:

No. 36

Trees and

Tree Drawing

EDWARD

C.

CLIFFORD,

R.I.,

SIXTH EDITION

LONDON
GEORGE ROWNEY &

CO.. LTD.

R.D.S.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2010

http://www.archive.org/details/treestreedrawingOOclif

:^^^^4^^i*^

<Y,

v^r'

.^.^s

-^/^^f

^>^^

^^f

--C

%^

^-v^-

[Frontispiece.

TREES
AND

TREE DRAWING
WRITfEN AND ILLUSTRATED

EDWARD

C.

CLIFFORD,

R.I.,

R.D.S.

SIXTH EDI no

PfBLISHED BV

GEORGE ROWNEY AND COMPANY,

ARTIS'IS'

COLOURMEN AND PENCIL MAKERS,

LONDON,

W.,

ENGLAND.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.

Introduction

Anatomy and Structure

Tree Drawing

The Trees of Britain

14

35

50

TREES AND TREE DRAWING

CHAPTER

I.

INTRODUCTION.

The

student

who would become

a figure painter goes

life

and devotes

considerable time to the study of anatomy.

The 3^oung

through a course of drawing from the

landscape painter

make any

at

all,

of composition..

component

is

apt to confine his studies,

to effects of light

The anatomy and construction

j)arts of his subjects are

He

considered.

he

of the

often not seriously

too often forgets that buildings and

and rocks are formed upon fixed

trees

if

and colour and notes

principles

and

governed by set laws in their relationship to each other.

In almost

all

picture exhibitions examples

may

be found

of houses of impossible architectural construction, rocks

foreign

to

their

surroundings,

and

trees

which are

unrecognizable, or growing under unnatural conditions.

knows that inaccuracies in drawing

the landscape
will be readily discovered and condemned

The

figure painter

painter

is

aware that a general ignorance

of tree

forms

has hitherto permitted ill-drawn landscaj)es to pass

The former has brought the study of anatomy

aid
to the latter it is becoming more and more

muster.
to his

necessary to derive assistance from architecture, geology,

and botan3^

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Here

it

purposed to deal with trees only, and

is

should at once

anatomy, individual and

class characteristics, limits

growth and to their endurance

their areas of

it

be pointed out that trees have an

to

of certain

conditions and changes of appearance under the influences of season, situation,

and climate.

painter studies the nude that he

the costumed figure, as he must

As the

be able to paint

know

the figure within

the clothes, so should the landscape painter

naked

tree in winter, that he

rightly in its

summer

figure

may

may

study the

be able to paint

dress of foliage.

it

He must know

the construction of the tree beneath the veiling leaves,

or the tree

is

likely to be a

One more comparison

mere anomaly.

of the painter of figure subjects

with the painter of landscape

may be of use.

The former

does not people his rustic cottages with dainty ladies

and

fine

gentlemen, or his palaces with ragged beggars

he does not make a group of foreign faces serve for a

British crowd, or represent a

Saxon hero

as a negro

neither should the latter plant his wastes with exotics,

trim gardens with weather-beaten trees of

his

the

mountains, his British forests with foreign growths, nor

make a Maidenhair tree the principal feature of a truly

English scene. Nor must he use for background of a
sixteenth-century incident a tree that was not introduced
till

the eighteenth.

In

much

of

the landscape work produced in the

earlier portions of the nineteenth century, trees, so called,

were merely conventional symbols, and the masters of

that time taught patent " foliage touches," that were

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

only mechanicalh^ multiplied to represent a " tree."

these conventions

many

painters

so exceedingly dexterous

form was so

tree

and draughtsmen were

and the general ignorance

great, that their

So much was

accepted and admired.

an honest representation

this the case that

of a naturall}^

now changed

of

productions were

growing tree

would have been entirely rejected as bad

influences have happily

In

art.

all this.

Many
Much is

due to Constable and to the xore-Raphaelite movement,

and

of late years the

study

of

botany, which has taken

a place in the curriculum of the schools, has

made

old

conventional rendering of trees imx^ossible of acceptance.

