PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

Micro Biology
Leishmania
Ld Bodies In Spleen Is Diagnostic(Most Sensitive)>Bone marrow>Liver>Lymph node
Chopra Antimony Test
Napier Aldehyde Test
Reverse A/G Ratio
And Last Cultures On Nnn.Tobies Medium.
Acanthamoeba
Lab Diagnosis Is By Csf.
Brain Biopsy Often Done But Not As A Routine.
Most Important Test Is Serological and Immunoflourescense.
Giardia
Duodenal Aspirate Is The Test Done Akas Enterotest.
Biopsy Done After Stools Examination Are Normal.
Most Imp Test Here R Antigen Test ,
For Stools-Elisa. And Immunofloure .
Gold Std Is Ifat
Trichomonas
Wet Film .
Culture In F.Whittington Media,Bushley Media.
Stain is Papnicolaou,Leishmann And Giemsa (Giemsa Routinely Done) and Papnicol At
Higher Centre
Entamoeba
Elisa Is Most Sensitive.
Diff From Giardia In Stools As No Cyst Seen In Pus
Malaria
Pldh Test .Pfhrp2 .
Pcr Done,
Malaria Immuno Can Be Done But Mainly For Epidem /Stat Purpose.
Diagnosis Usually Not Done By Immuno.
Immunologically Also For senstivity To Drugs Helpful
Filiaria
Biopsy Of Lymphnode.
Dec Prova Test Not Usually Attempted.
At Higher Centre Diagnostic Is Immunodiagnosis (By Immunochromatography).
Echinnocoocus
Arc 5 Test- Most Diagnostic >Elisa>Ifat In Serology.
Opd Test Is Casoni Test, In 1/2 Hr Result Obtained (Hypersenstivity Test).
Flukes
Cft (Comple Fixn Test)For Most
If Resources Not Available Then Elisa Done
Lab Diagnosis Of Flukes Mainly By Microscopy Examination Of Stool.
But Serological Test Done In Endemic Areas
Paragonium
Lung Biopsy Never Done .
Sputum Of No Value
Chinese Fluke.
Clonor Sinensis.
Biliary Aspirate Is Diagnostic But Not Preffered As Its An Invasive Procedure.
Here Ist Lab Diagnosis Done By Stool Test .

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

If Three Test Are Negative Then Bile Test Done

Isospora
Uv Flouresence Micro Done>Acid Fast Stain (Stain Can Be Done As Its The Biggest Of The
Three Spora Namely Crypto(Smallest)And Cyclospora
Uv Micro Done For Crypto .
But Pcr Better For Cryptospora
Naco Says Rtpcr Is Better As These Patients Undergo These Test For Cd Count .And
Cryptospora Is Most comman spora In AIDS Patients.(Again A Repeat Qs)
Toxoplas
Serology Sabin Dye Test.
Most Specific Animal Inooculation Tedious And Not Used
La-Agglutination Test More Often Used In Clinics.
Dha(Direct Haem Agglu Test)>Cft Here {This Is A Qs In Making}
Toxo
Repeat Qs 3 Times Last 4 Yrs
Remember Spiramycin
Pox Virus
Guarnieri Bodies By Light Microscopy
Molluscum
Hp Bodies Peterson Henderson (Cricket Premioo Ke Liye Acha Hai Yaad Rahega) Repeat Qs
Parvo
Bm Biopsy>Ig M Demonstration>Cord Blood .
Also Before Stem Cells Extraction From Placenta Parvo Virus- (3 Times Qs Asked In 6 Yrs)
Adeno
Culture Hep/Hela .
Cpe.
In Centres Facility Not Available Latex Agg>Elisa (Qs Repeated)
Herpes
(Again Salman Khan Ki Wahaj Se Qs Aa Sakta Hai)
Light Microscopy -Tranz Smear.
Giant Cells -Ground Glass Chromatin
Intranuclear Inclusions With Eosinophillia
(Tranz Qs Asked In Aipgme)
Culture For Herpes Is Fibroblast>Vero Cell Line>Swollen Cpe
Varicella Same As Herpes.
But Clinical H/O Also Taken (This Is Written In Bold Letters in who manual )
Zooster
4 Fold Rise in I titres>Pcr
Seroconversion is Gold Standard
CMV
Sr Igm Level >22mg/Dl Is Diagnostic.(Double Repeat But With Varied Options In AIIMS)
With Atypical Lymphocytes.
Thrombocytopenia.
Csf Prt>20 Mg/Dl.
But Rider Here Is In Aiids Patient Cd<100 Is Confirmatory.
Confirmation By Pcr And Dna Probe -AIPGE
For All ARBOVIRUSES / DENGUE /JE
Tissue Culture(Vero Cell Lines.C6/36 Mosquito Cell Lines)-( Pgi 2 Times)
Then If Most Specific Asked Then Nt>Hai>Elisa
Also Detection Of Growth Bt Immunoflourscence - Gold Standard
The Most Common Manifestation Of Pulmonary Disease Is Pneumonia.

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

Three Of The 10 Most Common Aids-Defining Illnesses Are Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis, And Pneumonia Due To The Unicellular Fungus P. Jiroveci.
Patients With Hiv Infection Are Particularly Prone To Infections With Encapsulated Organisms. S.
Pneumoniae (Chap. 134) And H. Influenzae (Chap. 145) Are Responsible For Most Cases Of
Bacterial Pneumonia In Patients With Aids
Conclusion-Aids-Defining Illnesses-- S . Pneumoniae Pneumonia > Tb > P. Jiroveci

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Pcp),

Once The Hallmark Of Aids, Has Dramatically Declined In Incidence Following The
Development Of Effective Prophylactic Regimens And The Widespread Use Of Cart. It Is,
However, Still The Single Most Common Cause Of Pneumonia In Patients With Hiv Infection
In The United States And Can Be Identified As A Likely Etiologic Agent In 25% Of Cases Of
Pneumonia In Patients With Hiv Infection, With An Incidence In The Range Of 23 Cases Per
100 Person-Years
M. Tuberculosis, Once Thought To Be On Its Way To Extinction In The United States,
Experienced A Resurgence Associated With The Hiv Epidemic (Chap. 165). Worldwide,
Approximately One-Third Of All Aids-Related Deaths Are Associated With Tb, And Tb Is The
Primary Cause Of Death For 1015% Of Patients With Hiv Infection.

The Most Common Form Of Heart Disease Is Coronary Heart Disease

Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, And Isospora Belli (Chap. 215) Are The Most Common
Opportunistic Protozoa That Infect The Gi Tract And Cause Diarrhea In Hiv-Infected Patients

Dermatologic Diseases

Among The More Common Nonneoplastic Problems Are Seborrheic Dermatitis, Folliculitis,
And Opportunistic Infections.
Seborrheic Dermatitis Occurs In 3% Of The General Population And In Up To 50% Of
Patients With Hiv Infection.
Folliculitis Is Among The Most Prevalent Dermatologic Disorders In Patients With Hiv
Infection And Is Seen In 20% Of Patients

CNS

Among The More Frequent Opportunistic Diseases That Involve The Cns Are Toxoplasmosis,
Cryptococcosis, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, And Primary Cns Lymphoma
Mc Toxoplasmosis
C. Neoformans Is The Leading Infectious Cause Of Meningitis In Patients With Aids
Patients With Hiv Infection May Present With Focal Neurologic Deficits From A Variety Of
Causes. The Most Common Causes Are Toxoplasmosis (Mc),Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy, And Cns Lymphoma.

