ [ ] ;7 [ ]
∧ ∧

\A
∂:[
] = − [ ]χ[ ]
∂ 1[ ]
∧

\b
2 ; 9 J &1 .I $ d & $

[ + ]= [ ] − µ ∂:∧[ ]
∧ ∧

∂ [ ]

= [ ]− µ [ ]![ ] − ; !∧[ ] ∧ [ ]

∧ 7

 ;7 [ ]  \l

5< "
 [ ] = [ ] − µ ∂ ∧[ ]
∧ ∧
+
∂ [ ]

= [ ] + µ [ ]χ [ ]
∧
a\c`

[]
∧ ∧

5 5# 5 = 5I 5 ) 5& a4@` P E ' P3 E ; R & [0

∧7 ∧
"= 29% Q6 % )
2E ' m3 W D O4Oi
2 9% Q ;J a\l` P $ X &1


 [ + ] =

 [ ] − µ ( [ ] [ ])
∧ ∧

    a\@`

+ µσ  [ ]
∧

 
ν

∧  ∧ 
 [ + ] =  [ ] − µ ( [ ]#[ ])
    eg`
E '5 5P3 5 5 5)C 95 * = 9' N $ ! I n aeg` P % , # P)
( [ ]#[ ]) = , ae4` 2
2 9% Q 7 # 9' * J

∧ 
( [ ]#[ ]) = −σν  [ ]
  e\
'9 7 I - WU * + f J
2 o' (W D aiO\

= = ( 5&# / U ; [ ] ≠ , m %
∧
7
5 "50 J5 ' 7 G d
&# J j0. p 0 ? q G; $ p 0 3
= QBf J Dr KV P D s # $ L% V "0

[ ] [ ]〉 , []
∧7 ∧ ∧

5 V rLG η Q K UJ ;= % % &# ^ 2 : ( 3

[ ]ω[ ]> [ ] [ ]
∧7 ∧

2 9% Q a\l` V $ = I η= a\\`


[ + ]= [ ] − µ [ ]![ ] − ω![ ] [ ]
∧ ∧ ∧

 [] 
2 a\c` V $
1[ + ] = 1[ ] + µ [ ]χ[ ]
∧ ∧

[ ] = [ ] [ ] E;
∧7 ∧

1[ +
∧
] == 1[ ] + µ
∧
[ ]χ[ ]
2 f; $ , #

[ ][ ] = [ ] [ ] + (µ )
∧7 ∧ ∧7 ∧
+ +

53 5 5+&D 5-D 5 L5 & '5 .5 5 µ LD KZ)> # E. (µ )

=9 ' (µ )
[] [ ] = ,[ ] , ;; = [ , '''' ,]
∧ ∧ ∧

R5 < , ;7 2 5
7
% % &# ^ 2\ ( 3
2 9% Q % * 3

[ + ]= [ ] − µ [ ]![ ] − ![ ] [ ]
∧ ∧ ∧

 
=9 , % $ L% V "0 T ( 3 f
2 $ L% t OA
' $ L% J =9 , % $ L% 7 $ ( 3 6 +% "0 J
29 , % I Y $K j B LD ' : * + Q &%

*(+ ) = 0
− ,'(+ −
− + − + ,'(+ − el

= % + = ,'( 〈± (o RP ?-,'( U: #M ' % , # P) #

2 ; 9 $ P $N ?& 9L' = 9 , % [ 0 0- ,'@ A( 0 , + ?q J

9 = , 5 ( [# [ ]]> [ν [ ]]) aec`

9 - ,!1 2 ?q J
= 5% , a\` W-% 9 IK U 827.23 N B d D # D s # $ L% J t
' 3 9 , %Bf ( 3 G # 7 +% ) t W-% J
5 ) 9( 5 5 9L'5 7 m & & % Y*Z # GE) =9 , %
53 $ 5 L% f J &X) W-% J = % + RD 9V Y P3 $ N .
=9 , % D & & ' 3 :
 D s # $ L% t O\ W-%

9L'5 5 J5 , 5 .5 55 9L'5 ) 9( % , # P)
= " # 9 ' D +
I f Ob
$ 7
I Y*Z # P ) = % ' 3 +% 3 J
5 5 I 5- J = &# PQ E # ) & 9+> >F k D:
9L'5 5 5Y $ 5 = % & ? 6 E; 0 3 : [' ;
$ /5 5 5-& J)5 = + RD - )( 6 J )0D 9 U ) 9(
.5 V P $ MI 9 * J L = % D, Q KL Y P3
=
k> al
:': %# 0 B2! < 6 5B 2" " "% 5 ; " 5 5 +
< 'A ' ' 2 ' C@C '
' : % : ' B2! < 6 5= " ! B 7 ' '7% #
< '7 , ' ' D (, ' C@ '
/' '* ! E'7 "% B3 < F ! < 6 5B 7 ' 5
; " 5 < ' ;;'( A : CC('
*' '/ ! G':' 5 BH 1 ! F ! < 6 5 1 ! 8 "
+ B 5 " 5. 'I ' ' ( D 1' CCC'
( G':'9 5 ! *' '9% B3 6 2! < 6 5B ,,,'