And

as knowlege of the vegetable world progressed,

number of forms portrayed the

Oak and Elm and Pollard Willow could no longer
form the limit, and the modern French school of
the artists enlarged the

typical

much

landscape painting has done

to popularize the

introduction of the lighter-foliaged trees, such as Poplars

and Willows.
goes on

It

may

be safely assumed that as time

the love of nature

study

will increase,

producing

increased knowledge of the visible forms of nature, and

as a result

more power

of criticizing the painter's pro-

ductions, so that the artist, without lessening his art in

any way, must found

it

on a more

Landscape painters who

sit

paint directly from nature,

what they
wrong

ways

And

see,

down
if

scientific basis.

before a subject

and

they put down exactly

would, one would think, hardly

go far

yet they even, from want of knowledge of

of
it is

the

nature, sometimes fail to give the essentials.

generally admitt(Ml that the highest form

of

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

10

landscape art cannot be produced by merely copying a

given subject
it

necessitates

a matter of composition, of selection,

it is

many

sketches and studies and

labour of elaboration in the studio.

much

Here the painter

has to draw largely upon his stores of knowledge, and

guard against anachronisms and the erroneous juxtaobjects.

He must be correct in his tree
anatomy and character, he must know the requirements
and the natural environment of the kind of tree he

position of

would introduce.
painted,

Silver Birch,

must necessarily offend

if it

be placed where

Not many years ago

could not possibly grow.

of our exhibitions

however beautifully
it

in one

might have been seen a picture

of a

Beech wood, and amongst the Beeches, presumably to

break the monotony

of their

heavy

foliage, the artist

had

introduced some young Silver Birches, with their whita

bark and dainty leafage

so planting the tree which
demands the most light under the tree that casts the
densest shadow. Such mistakes, though not always, or
perhaps often, so markedly wrong as this, are frequently
;

to be

met

with.

The angle

grow from the stem

is

soil,

hillside.

All

that there

is

which a

tree's

branches

frequently wrongly stated

with a deep root system

shallow

at

is

a tree

sometimes represented on a

a valley-loving tree placed high on the

these errors are the

more inexcusable

in

almost always another tree that could be

substituted to supply the mass needed for the composition,

if

only the artist knew.

It

must be admitted

that no young tree will grow in the darkness of dense

forest or in the

shadow

of a

Beech wood.

When

a tree

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

has been

making a gap

felled,

light,

and a pathetic group

off in their

may

youth,

on shallow

soil,

may

he

a shallow root system

of these

dead saplings,

occasionally be seen,

But

bare sticks falling into decay.

tree

roof,

sickly reach for the

only to die as the open space of sky narrows and

closes up,

cut

wood's

in the

up and make a

seedlings will spring

11

if

mere

the artist need a

choose from several having

he would have a tree on

or, if

the mountain side, there are those natural to such a

be avoided,

If errors are to

situation.

it is

absolutely

necessary that an artist must not only study tree form

but must also learn something

of

habits

their

and

requirements.

knowledge

such

Besides

necessary

to

the

it

is

equally necessary to the tree

There

is

now

landscape painter,

draughtsman.

being

a growing taste for tree

drawings pure and simple, without the accompaniment

of landscape or colour.

drawing

of a

Lemon

Since the late Lord Leighton's

tree

was

first

exhibited, the finely

decorative structure of trees has been more and more

appreciated

since the first

handbooks on trees appeared,

the development of the taste for these beautiful growths

demand for drawings of them to hang

To the collectors of such drawings
detail is of as' much importance as delicacy

has created a

upon our

walls.

accuracy of

of execution,

and

for the

drawing

to find a place in a collection of

of

an individual tree

any worth

it

must

possess the quality of absolute truth lovingly rendered.

The old shibboleths no longer

must have the characteristics

avail,

of its

the tree portrayed

kind

while as a

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

12

work

of art it

must no

it

On

less satisfy

the nature lover.

the other hand, the botany necessary to the artist

elementary

fairly

is

must give pleasure to the connoisseur,

the microscope need not be used,

the cellular system, the complex questions of germination

and

fertilization

need not be deeply gone

into.

If

the study of the science prove so interesting that the

student

be led to continue

and good

but what

it is

it

the

If

commoner

of the

know enough

to prevent his

have been mentioned

To

the acquirement of such knowledge

that

it

book to

in ordinary landscape work.

know

her

all

commune with
a book can do

Some

knowledge

little

be found

is

warned

To go

her, is the only

is

path of study and suggest the train

will

the purpose

it is

but he

assist the student,

cannot be got entirely from books.

nature, study her,

to

with

trees,

making such mistakes

as

of this little

know

outward appearance

and requirements, be mastered, the student

their habits
will

anatomy

sake, well

imperative he should

are just those things that affect the

of a tree.

own

for its

to

way

to point out the

of thought.

of the classification of trees

of use, as it will the better enable the

student to realize the various structures

if

he compare

the differences of one family with another and the

similarities of several belonging to

one group.