Ophthalmologic Diseases

Ophthalmologic Problems Occur In 50% Of Patients With Advanced Hiv Infection. The Most
Common Abnormal Findings On Funduscopic Examination Are Cotton-Wool Spots
One Of The Most Devastating Consequences Of Hiv Infection Is Cmv Retinitis
Most Coomon Occular Manifestion In Hiv ::::Hiv Vasculopathy
The Neoplastic Diseases Considered To Be Aids-Defining Conditions Are Kaposi's Sarcoma
> Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, >And Invasive Cervical Carcinoma
Most Common Helminthic Infection In Hiv :::Strongyloids

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

Radiology investigation of choice

A test which shows the true status of the patient is termed gold standard. These test are assumed
to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic power of other tests are evaluated based on
the comparison with the gold standard test. when the term applies to a method or a procedure, a
'gold standard' serves as a basis for evaluation of other methods.

Gold standard method for estimating resting energy expenditure - indirect calorimetry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia Estimation of serum
Ferritin
Gold standard for proving that the life span of red cell is decreased ( useful in Hemolytic
anemia) - Red cell survival study
Gold standard for evaluation of stem cell transplantation therapy - Hemopoietic stem cell
transplantation
Gold standard technique for differentiating allograft rejection and reactivation of disease
after heart transplantation - Endo-myocardial Biopsy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of DVT - Contrast Venography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of acute pharyngitis - Throat Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of pertussis - Culture of nasopharyngeal
secretions
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa Technetium99 bone scan
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Acoustic Neuroma Gadolinium MRI
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Shigella infection - Isolation and identification
of pathogen from fecal material
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Tuberculous meningitis - Culture of CSF
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of HSV Encephalitis - Brain biopsy (CSF PCR
largely replaced brain biopsy in recent times)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of histoplasmosis - Fungal Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomypathy and atrial
myxoma - Echocardiogram
Gold standard investigation for imaging heart valves and valve motion abnormalities - 2D
echocardiography
Gold standard investigation for assessment of Myocardial viability (Identification of
ischemic or hibernating myocardium) PET
Gold standard investigation for assessment of LV mass and volume - MRI
Gold standard method for evaluation of renal arteries and identification of renal artery
lesions - Contrast arteriography
Gold standard method for evaluation of respiratory gas exchange - ABG
Gold standard investigation for assessment of albuminuria - 24 hr urine collection
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria)
Flow cytometry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of ATTR and other AF mutations - DNA
sequencing
Gold standard method for identifying and quantifying atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries X-ray cerebral angiography

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

Gold standard investigation for evaluating anatomy of arterio-venous malformation - X-ray

angiography
Gold standard for diagnosis and classification of ataxia - genotype
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of lung infection (Radiotherapy induced) in a
cancer patient - open-lung biopsy
Gold standard medical treatment for symptomatic progressive pulmonary hypertension
Prostacyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PIH Serum Urea
Gold standard for assessment of visual impairment - Snellen's chart
Gold standard method of treatment of non-castrate metastatic disease - surgical
orchidectomy
Gold standard method for bacterial stain analysis - Pulse-field gel electrophoresis
Gold standard method of treatment of DCIS - Mastectomy
Gold standard approach for resection of anterior and middle mediastinal masses - median
or lateral thoracotomy
Gold standard method of treatment of Coarctation of aorta - Surgical repair
Gold standard method for evaluation of coronary artery disease - Cardiac Catheterization
Gold standard method for culture of V. cholerae o139 - Conventional culture method
Gold standard to determine cut-off titer of widal test for diagnosis of Typhoid fever
Nested PCR
Gold standard treatment of brucellosis in adults - IM Streptomycin + Doxycyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of chronic arterial mesentric ischemia Angiography
Gold standard method for treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis - Total proctocolostomy
with end ileostomy
Gold standard method for evaluation of imaging modalities for liver tumors - Intraoperative
ultrasonography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of common bile duct stones - Endoscopic
cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for measurement of GFR - Inulin clearance
Gold standard for treatment of organ confined, muscle invasive, bladder cancer is - Radical
cystoprostatectomy in men and anterior pelvic exenteration in woman
Gold standard for treatment of femoral shaft fractures - Reamed locked intramedullary
nailing
Gold standard method in case of difficult intubation - Flexible fibreoptic intubation scope
Gold standard method for diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
(VAP) - Broncho alveolar lavage
Gold standard treatment of hyperparathyroidism - Surgery
Gold standard investigation to differentiate follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid
gland- Histology
Gold standard procedure for thymectomy - Trans cervical mediastinoscopy and surgery
Gold standard for treatment of adrenal tumors - Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of breast cancer - Mammography
Gold standard method for staging of breast cancer - Axillary lymph node dissection
Gold standard for evaluation of a stable patient with suspected vascular injury Angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of GERD - Ambulatory 24 hr PH monitoring
Gold standard method for treatment of GERD - Laparoccopic Nissens fundoplication
Gold standard for evaluating cure rate in duodenal ulcer patients Vagotomy
Gold standard finding for the diagnosis of GI perforation - Finding pneumoperitoneum

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

2015

Gold standard for diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Serum gastrin levels( Most
patients have serum gastrin levels above 1000pg/mL)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of colonic mucosal disease - Colonoscopy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of steatorrhoea - Timed quantitative stool fat
determination
Gold standard method for treatment of incontinence with an isolated sphincter defect Overlapping sphincteroplasty
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis and method of management of Acute arterial
occlusion Laparotomy
Gold standard method for confirmation of mesentric arterial occlusion - Mesentric
angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of celiac disease Small intestine biopsy
Gold standard for identifying choledocholithiasis ERCP
Gold standard method of treatment of Symptomatic cholelitiasis Lap cholecystectomy
Gold standard method for diagnosis of Primary sclerosing cholangitis - ERCP
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Hepatitis C HCV RNA assay
Gold standard test for diagnosis of intraluminal bile duct abnormalities - ERCP
Gold standard method for management of hydatid disease Surgery
Gold standard for assessing degree of liver injury and fibrosis - Liver Biopsy
Gold standard method for management of blunt hepatic trauma - Non-operative
management
Gold standard test for assessment of function of sphincter of oddi Manometry
Gold standard investigation of diagnosis of Klatskin tumor - Cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis - ELISA
REFERENCES:

1.
2.

Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

Schwartz's Manual of Surgery 8th Edition

Screening tool of Choice:- is Initial test/ investigation, which has to be sensitive but fast as
well.
IOC/BEST/Preferred are same. - Best is best in all sense like reasonably specific, sensitive,
practical, available, non-invasive. So this is IOC as well and preferred too.
GOLD-STD/DEFINITIVE/TOOL FOR EVALUATION:- In this we dont bother about anything, but
mainly about high accuracy and detailed assessment. So this may b invasive or expensive
or need eperts or demanding-infra structure etc....but its highly specif and sensitive. In
some concerns Gold-std also means Traditional and time tested... e.g. "Gold std
investigation for Bowel-obstruction = Standing x-ray abdomen (erect view).

