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Circle
: Area = r2; Circumference = 2 r.
Square : Area = x2 ; Perimeter = 4x.
Rectangle: Area = xy ; Perimeter = 2(x+y).
1
Triangle : Area = (base)(height) ; Perimeter = a+b+c.
2
3 2
Area of equilateral triangle =
a .
4
4
Sphere : Surface Area = 4 r2 ; Volume = r3.
3
2
3
Cube
: Surface Area = 6a ; Volume = a .
1
Cone
: Curved Surface Area = rl ; Volume = r2 h
3
2
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
2
LOGARITHMS
a x = m log m = x (a > 0 and a 1)
a
1. loga mn = logm + logn.
m
2. loga = logm logn.
n
3. loga mn = n logm.
log a
4. logba =
.
log b
5. logaa = 1.
6. loga1 = 0.
1
7. logba =
.
log a b
8. loga1= 0.
9. log (m +n) logm +logn.
10. e logx = x.
11. logaax = x.
PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
a, a + d, a+2d,-----------------------------are in A.P.
nth term, Tn = a + (n-1)d.
n
Sum to n terms, Sn = [ 2a + (n 1)d ] .
2
If a, b, c are in A.P, then 2b = a + c.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
a, ar, ar2 ,--------------------------- are in G.P.
a(1 r n )
a(r n 1)
Sum to n terms, Sn =
if r < 1 and Sn =
if r > 1.
1 r
r 1
a
Sum to infinite terms of G.P, S =
.
1 r
If a, b, c are in A.P, then b2 = ac.
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Reciprocals of the terms of A.P are in H.P
1
1
1
,
,
, ----------------- are in H.P
a a + d a + 2d
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P, then b =
.
a+c
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + -----------------+n = n =
.
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2
12+22 +32 + -----------------+n2 = n =
.
6
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
n 2 (n + 1) 2
.
4
(x1 x 2 ) 2 + (y1 y 2 ) 2 .
2. Section formula
mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
,
4
3. Mid point formula
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
,
.
2
2
4. Centriod formula
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y3
,
.
3
3
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
5
Equation of a straight line passing through intersection of two lines a 1x2 + b1x + c1
= 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is a1x2 + b1x + c1 + K(a2x2 + b2x + c2 ) = 0, where K is
any constant.
Two lines meeting a point are called intersecting lines.
More than two lines meeting a point are called concurrent lines.
Equation of bisector of angle between the lines a1x + b1y+ c1 = 0 and
a1x + b1 y + c1
a x + b 2 y 2 + c2
= 2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is
a12 + b12
a 22 + b22
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
1. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of lines passing through origin
generally called as homogeneous equation of degree2 in x and y and
2 h 2 ab
angle between these is given by tan =
.
a+b
ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of coincident lines, if h2 = ab and the same
represents a pair of perpendicular lines, if a + b = 0.
2h
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0,then m1 + m2 =
b
a
and m1 m2 = .
b
2. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is called second general second
order equation represents a pair of lines if it satisfies the the condition
abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0.
The angle between the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is given by
tan =
2 h 2 ab
.
a+b
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
6
TRIGNOMETRY
1 2
Area of a sector of a circle = r .
2
Arc length, S = r .
opp
adj
opp
adj
hyp
hyp
sin =
,cos =
,tan =
,cot =
, sec =
, cosec =
.
hyp
hyp
adj
opp
adj
opp
1
1
1
1
Sin =
or cosec =
, cos =
or sec =
,
cos ec
sin
sec
cos
1
1
sin
cos
tan =
or cot =
, tan =
, cot =
.
cot
tan
cos
sin
sin2 + cos2 = 1; sin2 = 1- cos2; cos2 = 1- sin2;
sec2 - tan2 = 1; sec2 = 1+ tan2; tan2 = sec2 1;
cosec2 - cot2 = 1; cosec2 = 1+ cot2; cot2 = cosec2 1.
STANDARD ANGLES
0 or
or
450 or
00 0 30
6
4
Sin
Cos
Tan
Cot
Sec
Cosec
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
600 or
1
3
1
2
900 or
1
0
150 or
2
12
3 1
2 2
3 +1
2 2
750 or
5
12
3 +1
2 2
3 1
2 2
3 1
3 +1
3 +1
3 1
3 +1
3 1
3 1
3 +1
2 2
3 +1
2 2
3 1
2 2
3 1
2 2
3 +1
ALLIED ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of angles which are in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants can be
obtained as follows :
If the transformation begins at 900 or 2700, the trigonometric functions changes as
sin cos
tan cot
sec cosec
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
7
where as the transformation begins at 1800 or 3600, the same trigonometric functions
will be retained, however the signs (+ or -) of the functions decides ASTC rule.
COMPOUND ANGLES
Sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB.
Sin(A-B)= sinAcosB-cosAsinB.
Cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB.
Cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB.
tan A + tan B
tan(A+B)=
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan(A-B)=
1 + tan A tan B
1 + tan A
tan + A =
4
1 tan A
1 tan A
tan A =
4
1 + tan A
tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C
tan(A+B+C)=
1 (tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A)
sin(A+B) sin(A-B)= sin 2 A sin 2 B = cos 2 B cos 2 A
cos(A+B) cos(A-B)= cos 2 A sin 2 B
MULTIPLE ANGLES
1.sin 2A=2 sinA cosA.
2. sin 2A=
2 tan A
.
1 + tan 2 A
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
3 tan A tan 3 A
.
1 3 tan 2 A
8
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE
2 tan
2
2
2
1) sin = 2sin cos . 2) sin =
. 3) cos = cos sin .
2
2
2
2
1 + tan 2
2
1 tan 2
2
2
2
4) cos = 1 2sin . 5) cos = 2 cos 1 . 6) cos =
.
2
2
1 + tan 2
2
2 tan
2
2
2
7) tan =
. 8) 1 + cos = 2 cos . 9) 1 cos = 2sin .
2
2
1 tan 2
2
PRODUCT TO SUM
2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B).
2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) sin(A-B).
2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B).
2 sinA sinB = cos(A+B) cos(A-B).
SUM TO PRODUCT
C+D
CD
Sin C + sin D = 2sin
cos
.
2
2
C+D CD
Sin C sin D = 2 cos
sin
.
2 2
C+D
CD
Cos C + cos D = 2 cos
cos
.
2
2
C+D CD
Cos C- cos D = 2sin
sin
2 2
OR
D+C DC
Cos C- cos D = 2sin
sin
2 2
PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
a
b
c
=
=
= 2R , where R is the circum radius of the
Sine Rule:
sin A sin B sin C
triangle.
b 2 + c2 a 2
Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 -2bc cosA or cosA =
,
2bc
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
9
a 2 + c2 b2
,
2ac
a 2 + b2 c2
c2 = a2 + b2 -2ab cosC or cosC =
.
2ab
Projection Rule: a = b cosC +c cosB
b = c cosA +a cosC
c = a cosB +b cosA
Tangents Rule:
BC bc
A
tan
cot ,
=
2 b+c
2
CA ca
B
tan
cot ,
=
2 c+a
2
AB ab
C
tan
cot .
=
2 a+b
2
Half angle formula:
(s b)(s c)
(s b)(s c)
s(s a)
A
A
A
sin =
, cos =
, tan =
.
s(s a)
bc
bc
2
2
2
b2 = a2 + c2 -2ac cosB or cosB =
(s a)(s c)
(s a)(s c)
s(s b)
B
B
B
sin =
, cos =
, tan =
.
s(s b)
ac
ac
2
2
2
(s a)(s b)
(s a)(s b)
s(s c)
C
C
C
sin =
, cos =
, tan =
.
s(s c)
ab
ab
2
2
2
Area of triangle ABC = s(s a)(s b)(s c) ,
1
1
1
Area of triangle ABC = bcsin A = ac sin B = ab sin C .
2
2
2
LIMITS
1.
2.
3.
4.
( f ( x ) ) = lim
( f ( a + h) )
Right Hand Limit (RHL) = xlim
a+
h 0
( f ( x ) ) = lim
( f ( a h) )
Left Hand Limit (LHL) = xlim
a
h 0
( f ( x ) ) exists and
If RHL=LHL then lim
xa
lim ( f ( x ) ) = RHL=LHL
xa
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
10
5.
6.
1
n p = if p > 0
= 0 , if p > 0 and nLt
np
Lt
Lt
x 0
sin x
tan x
x
x
= Lt
= Lt
=1
( x in radians ) = xLt
x
0
x
0
x
x
sin x
tan x
7.
sin x 0
tan x 0
= Lt
=
x 0
x
0
x
x
180
8.
Lt
Lt
sin x 2
=
x
9.
lim
sin 1 x
tan 1 x
= 1 = lim
x 0
x
x
10.
lim
x n an
= nan 1 , where n is an integer or a fraction.
xa
11.
lim
ax 1
= log a ,
x
12.
lim 1 + = e ,
x
n
13.
lim kf ( x ) = k lim f ( x )
xa
xa
14.
15.
x 0
xa
x 0
lim
x 0
f ( x)
lim
xa
g ( x)
16.
lim ( 1 + n ) n = e
x 0
xa
xa
xa
xa
x a
xa
f ( x)
lim
xa
provided lim g( x ) 0
=
xa
g ( x)
lim
xa
17.
ex 1
= log e = 1
x
(ii) f ( a ) is defined
f ( x ) = f ( a)
(iii) lim
xa
f ( x ) lim f ( x ) f ( a )
(iii) xlim
a+0
xa0
18.
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536