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Deep Beam PDF
Deep Beam PDF
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CHAPTER
10
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Deep beam is a beam having large depth/thickness ratio and shear span depth ratio less than 2.5
for concentrated load and less than 5.0 for distributed load. Because the geometry of deep beams, they
behavior is different with slender beam or intermediate beam.
Transfer Girder, is a girder that carry all the vertical load without any vertical element below the
girder.
Pile Cap, is a structural element that connect the vertical element with the deep foundation such
as bored pile.
Vertical Wall, wall slab under vertical load can be designed as deep beam.
Two-Dimensional Action, because of the dimension of deep beam they behave as twodimensional action rather than one-dimensional action.
Plane Section Do Not Remain Plane, the assumption of plane section remain plane cannot be
used in the deep beam design. The strain distribution is not longer linear.
Shear Deformation, the shear deformation cannot be neglected as in the ordinary beam. The
stress distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage. At the ultimate limit state the shape of
concrete compressive stress block is not parabolic shape again.
The followings are the major behavior of deep beam element, as follows :
The distribution of tensile stress at bottom fiber is constant over the span. In other word the
1 f'
3 c
or
2 f 'c
value of tensile stress at bottom fiber at support and at mid span is only little different, for
this reason in deep beam the tension reinforcement must be extend to the end of support
although that region is small bending moment region (in ordinary beam we can cut off the tension
reinforcement and not all of the tension reinforcement in mid span is extended to the end of
support, practically only two for anchor the stirrups.
The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fiber is far exceed the magnitude of compressive
stress.
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FIGURE 10.1
SUPPORT STRESS
The cracks is vertical follows the direction of compression trajectory, in deep beam we must
provide both vertical stirrups and horizontal stirrups.
FIGURE 10.2
GENERAL
The flexural design for deep beam is not described in the ACI code, the method explained in this
section is from Euro International Concrete Committee (CEB).
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10.3.2
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The flexural design procedure is for simply supported beams and for continuous beams.
TABLE 10.1
TYPE
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Moment
Mn = A sfy (jd)
Mn = A sfy (jd)
Strength
Positive
A s+ =
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
As
Minimum
Mu +
fy ( jd)
A s min =
f 'c
4 fy
bw d
1 .4
bw d
fy
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1
Lever
Arm
jd = 0.6L
L
<2
h
A s+ =
Mu +
fy ( jd)
A s =
Mu
fy ( jd)
A s min =
f 'c
1 .4
bw d
bw d
fy
4 fy
jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1
L
<1
h
jd = 0.5L
L
2 .5
h
L
<1
h
Positive
Reinforcement
L
A s1 = 0.5 1 A s
h
Distribution
Negative
Reinforcement
A s2 = A s A s1
Distribution
where :
jd
= lever arm
Mu
Mu
As
= beam depth
fc
(MPa)
fy
(MPa)
As
Where L is taken the minimum of effective span measured center to center of supports or 1.15 Ln.
In simply supported beams, the positive tension reinforcement is distributed in the lower of beam
section along the distance :
y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h
[10.1]
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS
Ln
L
FIGURE 9.9
In continuous beams the distribution of positive reinforcements is similar as in the simply supported
0.2h
As1
h3
0.6h
h
As2
FIGURE 9.10
As1 is distributed along height h1=0.2h and As2 is distributed along h2=0.6h.
Reinforcements in zone h3 are come from the tension reinforcements that continued from the mid
span to the support section.
10.3.3
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the flexural design for deep beam, as follows
:
TYPE
Lever
Arm
10 - 4
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1
jd = 0.6L
L
<2
h
L
<1
h
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1
jd = 0.5L
L
2 .5
h
L
<1
h
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TYPE
Positive
A s+ =
Reinforcement
Negative
A s+ =
Mu+
fy ( jd)
A s =
Mu
fy (jd)
Check the required steel bars area with minimum steel bars area Asmin.
TYPE
As
Minimum
Mu +
fy ( jd)
Reinforcement
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s min =
f 'c
4 fy
bw d
1. 4
bw d
fy
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s min =
f 'c
1 .4
bw d
bw d
fy
4 fy
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Positive
L
A s1 = 0.5 1 A s
h
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
A s2 = A s A s1
GENERAL
The shear design of deep beam is similar as shear design of ordinary beam, the difference is only at
the concrete shear strength, limitation of ultimate shear force and horizontal and vertical
stirrups distribution.