Some Eponyms:
>
*christmas tree pattern-pityriasis rosea
*Christmas tree cataract-myotonic dystrophy
*Christmas tree appearance-neurogenic
bladder
>
*apple peel appearance- interstinal atresia
*Apple core appearance- colon ca
*Apple jelly nodule- lupus vulgaris.
>
*Nitroprusside test- for ketone bodies
*Cyanide-nitroprusside test-for cysteinuria,
homocysteinuria
* nitro blue tetrazolinum test-chronic
granulomatous

disease
>
*thiersch graft- partial thickness graft
*Thiersh wiring-treatment for rectal
prolapse..
>
*string sign1. Crohn's disease
2. Congenital pyloric stenosis
3. Perosteal osteosarcoma
*Coiled string sign- intussusception.
>
*Guthrine test- for phenylketouria
*Gutzeit test- arsenic poisoning
*Guaiac test- for occult blood in stool

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Page 6

PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

>
** Marshall vein of is oblique vein of left
atrium.
* Veins of Mayo are veins overlying pylorus..
>
*floppy valve syndrome- MVP
*Floppy iris syndrome- tamsulosin
*Floppy child synfrome-infantile botulism,
marfan
syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy
>
*plantar wart- HPV 1
*Genital wart- HPV 6, 11
*Butcher wart- HPV 7
*Verruca plana-HPV-3,10..
*Heck's disease-HPV type 13,32.
>
*verruca vulgaris- HPV 2, 4
*Lupus vulgaris- tuberculosis.
>
*non healing ulcer on sole foot- Diabetic
neuropathy
*Non healing ulcer on hands- syringomyelia
*Non healing ulcer on medial malleolusvaricose veins, sickle cell anemia
>
*addison's plane-transpyloric plan
*Addisonian anemia-pernicious anemia
*Addison's disease-chronic adrenal
insufficiency
>
*Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
*Brutons diseasescurvy and Rickets
>
*Barlow's disease-Infantile scurvy
*Barlow's syndrome- mitral valve prolapse
*Basedow disease- Grave's disease, parry's
disease, marsh's disease, diffuse toxic goitre
>
*space of disse- perisinusoidal space in liver
*Space of mall- billiary canaliculi in liver.
>
*Thebesian valve-coronary sinus
*Eustachian valve- IVC.
>
*Herring body- neurohypophysis
*Canal of herring-liver
>
*Lepidic cell-cardiac myxoma
*Lepidic growth pattern- Bronchio-alveolar
CA
>
*Hobnail cell-clear cell CA of ovary
*Hobnail growth pattern-collecting duct RCC
>

2015

*Krukenberg spindle-pigmentary glaucoma

*Krukenberg tumor- adenoCA of ovary in
metastasis of
gastric adenoCA
>
*Dawson's Fingers- Multiple Sclerosis
*Dawson Disease- SSPE
>
*Calcinosis Universalis seen in
DERMATOMYOSITIS
*calcinosis circumscripta seen in
SCLERODERMA
>
SCALES:
*CIGARETT PAPER SCALES-Pityriasis rosea
*SILVERY SCALES-Psoriasis
*Branny scales-p. Versicolar,
*fish like-icthyosis,
*mica like-pityriasis lichenoides chronica
>
*Goose Neck Sign --- Endocardial Cushion
Defects.
*Sitting Duck Sign --- Patent Truncus
Arteriosus.
* Scimitar Sign --- PAPVC - Partial Anomalous
Pulm
Venous Return.>
INFO:
Human Herpes Virus 1-8
HHV I-HSV-I
HHV-IIHSVII
HHVIIIHerpes Zoster Virus
HHV IVEbstein Barr Virus
HHV VCMV
HHV VI VIIFebrile illness in children
HHV VIII-Karposi Sarcoma
>1) BernardSoulier syndrome (BSS):
/ hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy/.
*Is a rare autosomal recessive coagulopathy
(bleeding
disorder) that causes a deficiency of
glycoprotein Ib (GpIb),
* GpIb the receptor for von Willebrand factor,
which is important in clot formation.
2) Glanzmann's thrombasthenia:
/is an abnormality of platelets/.
*It is an extremely rare coagulopathy
(bleeding disorder due to a blood
abnormality), in which the platelets lack
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa).
*As a result, no fibrinogen bridging of
platelets to other platelets can occur, and
the bleeding time is significantly prolonged..
3) Von Willebrand disease (vWD):
*Is the most common hereditary coagulation

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PGEI

GOLDEN POINTS

abnormality described in humans, although

it can
also be acquired as a result of other
medical
conditions.
* It arises from a qualitative or quantitative

2015

Deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF),

a

multimeric protein that is required for

platelet
adhesion.

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Page 8

MOST COMMANS( qs. expected )

1.Most common aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian
2.Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn : Transient tachypnea of the newborn
3.Most common location to see Asbestosis sequale : Posterior lower lobes
4.Most common karyotype / chromosomal abnormality in USA : Downs syndrome
5. Most common osseous lymphoma, primary and secondary : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
6. Most common primary malignant orbital tumor in childhood : Rhabdomyosarcoma
7. Most common type of fluid collection in scrotum : Hydrocele
8. Most common type of liposarcoma to affect children : Myxoid liposarcoma
9. Most common abdominal emergency of early childhood : Intussusception.
10. Most common acetabular fracture : Posterior acetabulum.
11. Most common affected bowel segment in TB : Ileocecal area.
12. Most common affected joint in gout : First MTP.
13. Most common AIDS-related neoplasm : Kaposi Sarcoma
14. Most common allergic aspergillosis syndrome : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
15. Most common anatomic variant of pancreas : Pancreas divisum
16. Most common anomalous course of RCA : Interarterial
17. Most common appearance of Legionella at the peak of the disease : Bilateral airspace
consolidation.
18. Most common assoc. w/ Fx of great toe distal phalanx with physeal involvement
:Osteomyelitis.
19. Most common associated anomaly with coarctation : Bicuspid valve.
20. Most common association of PAPVR : Sinus venosus type ASD.
21. Most common association with small left colon syndrome : Maternal DM
22. Most common bacterial cause of mesenteric adenitis : Yersinia enterocolitica.
23. Most common benign cardiac rhythm abnormality : PAC
24. Most common benign cartilage-containing tumor : Osteochondroma
25. Most common benign growth of the skeleton : Osteochondroma
26. Most common benign hepatic lesion : Hemangioma
27. Most common benign hepatic tumor during fist 6 mo. of life : Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
28. Most common benign intraconal tumor of the orbit in adults : Cavernous hemangiomas.
29. Most common benign masses caused by asbestos exposure : Atelectatic Asbestos
Pseudotumor
30. Most common benign mesenchymal tumor of kidney : AML
31. Most common benign mucosal tumor of the esophagus : Papilloma
32. Most common benign nasopharyngeal tumor : Juvenile angiofibroma.
33. Most common benign orbital tumor in childhood : Dermoid Cyst of Orbit
34. Most common benign ovarian neoplasm in young and middle-aged women (<45 years)
:Mature teratoma
35. Most common benign radiation-induced tumor of the musculoskeletal system :
Osteochondroma
36. Most common benign rib lesion in an adult : Fibrous dysplasia.
37. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of the foot : Plantar fibromatosis
38. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of vascular origin : Hemangioma
39. Most common benign solid tumor in women of childbearing age : Fibroadenoma
40. Most common benign testicular mass : Simple cyst
41. Most common benign tumor of spleen : Hemangioma
42. Most common benign tumor of the larynx : Squamous papilloma
43. Most common benign tumor of the lung : Hamartoma
44. Most common benign tumor of the small bowel : GIST
45. Most common benign vascular gastric tumor : Glomus tumor of stomach.
46. Most common bilateral testicular tumor : Lymphoma
47. Most common biliary complication s/p lap. cholecystectomy : Bile duct leak from cystic duct
stump.