also help in a case of further research,

which

It will
is

often

needful in these days of the painting of gardens, where

so

many

grown.

foreign trees are being introduced

And

at first sight

and hybrids

although the members of one family

seem quite

dissimilar, it

may

must be remem-

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

bered that they resemble each other in
of growth.

peculiarities

Thus

13

many

essentials

in the Olive family the study of its

will help the

student to understand the

construction of the Ash, the Lilac, and the Privet,

commonly met

many

Avith

members

of

gardens this additional study

and though Latin names may seem

he

will,

simplest

if

is

method

quite necessary,

useless to the artist,

of expressing the nature of the trees,

name

of the family

two words, and the more

and individual

easily enable

further researches in the case of the less

now

all

the painter of

he learn them, find them the shortest,

giving as they do the

in

To

it.

him

to

common

make
trees

so generally planted in our woodlands as well as

our gardens.

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

14

CHAPTER

II.

ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE.

TREE

is

a living being, feeding, digesting, breathing,

transpiring, reproducing its kind, having

ing

and

erect

itself

injuries,

resisting

power

of hold-

the wind, of repairing

and even, in a small degree,

of

moving

certain

of its parts.
It feeds

by

its

roots

and

leaves, digests in its

wonder-

ful internal system, breathes through its bark, transpires

by

its leaves,

and by flowering

scattered, often

produces seeds, that

by elaborate means, become

in time

trees like itself that shall perpetuate the processes.

always

Trees

by many

suffering
injuries

and

adverse

conditions,

have great powers

of repairing

fighting
foes,

against

of adapting themselves to circumstances.

They can within

limits largely alter their character

growth to enable

them

are unfavourable to them, so

they

still

much

so indeed that

and

which

to live under conditions

though

retain the essentials of their kind, they are

without careful examination unrecognizable, as when

the Spruce, so well

Christmas

tree,

mere creeping
turf.

known

to us in the

form

of

the

becomes in more northern latitudes a

plant,

upon which one can walk

as

upon

TKEES AJND TEEE DRAWI^'G

A tree

consists of

many

parts,

but

of these the follo\\-

ing are those that principally concern the artist

1.

15

16

TIIEES

branches do above

AND

it.

DKAWING.

TIIEK

All trees of a certain age have

a tendency to spread out at their jun(ttion with the

earth's surface

but a tree with a strong main root and

few lateral ones does so very

strong lateral root system,

marked spreading

Some

mature age to show

in

for

of the

in

some

trunk

itself

roots, too, are so shallow as in

some distance above the ground

where the ground has been

situations

washed or worn away, large tangled masses

be exposed, which

shows a

and

at the base of the trunk,

largely affected.

and often

while a tree with a

the Beech,

Hornbeam, the form

cases, as in the
is

little,

like

may form

of root

may

a picturesque feature in a

hollow lane or on the bank of a watercourse.

The character

of

the root

is

of

importance to the

from the fact that to a large extent

of the tree to
soil
its

and

limits the

artist

power

grow only under suitable conditions

The

situation.

place,

it

of

roots not only hold the tree in

but absorb food from the

soil

they have

therefore not only to grip the ground firmly

enough to

enable the tree to resist the wind, but have to search for

and reach the

right place

water and food matter.

send

its

root deep

moisture, and

if

it

down

from which they can procure

tree

till

it

growing in sand must

come

be unable to do

incapable of living in such a situation.

it

must, on the contrary, send

and at the

right depth.

to the necessary
this,

then

On

shallow

its lateral

Some

roots,

it

is

soil,

roots far afield

however, have a

limited power of adapting themselves to conditions, as

in the Scots Pine.

ing up

Some

roots have the

shoots or " suckers,"

power

of send-

and so gradually making

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

17

the tree the centre of a grove of young ones, and even,

may

as one

say, of

traveUing considerable distances,

as in the case of the Ehn.

Some
logged

grow near water and

trees love to

earth, but

no British .tree

in moist

water or water-

There are some,

need oxygen.

as their roots

soil,

wdll grow^ in

however, that are able to endure occasional or even

regular flooding, like the Willows,

and there are

foreign trees occasionally seen in

England that have

130 wer

the
their

roots

Thus
ignore

it

sendng up ventilating branches from

knee-roots
is

seen that the artist must not altogether

"

they are "True"

growing

that

during

"

but seldom
tree.

