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DETECCIN, PREVENCIN Y TRATAMIENTO


DIFICULTADES DEL APRENDIZAJE.
En la actualidad se entiende por dificultades del aprendizaje los
desrdenes que se manifiestan en la adquisicin y el uso de las capaci
dades de la lectura, la comprensin, la expresin escrita y el razonamiento
matemtico, durante la etapa escolar. Estos desrdenes pueden ser la
causa del fracaso escolar o de un rendimiento bajo.
Si bien el concepto dificultades de aprendizaje tiene un carcter
etiquetador y unificador, el presente manual pretende dotar al lector
de conocimientos que le permitan saber si est realmente ante una
dificultad y, de ser as, distinguir ante qu dificultad se encuentra.
Para ello, el manual presenta las pautas y estrategias necesarias para
emitir un diagnstico, establece tcnicas y pruebas de evaluacin, y
expone los pasos a seguir en los procesos de intervencin y reeducacin.

ISBN 978-84-9839-001-8

EDITORIAL

www.ideaspropiaseditorial.com

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