48. Most common biliary complication s/p liver transplantation : Obstruction/stenosis at

anastomosis.
49. Most common bladder neoplasm in children younger than 10 years : Rhabdomyosarcoma
50. Most common bone to develop an osteochondroma : Femur (tibia second most common)
51. Most common brain anomaly on prenatal sonograms : Isolated Mild Ventriculomegaly
52. Most common breast tumor under age 25 years : Fibroadenoma
53. Most common cardiac manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematous : Pericarditis
54. Most common cardiac tumor in children : Rhabdomyoma.
55. Most common cardiac valvular tumor : Papillary fibroelastoma
56. Most common carpal dislocation : Transscaphoid perilunate dislocation.
57. Most common causative organism of acute pyogenic meningitis in adults : Strep. pneumoniae
58. Most common causative organism of neonatal pyogenic meningitis : E. coli
59. Most common cause for failure of dialysis graft : Fibrointimal hyperplasia : venous outflow
stenosis.
60. Most common cause for late failure in lung transplant patient : Bronchiolitis obliterans
61. Most common cause for pulmonary edema : Left-sided heart disease
62. Most common cause non iatrogenic cause of small bowel obstruction : Hernia
63. Most common cause of a large choroid plexus cyst : Trisomy 18.
64. Most common cause of a large pleural fluid collection in the newborn period : Chylothorax
65. Most common cause of acute renal failure in children requiring dialysis : HUS
66. Most common cause of acute testicular pain in postpubertal male : Acute epididymitis
67. Most common cause of acute testicular pain in prepubertal male : Torsion
68. Most common cause of AIDS cholangiopathy : Cryptosporidium
69. Most common cause of an echogenic renal mass in a 3-month-old : Mesoblastic nephroma.
70. Most common cause of an intraorbital mass lesion in adult : Pseudotumor of Orbit
71. Most common cause of AS in Western world : Degenerative disease
72. Most common cause of bilateral breast edema : CHF.
73. Most common cause of bilateral echogenic renal cortex : Chronic glomerulonephritis.
74. Most common cause of biliary obstruction : Choledocholithiasis
75. Most common cause of bleeding between menstrual cycles : Endometrial hyperplasia.
76. Most common cause of bronchopneumonia : Staphylococcal
77. Most common cause of cancer deaths in males and females : Bronchogenic Carcinoma
78. Most common cause of cause of infectious esophagitis : Candida Esophagitis
79. Most common cause of cavitary (necrotic) pneumonia in a child : Strep pneum.
80. Most common cause of Charcot joints : Diabetes mellitus
81. Most common cause of CHF in a child : ALCAPA / aberrant left coronary artery
82. Most common cause of CHF in a neonate : Hypoplastic Left Heart.
83. Most common cause of chronic hydronephrosis in renal transplant : UV anastomosis stricture.
84. Most common cause of colonic obstruction in adults : Malignancy
85. Most common cause of colonic obstruction in the infant : Meconium plug syndrome in CF
patients
86. Most common cause of colovesical fistula : Diverticulitis
87. Most common cause of congenital CNS infection : CMV.
88. Most common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction : Duodenal atresia.
89. Most common cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss : Giant vestibular aqueduct
syndrome
90. Most common cause of cord ischemia : Thromboembolic disease
91. Most common cause of coronary artery aneurysm in USA : Atherosclerosis
92. Most common cause of coronary artery aneurysm Worldwide : Kawasaki
93. Most common cause of cyanosis in a child : Tetralogy of Fallot
94. Most common cause of cyanosis n newborn Transposition of great vessels
95. Most common cause of death in a severe pelvic fracture : Hemorrhage.
96. Most common cause of death in Ataxia Telangiectasia : Respiratory failure.
97. Most common cause of death in Jeune syndrome : Respiratory failure
98. Most common cause of drop mets : Medulloblastoma
99. Most common cause of dwarfism : Achondroplasia
100. Most common cause of echogenic renal pyramids in children : Furosemide

101. Most common cause

102. Most common cause
anomalies
103. Most common cause
104. Most common cause
diseases
105. Most common cause
106. Most common cause
107. Most common cause
108. Most common cause
109. Most common cause
110. Most common cause
111. Most common cause
112. Most common cause
113. Most common cause
114. Most common cause
115. Most common cause
116. Most common cause
117. Most common cause
118. Most common cause
119. Most common cause
120. Most common cause
121. Most common cause
pancreatitis
122. Most common cause
123. Most common cause
124. Most common cause
125. Most common cause
126. Most common cause
127. Most common cause
128. Most common cause
129. Most common cause
130. Most common cause
131. Most common cause
132. Most common cause
133. Most common cause
134. Most common cause
135. Most common cause
Meconium aspiration
136. Most common cause
137. Most common cause
138. Most common cause
139. Most common cause
140. Most common cause
141. Most common cause
142. Most common cause
143. Most common cause
144. Most common cause
145. Most common cause
146. Most common cause
147. Most common cause
148. Most common cause
149. Most common cause
150. Most common cause
151. Most common cause
152. Most common cause
153. Most common cause

of ejaculatory duct obstruction : Mullerian duct cyst ?

of endometriosis in girls <16 years of age : Obstructive mllerian duct
of end-stage renal disease : Diabetic Nephropathy
of epididymitis in males aged 15 to 35 years : Sexually transmitted
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of

esophageal rupture : Iatrogenic

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in patients <30 years of age : CF
facial hemipalsy : Bell palsy
false-positive V/Q scan for acute PE : Previous pulmonary embolism
fungal infection in AIDS patients : Cryptococcosis
gastrocolic fistula : Gastric ulcer.
heart failure in patients with COPD : Atherosclerotic heart disease
hemifacial spasticity is vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia.
hepatic calcifications : Infection
hydronephrosis in the newborn male : Ureteropelvic junction
hyperreflexive bladder : Spinal cord trauma
increased nuchal thickness : Downs syndrome
interstitial and airspace edema : CHF
intradiaphragmatic cyst :Extralobar sequestration
intraventricular hemorrhage :Disruption of the subependymal veins
intussusception in children >6 years : Lymphoma
large spherical pancreatic calcifications in children : Hereditary

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left atrial dilatation : Mitral regurgitation.

leukokoria : Retinoblastoma.
liver metastasis : Colon.
lower extremity venous valve dysfunction : DVT.
lower GI bleeding : Diverticulosis.
malignancy of men in the world -- Bronchogenic Carcinoma
maternal peripartum death : Amniotic fluid embolism
membranous croup : Staph. Aureus.
microcolon: Meconium ileus.
mortality in ulcerative colitis : Toxic megacolon.
necrolytic migrating erythema : Glucagonoma
neonatal nasal obstruction : Choanal atresia.
Neonatal Pneumonia : Group B streptococcus.
neonatal respiratory distress in full term/postmature infants

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nephrocalcinosis in adults : Primary hyperparathyroidism

non-immune hydrops in USA : Cardiac anomaly
optic nerve enlargement : Optic nerve glioma
orbital calcifications : Retinoblastoma
orbital infection : Paranasal sinusitis
osteoblastic bone metastases in an adult female : Breast cancer
osteoblastic bone metastases in an adult male : Prostate cancer
osteolytic bone metastases in a child : Neuroblastoma
osteolytic bone metastases in an adult female : Breast cancer
osteolytic bone metastases in an adult male : Lung cancer
Osteomyelitis of spine : Penetrating direct trauma
pancreatic lipomatosis in children : CF
pleural eosinophilia : Air in the pleural space
pneumoperitoneum : Ruptured duodenal ulcer.
postpartum fever : Endometritis.
pseudomyxoma peritonei : Appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinoma
pseudoureterocele : Bladder tumor
pulmonary hypoplasia : Diaphragmatic hernia