In the Conifers

its

summer

season,

upward growth

In the dicotyledonous trees

practically all our outdoor trees except

the terminal
the stems are " False "

dies,

tinued the following spring by

The

the

and resumes

growing for a season

after

is

to say, the terminal shoot,

is

upwards

again in the spring.

Conifers)

it

True " or " False."

rests during the winter,

cluding

though

for

has a considerable influence on the

Stems are

often

they are called.

as

the tree's root,

visible, it
2.

of

soiiie

True

" stem, therefore,

is

and the stem

is

(in-

the

bud
con-

the highest lateral bud.

one continuous piece

of

timber, while the " False " stem is a succession of branches

strung end to end; and

trees,

it

will

be found that in some

more especially when young, the effect of this

difference

is

quite noticeable in the superior straight

ness of a " True " stem over the " False " stem, which

shows, as

it

were, a slight hesitation in

which gets divided and

lost.

its

growth, or

TREES AND TREE DRAWING

18

.-^^

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

19

a^

i^^^.

20

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

5^.'

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

21

Passing from the outside, inwards, the stem of a tree

consists of the outer

dead bark, the inner Uving bark,

wood

the outer hving wood, and the inner dead

heart wood, as

concerns the

The outer dead bark mainly

it is called.

but that bark

artist,

the

by
by outside
bark by means

largely affected

is

the internal working of the tree as well as

influences.

Trees breathe through their

of little holes or lenticels,

on some

invisible

and while these

trees, or

some they are very

lenticels are

minute spots on others, on

noticeable,

and

largely affect the

appearance of the bark, notably the horizontal

Birch and Cherry.

of the

The bark
as

lenticels

may

is

affected also

by the

swelling of the

the bark of the Black Poplar towards autumn.

wardly
is

it

much

tree.,

be seen easily by the opening vertical cracks in

it is

by

affected

in shade,

it

light

and shade.

If

a tree stem

needs but thin bark to protect

has to endure the strong rays of the sun,

either a thick

to throw

bark as a

them

ofE.

of

it

it

if

needs

shield, or a light coloured

Some

one

light-enduring trees protect

themselves with thick corky bark, adding to

from within, so

Out-

necessity

it

each year

causing and increasing

fissures in the outer portions as the circumference of

the tree gets larger.

these

fissures

The character and

different tress, as in the Chestnut,

Elm, &c.

thin-barked trees, as the inner bark

outer peals

off,

direction of

and corrugations vary very much

as in the Birch

is

in

In some

produced the

and Plane.

Bark may

be smooth on the young tree and get thick and corky

as the tree gets older, as

may

be seen in some of the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

22

Poplars and in the Birch, which has a white thin bark

with rough dark places, and gets more thick bark as

gets

on in years, more especially at the base

Some

it

of the stem.

Lime and the Oak, have great

power of sending out numerous shoots from the trunk,
raising on the stem great bosses that spoil its symmetry.
Others, like the Hornbeam, are often deeply divided
owing to the influence of strong lateral roots. The
Yew is also much divided, its trunk being often composed by the fusion with it of strong base shoots.
The stem changes its character with changed conthe

tress, like

ditions.

tree that in the

open

pole

straight

branches

trunk are dormant buds, which,

felled, letting in

branches.

tall

with a comparatively small crown of

But on that

branches and foliage at the top.

be

carries its

low down the stem, in close forest becomes a

fairly

the

This power

if

light, will
is

great in

tall

bare

the surrounding trees

develop and become

some

the

trees, like

Hornbeam, on which a bud that has remained dormant

for over half a century will grow on the accession of

On

light.

but small.

others, like

many of

the Conifers, the power

This power and the power of creating

is

new

buds, which some trees have, applies to the stump of

a fallen or felled tree;

and though the

artist

may

be

quite right in putting

young shoots growing on many

kinds of

he

old

stems,

must not suggest

their

so

growing on the stump of a Conifer, which dies when

the whole of

its

tree has a

grow.

top

is

cut

off.

main stem from which the branches

A bush has many stems.

Iii

a tree the strongest

TREES A:ND tree DRAWING.

23

shoots grow on the branches and become branches

on

a bush the strongest shoots grow from the base and

Thus a bush should never be drawn

though in

become new stems.

as a miniature tree in a natural landscape,

by continually cutting away

cultivation,

all

the base

shoots but one, the gardener sometimes gives

it

that

appearance.
3.