10.4.2
According to ACI code the design of deep beam due to shear force must follows the following condition
:
Vn Vu
[10.2]
where :
Vn
Vn
Vu
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As shear design of ordinary beam, the shear force is resisted by the concrete component and by the
shear reinforcement component, as follows :
Vn = Vc + Vs
[10.3]
where :
Vn
Vc
Vs
10.4.3
M 1
V d
Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d
V
d
7
Mu
u
[10.4]
M
1.0 3.5 2.5 u 2.50
V
ud
where :
Vc
(N)
Mu
(Nmm)
Vu
(N)
fc
(MPa)
= effective depth
bw
Vc =
1
f 'c b w d
6
[10.5]
Vc max =
1
f 'c b w d
2
[10.6]
The section must be enlarged if the ultimate shear force is not follows the condition below :
Vu
f 'c b w d
3
Ln
for
< 2. 0
d
Or
10 - 6
[10.7]
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L
Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d
18
d
for 2.0
10.4.4
[10.8]
Ln
5. 0
d
The shear reinforcements must be provided in the deep beams follows the condition below :
Vu Vc
[10.9]
L
L
1+ n
11 n
A
d
A v
+
d f d
vh
Vs =
s
y
s
12
12
h
v
[10.10]
where :
Vs
Av
sv
Ln
= effective depth
Avh
sv
fy
10.4.5
(N)
[10.11]
A vh min = 0.0025(bsh )
where :
Av-min
Avh-min
= width of beam
sv
sh
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TABLE 10.2
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VERTICAL STIRRUPS
sv
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
d
5
sh
sv 500mm
10.4.6
d
3
sh 500mm
The critical section to determines the ultimate shear force in the deep beam is :
TABLE 10.3
UNIFORM LOAD
CONCENTRATED LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
10.4.7
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the shear design for deep beam, as follows :
Determine the critical section to calculate the ultimate shear force Vu.
UNIFORM LOAD
CONCENTRATED LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
Check the ultimate shear force, enlarge the section if the condition is not achieved.
2
Vu
f 'c b w d
3
L
Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d
18
d
for
Ln
< 2 .0
d
for 2.0
Ln
5. 0
d
M 1
V d
Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d
Vud 7
Mu
M
1.0 3.5 2.5 u 2.50
Vud
If Vu < 0.5Vc then no shear reinforcements needed, but for practical reason provide minimum
shear reinforcement.
A vh min = 0.0025(bsh )
A v min = 0.0015(bsv )
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Vu
Vc
Choose the vertical and horizontal stirrups until the condition achieved.
L
L
1+ n
11 n
A
d + A vh
d f d
Vs = v
s
y
s
12
12
v
h
VERTICAL STIRRUPS
sv
d
5
sv 500mm
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
sh
d
3
sh 500mm
If necessary check the chosen shear reinforcements for the basic design equation for shear
design.
Vn = Vc + Vs
L
L
1+ n
11 n
A
d
A v
+
d f d
vh
Vs =
s
y
s
12
12
h
v
The design procedure above is repeats until the basic design equation for shear design is
achieved.
10.5 APPLICATIONS
APPLICATION 01 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
275
10.5.1
470
50
500
PROBLEM
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MATERIAL
Concrete strength
= K 300
Steel grade
= Grade 400
DIMENSION
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm
Concrete cover
= 50
= 2700 mm
mm
DESIGN FORCE
LEVER ARM
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) = 0.2(5000 + 2(2750 )) = 2100 mm
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 262500000 Nmm
A s+ =
Mu+
262500000
2
=
= 348 mm
fy ( jd) 0.9 400(2100 )
A s min =
A s min =
f 'c
4 fy
bw d =
24.9
2
500 2700 = 4211 mm
4 400
1 .4
1 .4
2
bw d =
500 2700 = 4725 mm
fy
400
A s = 4725 mm2
1
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43.75
275
5D25
50
y = 0.25h 0.05L = 0.25(2750 ) 0.05(5000 ) = 437.5 < 0.20h = 0.20(2750 ) = 550
y = 437.5 mm
The longitudinal positive reinforcement must be distributed at the lower base of the beam with a
distance 437.5 mm from the bottom fiber.
We place 5D25 at each face of the section.
275
10.5.2
50
470
15000
10770
d=70.5
SHEAR FORCE
DIAGRAM
10770
15000
500
PROBLEM
MATERIAL
Concrete strength
= K 300
Steel grade
= Grade 240
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DIMENSION
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm
Concrete cover
= 50
= 2700 mm
mm
DESIGN FORCE
Vu = 150780
f 'c b w d = 0.85
24.9 500 2700 = 3817342 N
3
262500000
M
3 .5 2 .5 u = 3 .5 2 .5
= 1.88
2700
150780
V
d
u
w =
As
4906
=
= 0.0036
b w d 500 2700
V d
M 1
Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d
Mu
V
d
7
u
150780 2700
Vc = 1.88 24.9 + (120 0.0036 )
500 2700 = 2052143N
262500000
7
DESIGN OF STIRRUPS
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
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VERTICAL STIRRUPS
sh
Avh-min
sv
Av-min
125
A vh = 0.0025(bsh )
200
A v = 0.0015(bsv )
A vh = 0.0025(500 125 )
A v = 0.0015(500 200 )
A vh = 156
A v = 150
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10-200
10-125
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