154. Most common cause of pulmonary tumor embolus : Gastric carcinoma

155. Most common cause of recurrent hip disloc. s/p hip arthroplasty : Acetabular component
malposition
156. Most common cause of reflux in child w/ non-duplicated collecting system: Short intramural
ureter.
157. Most common cause of renal vein thrombosis in adults : Nephrotic syndrome
158. Most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy : Amyloid
159. Most common cause of round pneumonia in children : Streptococcus.
160. Most common cause of round pneumonia in children : Streptococcus
161. Most common cause of small bowel obstruction : Adhesions
162. Most common cause of squamous cell ca. in the renal pelvis : Chronic Infected stag horn
calculus
163. Most common cause of stridor in neonate and young infant : Laryngomalacia
164. Most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young people Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM)
165. Most common cause of SVC syndrome : Bronchogenic carcinoma
166. Most common cause of testicular swelling : Hydrocele
167. Most common cause of the pulmonary-renal syndrome : Microscopic polyangitis.
168. Most common cause of the stripe sign on V/Q scan : COPD
169. Most common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome : Scalene anticus.
170. Most common cause of toxic mega colon : Pseudomembranous colitis.
171. Most common cause of tree in bud appearance on CT : Bronchiolitis
172. Most common cause of tricuspid stenosis : Rheumatic heart disease
173. Most common cause of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis : Malignant invasion
174. Most common cause of unilateral nonperfused lung on V/Q scan : Bronchogenic carcinoma
175. Most common cause of unilateral pulmonary edema : Prolonged unilateral dependent
positioning
176. Most common cause of urinary obstruction in boys : posterior urethral valves
177. Most common cause of valvular heart disease in the United States : Degenerative
178. Most common cause of vascular ring : Double arch.
179. Most common cause of vertebra plana in children : EG
180. Most common cause requiring bronchial artery embolization : CF
181. Most common cause worldwide for cholangiocarcinoma : Clonorchis sinensis infestation
182. Most common cerebellar neoplasm in children : Medulloblastoma
183. Most common cerebral mass lesion in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis
184. Most common chest radiograph finding seen in pts with an acute PE : Atelectasis
185. Most common chest x-ray abnormality in the ICU : Atelectasis
186. Most common child abuse facture : Diaphyseal fracture,
187. Most common collagen disorder for a pleural effusion : SLE
188. Most common colonic polyp : Hyperplastic polyp
189. Most common colonic site for lymphoma : Cecum
190. Most common complication of ERCP : Pancreatitis
191. Most common complication of popliteal artery aneurysm : Distal ischemia
(thrombosis/embolism)
192. Most common complication with IVC filters : DVT.
193. Most common component of mixed germ cell tumors : Embryonal Cell Carcinoma
194. Most common congenital abnormality of GI tract : Meckels diverticulum
195. Most common congenital anomaly of CNS in live births : Myelomeningocele
196. Most common congenital defect of CNS : Anencephaly.
197. Most common congenital head and neck cyst in a child : Thornwaldt cyst
198. Most common congenital heart disease : Bicuspid aortic valve.
199. Most common congenital intracranial tumor : Epidermoid or inclusion cyst
200. Most common congenital lesion of bile ducts : Choledochal Cyst
201. Most common congenital skeletal dysplasia : Achondroplasia.
202. Most common congenital solid tumor in the newborn : Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (1:40K live
births)
203. Most common cranial nerve affected by a pituitary macroadenoma : CN VI.

204. Most common cranial nerve to be affected with schwannoma : VIII

205. Most common craniofacial malformation : Facial Clefting
206. Most common crystalline arthropathy : CPPD
207. Most common CT finding in bowel ischemia : Bowel wall thickening.
208. Most common cyanotic congenital heart malformation beyond neonatal period : TOF
209. Most common cyst of the jaw : Radicular cyst = Periapical cyst
210. Most common cystic lesion of prostate : Cystic degeneration of BPH
211. Most common cystic tumor of pancreas : Mucinous cystic neoplasm
212. Most common diffuse breast disorder : Fibrocystic disease of breast.
213. Most common diffuse gray matter degenerative disease : Alzheimers
214. Most common dislocated auditory ossicle longitudinal temporal bone fracture : Incus
215. Most common dislocation in adult : Glenohumeral.
216. Most common dislocation in child : Elbow.
217. Most common epididymal neoplasm : Adenomatoid tumor
218. Most common estrogenic ovarian tumor : Granulosa Cell Tumor
219. Most common etiology for chronic temporal lobe epilepsy : Ganglioglioma
220. Most common etiology for multiple small gastric polyps : Hyperplastic polyps.
221. Most common etiology for osteomyelitis : Staphylococcus aureus.
222. Most common etiology of bilaterally enlarged, hyperechoic kidneys in newborn infant :
ARPKD.
223. Most common etiology of mesenteric adenitis : Viral
224. Most common etiology of pneumomediastinum : Alveolar rupture.
225. Most common etiology of rickets : Vitamin D deficiency.
226. Most common extra-adrenal site of pheochromocytoma : Organ of Zuckerkandl.
227. Most common extraaxial neoplasm of CNS : Meningioma
228. Most common extragonadal site of primary germ cell tumors : Anterior mediastinum.
229. Most common extrapulmonary site of tuberculosis : Urinary tract
230. Most common fetal cardiac anomaly seen on 4 chamber view US : AV canal defect (aka ECD)
231. Most common fibromatosis in childhood : Infantile Myofibromatosis
232. Most common finding of a tubal pregnancy seen on US images Adnexal mass separate from
ovary
233. Most common finding of contralateral kidney in MCKD : Reflux
234. Most common fluid collection seen in transplant patients : Lymphoceles.
235. Most common form of aortic stenosis : Valvular
236. Most common form of carpal instability : DISI
237. Most common form of emphysema in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency : Panlobular emphysema
238. Most common form of emphysema in nonsmokers : Panlobular emphysema
239. Most common form of emphysema in smokers : Centrilobular emphysema
240. Most common form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : Asymmetric involvement of the
interventricular septum
241. Most common form of skeletal dysplasia : Acquired skeletal dysplasia.
242. Most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults : Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
243. Most common fracture of forearm : Colles
244. Most common functional tumors of the ovary : Sex cordstromal tumors
245. Most common fungal infection in AIDS : Cryptococcus.
246. Most common genitourinary organ affected by neurofibromas : Urinary bladder
247. Most common germ cell tumor associated with excessive hCG production :Choriocarcinoma.
248. Most common germ cell tumor associated with excessive hCG production after
choriocarcinoma : Dysgerminoma.
249. Most common GI neoplasm : Adenoma
250. Most common GI tract location for primary extranodal lymphoma : Stomach, usually NHL
type.
251. Most common glial tumor in adults : Ependymoma
252. Most common glial tumor in NF 1 : JPA.
253. Most common glial tumor with microcalcifications : Oligodendroglioma
254. Most common gynecologic neoplasm : Uterine Leiomyoma
255. Most common hereditary hypercoagulable condition : Factor V Leiden

256. Most common hereditary leukodystrophy : Metachromatic leukodystrophy

257. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with cavitation :
Squamous
258. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with pancoast tumor :
Squamous
259. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with pleural effusion :
Adenocarcinoma
260. Most common histologic type of lung cancer associated with asbestosis exposure : BAC
261. Most common histologic type of primary cutaneous lymphoma :T-cell lymphoma
262. Most common ILD to be found in association with collagen vascular disease : NSIP
263. Most common indication for percutaneous vertebroplasty : Osteoporosis.
264. Most common infection to cause cerebellar hypoplasia & migration anomalies : CMV
265. Most common infratentorial neoplasm in an adult : Metastases
266. Most common inherited disease among Caucasian Americans : CF
267. Most common internal enhancement pattern in DCIS with non mass like enhancement :
Clumped enhancement
268. Most common intracranial for site of teratomas : Pineal region.
269. Most common intracranial presentation of TB : Tuberculous meningitis.
270. Most common intramedullary spinal neoplasm in adults : Ependymoma of Spinal Cord
271. Most common intramedullary tumor in children : Astrocytoma
272. Most common intramedullary tumor of adults : Ependymoma.
273. Most common intraocular neoplasm in childhood : Retinoblastoma
274. Most common intraorbital tumors found in adults : Cavernous hemangiomas.
275. Most common intrathoracic fetal anomaly : Congenital diaphragmatic Hernia
276. Most common intrathoracic foregut cyst : Bronchogenic Cyst
277. Most common intrauterine CNS infection : CMV
278. Most common intravascular venous tumor : Leiomyosarcoma of IVC
279. Most common in-utero renal tumor : Mesoblastic nephroma.
280. Most common invasive gynecologic malignancy : Endometrial malignancy
281. Most common islet cell tumor in MEN 1 : Gastrinoma
282. Most common islet cell tumor of the pancreas : Insulinoma.
283. Most common joint involved in synovial osteochondromatosis : Knee
284. Most common lesion to cause expansion of paranasal sinus : Mucocele
285. Most common lethal bone dysplasia : Osteogenesis imperfecta type II ?
286. Most common liver tumor after metastases : Hemangioma
287. Most common lobe affected in bronchial atresia : Left upper lobe.
288. Most common location for a cephalhematoma : Parietal
289. Most common location for a gastric diverticulum : Posterior wall of the gastric fundus.
290. Most common location for a pilocytic astrocytoma : Cerebellum
291. Most common location for a solitary myeloma of the bone : Thoracolumbar spine
292. Most common location for a synovial sarcoma : Knee
293. Most common location for a Tarlov cyst : Posterior rootlets of S2 + S3
294. Most common location for abdominal sarcoid involvement : Stomach
295. Most common location for atelectatic asbestos pseudotumor : Posteromedial & -lateral basal
region of lower lobes
296. Most common location for chordomas : Sacral spine.
297. Most common location for gallbladder perforation : Fundus
298. Most common location for Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of Garr (sterile Osteomyelitis) :
Mandible
299. Most common location for typhlitis : Cecum.
300. Most common location for well-differentiated liposarcoma : Thigh
301. Most common location in biliary tree for cholangiocarcinoma : Upper third/perihilar region.
302. Most common location in the spine for an osteochondroma : Cervical (C2) followed by
thoracic T8
303. Most common location of a meningioma in the spine : Thoracic spinal cord
304. Most common location of a periurethral diverticulum in a female : Posterolateral.
305. Most common location of an ectopic pregnancy : Ampullary region of the fallopian tube.

306. Most common location of benign and malignant masses in breast : Upper outer quadrant
307. Most common location of bronchogenic carcinoma : Right upper lobe
308. Most common location of coarctation : Postductal beyond the origin of the left subclavian
artery.
309. Most common location of coronary calcifications : LAD.
310. Most common location of DAI : Frontotemporal graywhite matter junction.
311. Most common location of GIST : Stomach.
312. Most common location of GU obstruction in a neonatal male : Ureteropelvic junction.
313. Most common location of intracranial dissection : Vertebral arteries.
314. Most common location of intraorbital abscess : Subperiosteal space on medial wall.
315. Most common location of intraventricular meningioma : Atrium of the lateral ventricle.
316. Most common location of oligodendroglioma : Frontal lobe.
317. Most common location of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma : Temporal lobes.
318. Most common location of pulmonary sequestration : Posterior medial lower.
319. Most common location of PVNS : Knee.
320. Most common location of sarcoidosis in spinal cord : Cervical.
321. Most common location of the biliary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma : CBD
322. Most common location of triquetral fracture is dorsal avulsion
323. Most common location to find a lithopedion : Adnexae
324. Most common location to see intravertebral vacuum phenomenon (Kmmell Disease) :
Thoracolumbar junction
325. Most common lung infection in HIV: Bacterial pneumonia
326. Most common lung mass : Granuloma
327. Most common lysosomal storage disorder : Gauchers disease
328. Most common malformation associated with callosal agenesis : Dandy-Walker malformation.
329. Most common malignancy of childhood : Leukemia.
330. Most common malignancy of parotid gland in adult : Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
331. Most common malignant abdominal neoplasm in children 18 years old : Wilms Tumor.
332. Most common malignant bone tumor in children : Ewings
333. Most common malignant cause of bilateral global renal enlargement : Lymphoma.
334. Most common malignant neoplasm of diaphragm : Fibrosarcoma.
335. Most common malignant neoplasm of the spleen : Lymphoma.
336. Most common malignant ovarian neoplasm : Serous adenocarcinoma.
337. Most common malignant ovarian neoplasm : Serous cystadenocarcinoma.
338. Most common malignant primary bone tumor in young adults + children : Osteosarcoma
339. Most common malignant radiation-induced tumor of the musculoskeletal system : MFH
340. Most common malignant sex cordstromal tumor : Granulosa cell tumor
341. Most common malignant testicular neoplasm : Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
342. Most common malignant tumor affecting ribs of children + adolescents : Ewings Sarcoma
343. Most common malignant tumor of the abdomen in patients with NF1 Malignant peripheral
nerve sheath tumor
344. Most common malignant tumor of the duodenum : Adenocarcinoma.
345. Most common malignant tumor of the heart : Angiosarcoma
346. Most common malignant tumor of the small bowel : Carcinoid
347. Most common mammographic finding in DCIS : Microcalcifications
348. Most common mammographic finding in Infiltrating/Invasive Lobular Carcinoma :
Architectural distortion.
349. Most common manifestation of asbestosis exposure : Pleural plaques
350. Most common manifestation of asbestos-related pleural disease : Pleural effusion
351. Most common manifestation of blunt chest trauma : Pulmonary contusion
352. Most common mass lesion of the cerebellopontine angle after acoustic schwannoma :
Meningioma
353. Most common mediastinal germ cell tumor : Seminoma.
354. Most common mediastinal mass in a child between the ages of 6 & 12 years old : Lymphoma
355. Most common mediastinal neurogenic tumor : Schwannoma
356. Most common mesenchymal origin neoplasm of GI tract : GIST

357. Most common metabolic liver disease in children : Hepatic cirrhosis in homozygous alpha-1
Antitrypsin Deficiency
358. Most common metastases to the spleen : Breast carcinoma
359. Most common metastasis to the heart : Melanoma
360. Most common metastatic cause of linitis plastica : Breast carcinoma
361. Most common metatarsal to have a stress fracture : Second metatarsal.
362. Most common missed type of breast cancer on mammography : Infiltrating/Invasive Lobular
Carcinoma.
363. Most common mitral valve abnormality in the Western world : Non-rheumatic mitral valve
disease.
364. Most common monodermal teratoma : Struma ovarii.
365. Most common motor neuron disease : ALS.
366. Most common MR imaging finding in DCIS : Non-masslike enhancement.
367. Most common mycotic pneumonia in an AIDS patient : Cryptococcus.
368. Most common natural outcome of the VSD : Spontaneous complete closure.
369. Most common neonatal cyanotic congenital heart malformation : TGV
370. Most common neonatal lesion of adrenal gland : Nontraumatic Adrenal Hemorrhage.
371. Most common neoplasm of conus medullaris : Myxopapillary Ependymoma of Spinal Cord.
372. Most common neoplasm of internal auditory canal / cerebellopontine angle : Vestibular
Schwannoma.
373. Most common neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with NF1: Neurofibromas.
374. Most common nerve to be involved in tarsal tunnel syndrome : Posterior tibial nerve.
375. Most common nonepidemic meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent individuals in US :
Herpes Encephalitis.
376. Most common nonepithelial malignant bladder tumor : Leiomyosarcoma.
377. Most common nonepithelial tumor in the colon : Lipoma.
378. Most common nonepithelial tumor of the bladder : Leiomyoma.
379. Most common nonglial primary tumors of the central nervous system : Meningiomas.
380. Most common nonlymphoproliferative primary malignant tumor of the spine in adults :
Chordoma.
381. Most common nonlymphoproliferative primary malignant tumor of the spine in children :
PNET.
382. Most common nontraumatic cause of acute limp in a child : Toxic synovitis.
383. Most common non-traumatic cause of facial nerve paralysis & hearing loss : CPA tumor.
384. Most common odontogenic mass : Odontoma= odontogenic hamartomatous malformation.
385. Most common of all alimentary tract duplications : Small Bowel Duplication Cyst.
386. Most common of cerebral vascular malformation : DVA.
387. Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis.
388. Most common organism involved in pancreatic abscess : E. Coli.
389. Most common organism of acute pyogenic meningitis in infants & children : N. meningitides.
390. Most common origin of cystic artery : Right hepatic artery.
391. Most common osteochondrodysplasia : Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
392. Most common ovarian neoplasm : Dermoid aka dermoid cyst = Mature cystic teratoma
393. Most common ovarian tumor-related morbidity : Bowel obstruction
394. Most common pancreatic abnormality in adult pt's with CF : Complete fatty replacement
395. Most common paraneoplastic disease associated with thymoma : Myasthenia gravis
396. Most common parasitic infection involving CNS in developing countries : Cysticercosis
397. Most common parotid disease in children : Mumps parotitis
398. Most common pattern of bronchial arteries : Two left & one right bronchial artery
399. Most common pattern of enhancement at DE MR cardiac imaging : Patchy midwall
enhancement with multiple foci
400. Most common pattern of hepatic involvement of secondary lymphoma : Diffuse infiltrative
401. Most common pattern of spread in Gallbladder Carcinoma : Direct spread.
402. Most common pediatric glioma : JPA
403. Most common pediatric tumor causing isosexual precocious puberty in a girl : Granulosa cell
tumor
404. Most common phakomatoses : NF1

405. Most common

406. Most common
biopsy : COPD
407. Most common
408. Most common
409. Most common
410. Most common
411. Most common
nodule
412. Most common
413. Most common
414. Most common
415. Most common
416. Most common
417. Most common
418. Most common
419. Most common
420. Most common
421. Most common
422. Most common
Hepatoblastoma
423. Most common
424. Most common
425. Most common
426. Most common
427. Most common
428. Most common
429. Most common
430. Most common
431. Most common
432. Most common
433. Most common
434. Most common
435. Most common
vein.
436. Most common
437. Most common
438. Most common
439. Most common
440. Most common
441. Most common
442. Most common
443. Most common
444. Most common
445. Most common
Breast cyst
446. Most common
447. Most common
448. Most common
449. Most common
450. Most common
451. Most common
452. Most common
453. Most common
attachment
454. Most common
455. Most common

pineal tumor : Pineal Germinoma

predisposing cause to develop pneumothorax during percutaneous lung
predisposing disorder of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax : COPD
pregnancy-related mortality in the first trimester Ectopic pregnancy
presentation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : Dyspnea
presentation in stuck twin syndrome : Monochorionic diamniotic
presentation of bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma (BAC) : Solitary pulmonary
presentation of GIST on cross sectional imaging : Cystic areas of necrosis.
presentation of mesoblastic nephroma : Palpable mass at birth.
presentation of neurocysticercosis : Seizures.
presenting symptom of Osler Weber Rendu : Hemoptysis.
primary benign mesenteric tumor : Desmoid.
primary brain tumor : GBM.
primary cardiac tumors in adults : Myxomas.
primary cerebellar mass in an adult : Hemangioblastoma
primary demyelinating disease : MS
primary female urethral malignancy : Squamous cell carcinoma
primary hepatic neoplasm in infants & children <5 years old :
primary intraocular neoplasm in adult Caucasian : Uveal Melanoma
primary lung tumor under age 16 : Bronchial Adenoma
primary malignant rib tumor : Chondrosarcoma
primary malignant sacral tumor : Sacrococcygeal Chordoma
primary malignant soft-tissue tumor of late adult life : Soft-tissue MFH
primary neoplasm of the spleen : Cavernous hemangioma
primary neoplasms of the anterior superior mediastinum Thymomas.
primary posterior mediastinal neoplasms :Neurogenic tumors
primary tumor of the diaphragm : Lipoma
radiation-induced CNS tumor : Meningioma
reason for cardiac transplantation : Dilated cardiomyopathy
recognized CNS manifestation of VHL disease : Hemangioblastoma of CNS
relevant finding on cavogram for IVC filter placement : Circumaortic left renal
renal fusion anomaly : Horseshoe kidney
renal mass in a 3 months old infant : Mesoblastic nephroma
respiratory cause of cold agglutinin production : Mycoplasma pneumonia
retinal infection in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis
right cardiophrenic angle mass : Epicardial fat-pad/lipoma
segment involved in tracheobronchial injury : Right lower lobe bronchus.
sex cord-stromal cell tumor : Ovarian Fibroma
sign of failing dialysis graft : Increased venous pressures
sign of tuberous sclerosis : Myoclonic seizures
single cause of breast lumps in females between 35 to 55 years of age :
site
site
site
site
site
site
site
site

for an intracardiac papillary fibroelastoma : Aortic valve.

for aneurysm in the chest : Descending thoracic aorta.
for cardiac myxoma : Left atrium
for intra cardiac thrombus formation : Atrial appendage.
for optic melanoma metastases : Liver.
for penetrating aortic ulcers : Descending thoracic aorta
of abdominal involvement in Hodgkins disease : Spleen
of aortic dissection : Prox. Desc. Thoracic aorta near ductus lig.

site of biliary tract injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma : Gallbladder

site of monostotic fibrous dysplasia : Ribs

456. Most common site of rupture of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : RV followed by RA.
457. Most common solid extracranial tumor of childhood : Neuroblastoma
458. Most common spermatic cord tumor : Lipoma
459. Most common spinal cord segment of lymphoma of spinal cord : Cervical
460. Most common spinal cord tumor : Ependymoma
461. Most common spinal location for cord astrocytoma : Thoracic
462. Most common spinal location for cord ependymoma : Cervical
463. Most common subcortical degenerative disease : Parkinsons
464. Most common subglottic soft-tissue upper resp. tract obstructing mass in neonates :
Subglottic Hemangioma
465. Most common submucosal tumor in colon : Lipoma
466. Most common subtype of NHL involving the esophagus : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
467. Most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma : Clear cell adenocarcinomas
468. Most common suprasellar mass : Craniopharyngioma
469. Most common syndromic islet cell tumor : Insulinoma
470. Most common systemic allergic hypersensitivity-related acute small-vessel vasculitis in
children : HSP
471. Most common systemic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients : Candidiasis Of
Liver
472. Most common tarsal bone to get fractured : Calcaneus
473. Most common tarsal coalition : Talocalcaneal
474. Most common testicular tumor in a young boy : Yolk sac tumor
475. Most common tibial plateau fractures : Lateral tibial plateau (Schatzker classification type I
III)
476. Most common trigonal intraventricular mass in adulthood : Meningioma
477. Most common tumor of adenohypophysis : Pituitary Adenoma
478. Most common tumor of genitourinary tract : Metachronous TCC
479. Most common tumor of the appendix : Carcinoid
480. Most common tumor of the esophagus : Leiomyomas
481. Most common tumor of the minor salivary glands : Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
482. Most common type of abdominal wall hernia : Inguinal hernia
483. Most common type of ASD : Ostium secundum
484. Most common type of brain hernaition : anterior / uncal transtentorial
485. Most common type of brain herniation : Subfalcine herniation
486. Most common type of C2 fractures : Type 2
487. Most common type of cancer to arise from a thyroglossal duct cyst : Papillary carcinoma
488. Most common type of cardiomyopathy : Dilated cardiomyopathy
489. Most common type of choledochal cyst : fusiform dilatation of the extrahepatic duct Type 1c
490. Most common type of congenital internal hernia : Left paraduodenal hernia
491. Most common type of encephalocele in SE Asia: Sincipital Encephalocele
492. Most common type of encephalocele in US : Occipital Encephalocele
493. Most common type of endoleak in the abdominal aorta : Type II endoleak
494. Most common type of endoleak in the thoracic aorta : Type I endoleak
495. Most common type of fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal bone : Peroneus brevis
avulsion fracture.
496. Most common type of gallbladder inflammation : Chronic cholecystitis
497. Most common type of internal hernia : Postoperative, transmesenteric hernias.
498. Most common type of intrapulmonary involvement of Hodgkins disease : Bronchovascular
form.
499. Most common type of liver abscess : Pyogenic Liver Abscess
500. Most common type of lymphoma involving the head and neck region : Diffuse large B- CELL

Named radiological
X - ray finding chest
Heart and blood vessels:

1. Flake shaped / pear shaped / Leath - bottle /money bag shaped heart - Pericardial effussion
2. Boot shaped heart / Coer - en - sabot - Fallot's tetralogy
3. Box - shaped appearence - Tricuspid atresia
4. Jug handled appearence - primary pulmonary artery hypertension
5. '3' appearence - Coarctation of aorta
6. Egg on side appearence - Trans position of great vessels
7. Egg in cup appearence - Constrictive pericarditis
8. Snow man heart - TAPVC (Total Anomalus Pulmonary Venus Connection )
9. Figure of '8' - TAPVC ( Total Anomalus Pulmonary Venus Connection )
10 . Cottage leaf apeearence TAPVC
11. Perecardial calcification - Constrictive perecarditis
12 . Calcification in heart wall - is seen in - Carcinoid syndrome
13 . Calcification of ascending aorta - Atherosclerosis , syphilis
14 . Hilar dance on fluroscopy - Atreal septal defect
15 . X -ray finding in 'Ebstein's anomaly - Pulmonary olegamia
16 . Posterior displacement of trachea - seen in - Anurysm of Aorta
17 . Oblitaration of left border of heart (PA view chest ) - is - suggestive of - Linguler pathology
(Left lung)
18 . Bat wing's appearence - Pulmonary oedema
19 . Pruned tree appearence (of pulmonary circulation ) - Pulmonary artery hypertension

Lungs :
1. Ground glass appearence - Hyaline membrane disease
2. Solitary pulmonary mass lession - > 4 cms is - most commonly due to - Broncheal adenoma
3 . Honey comb appearence - Cystic fibrosis , cystic bronchiactasis , collagen disorders Rheumatoid arthritis , scleroderma
Pneumoconiosis , tuberculosis , histyocytosis , intersticial lung disease , sercoidosis ,drugs Bleomycin , Busulphan , melphalan , cyclophosphamide
4. Meniscus sign / crescent sign (mobile mass in pulmonary cavity ) is most commonly seen in Asperglloma (fungal ball lession )
5. Egg cell calcification - sillicosis , sercoidosis , coal - minors pneumoconiosis , lymphoma
following radiotherapy
6. Pop corn calcification / craggy popcorn calcification - Pulmonary hemartoma
7. Plural calcification - commonest cause is - tuberculosis (Asbestosis )
8. Diaphragmatic plura calcification - is due to - Asbestosis
9. Calcification in a pulmonary metastasis - most common cause is - Osteosercoma
10 . Coin shadow in the lung (single ) - With calcification - Epidermoid carcinoma
11. For radiologically evedent plural effussion - The minimal amount of plural fluid that should be
present is - 250 ml .
12 . Plethoric lung field seen in - L - R shunt (VSD , PDA , ASD )
13 .Oligemic lung fields - Pulmonary atresia , stenosis , Ebstein's anomaly
14 . Peri hilar fluffy opacities - seen in Pulmonary venous hypertension Ribs

RIBS :
1. Superior surface notch of ribs - seen in - - Hyperparathyroidism , neurofibromatosis , connective
tissue disorder
2. Inferior surface notch of ribs - seen in - Coarctation of Aorta , SVC obstruction , chest wall AV
fistula AV thrombosis , Aortic thrombosis
3. Unilateral obstruction - seen in - Coarctation of left subclavian artery , subclavian artery block ,
Blacklock Taussig opparation

Others :
Displacement of Tracheal shadow - most common cause is - Thyroid swelling
Watery lily sign - Ruptured hydatid cyst

Word association helpful in mcq`s :

Friction rub-pericariditis
Kussmaul breathing -diabetic ketoacidosis
Bronz skin plus diabetes-Hemochromatosis
Malar Rash-SLE
Heliotrope rash -Dermatomyositis
Rectal prolapse -Cystic fibrosis
Amaurosis fugax-Ophthalmic artery
Caf-au-lait spot with normal IQ-Neurofibromatosis
Worse headache of pt life-subarachnoid hemorrhage
Abdominal striae-cushing syndrome or preg
Left lower tenderness or rebound-diverticulitis
Cat like cry in an infant-cri-duchat syndrome
Low grade fever after first 24 hour of surgery-atelactasis
Bilateral hilar adenopathy-sarcoidosis
Absent breath sounds in trauma pt -pneumothorax
Intermittent bursts of swearing -tourette syndrome
Daytime sleepiness & occasional falling down-narcolepsy
Becks triad-JVP,muffled heart sounds, hypotension
Kehr`s sign-pain in left shoulder (ruptured spleen)
Tinel sign-tapping on surface of wrist elicit paresthesias (carpel tunnel)
Ortolani`s sign-abducting infants`s flexed hips causes a palpable/audible click(congenital
hip dysplasia)
Prehn sign-elevation of painful testicle relieve pain ( epididymitis vs testicular torsion)
Anemia : TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease
TIBC levels at the: Top=Irondeficiency, Bottom=Chronic disease.

Common named bone fractures and affected sites

Aviators fracture Neck of talus
Boxers fracture -Neck of 5th metacarpal
Bennets -Intra articular fracture,base of 1st metacarpal
Rolandos -Extra articula fracture,base of 1st metacarpal
Chauffers fracture -Fracture radial styloid
Chance fracture- Horizontal fracture through vertebra
Clay shovellers -Spinous process of T1
Cottons fracture -Trimalleolar ankle fracture
Potts fracture Bimalleolar ankle
Galeazzi fracture -Fracture distal radius with dislocation of distal radio ulnar joint
Jeffersons fracture Burst fracture of atlas(C1)
Jones fracture Base of 5th metatarsal
Hangmans fracture Axis
Monteggia fracture Fracture proximal ulna with radial head dislocation
March fracture -stress fracture shaft of 2nd or 3rd meta tarsal
Masonneres fracture Neck of fibula
Sniths fracture- Reverse colles
Pond fracture- Depressd skull fracture in infants
Toddlers fracture -Spiral fracture of tibia
Crescent fracture Fracture iliac bone with sacroiliac disruption.
Common tests used in orthopaedics
Barlows test -CDH
Ortolanis test -CDH
Galleazi test -CDH
Allis test -CDH
Harts test CDH
Thomas test -Fixed flexion deformity
Allens test Palmar arch integrity
Gaenslens test Sciatica
Mc Murrays test Menisci
Anterior drawer test Anterior cruciate ligament
Lachmans test Anterior cruciate ligament
Pivot shift test Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior drawer test Posterior cruciate ligament
Apprehension test Anterior shoulder dislocation
Phalens test Carpal tunnel syndrome
Finkelsteins test De Quervains disease
Adsons test Thoracic outlet syndrome
Wringing test Lateral epicondylitis
Cozens test -Lateral epicondylitis

Lift off test Subscapularis