Branches

are " True " or " False " in the

same

manner that has just been described in regard to stems

they grow from the tree at varying angles and in varyIn Conifers, such as the Spruce, they grow

ing numbers.

from the topmost whorl or

in pairs or

buds

On

of the previous

the tree

may

be

by counting the whorls of

trees they may grow

approximately reckoned
branches.

circle of

so that the age of

year's growth,

dicotyledonous

be arranged

spirally,

but to

all

practical

purposes they are irregularly placed, because of some

and some dying and

developing

more than

falhng

off.

In the younger trees the method of branch-

ing

of course,

is,

others,

more regular and

in keeping with the

habit of the tree, they not having had so

suffer adversities

young

trees, as

can be better

The current

so

it is

much time

to

well for the student to study

from them the true methods

of

growth

learnt.

year's shoot bears leaves, but

in the axils of the leaves are

next year's growth.

no branches

produced the buds for

These buds the following season

develop into long shoots, or short shoots, or they remain

dormant.

bud

of

In some

trees, as

has been said, the terminal

a shoot dies and the growth

is

continued the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

24

next year by the highest lateral bud, but in some the

terminal bud develops into flowers. A short shoot has
short internodes, that
or less swollen places

short spaces between the

is,

whence the leaves spring

produce leaves or flowers.

more

may

it

long shoot has long inter-

nodes and carries the foliage out into the

light, as

may

be well seen in the long feathery shoots of the Beech.

From

the artist's point of view the branches are the

and

tree itself in winter, except with evergreens,

therefore essential for

not only

is

him

necessary to

it

them

to study

know

branches are set upon them, and

produce smaller branches and

studying them in winter

them

in

summer

it

will

how they

is
;

the angle at which

the main branches leave the stem, but the

lesser

it

carefully

how

final

way

the

they, again,

And by

twigs.

be easier to understand

thrust the foliage out or up,

how they spread out fanwise, making flat masses, or

by many reticulations cause the masses to be more
globular, and how in weeping trees the branches tend
upwards before they droop, it being only the mass
final twigs, or " spray," which hangs down.
4.

The

tree,

leaf is the

and the

key to the texture

foliage

is

necessarily

of

of the foliaged

of

the

greatest

importance to the tree draughtsman, seeing that in

summer

little else is

seen in most trees.

necessary for the artist to

know

It

is

therefore

the shape of the leaf of

the tree he would represent, and some description of the

main forms

are

various shapes
or needle-like

now

given.

oval, oblong,
it

may

simple leaf

may

be of

heart-shaped, lanceolate,

be toothed round the edge in

TEEES AND TEEE DRAWING.

vX\

'^i/Kv
^,

\\/

^
7

-;
i

\\ ^\

//V/a'

-^

25

TREES AND TREE DKAWING.

26

various ways, mostly too small in detail to affect the

appearance of the foliage as a mass

and

lobed with round or pointed divisions.

leaf is practically a

number

it

may

also be

compound

of simple leaves attached

common leaf stalk, and they may be arranged in

rows down the stalk or radiating from its uppermost
end.
The compound leaf may also be made up of
to a

groups

arranged

symmetrically upon the

main and

subordinate leaf stalks.' Further mention of the form

of leaves will

but

trees,

it

be

made

in the notes

on the

different

cannot be too strongly impressed on the

student that the shape and the size of the leaf largely
affect the texture of the foliage, as the

comparison

of

such extremes as the Horse Chestnut and the Cedar will

definitely prove.

Leaves on long shoots are placed at greater intervals

than those on short shoots, and trees

(see

Fig. 7),

like the

with leaves spreading out horizontally on either

have a waving, feathery appearance, which

on the Oak

Beech

which throw out numerous long shoots,

(see Fig. 6),

is

side,

not seen

which has more short shoots,

on which the buds towards the- end only develop,

making a cluster, and giving the tree a more tufted
appearance.

The
where

leaves of trees are either stalked or stalkless,

it is

present the character of the stalk

element in the general character

stalked leaf

one

is

more

easily

without a stalk,

more movennent

it is

so

of the tree.

moved by
the

capable

of.

longer

is

and

another

For as a

the breeze than

the

Beyond

stalk

the

this a stalk

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

"'

^^^ -VA

^r^

^\>Kf>J
V
Figs. 6

and

7.

27

>r

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

28
like that

found on some

cally for part of

of the Poplars, flattened verti-

the leaf a lateral

length, allows

its

This

motion and gives the tree a peculiar sparkle.

sparkle of a tree in a breeze
the- leaf

and some

of

Willows.

the

under the influence

by

is

greatly enhanced where

has a light underside, as in the White Poplar

artists,

and the

of

The whitening

the wind

is

of

trees

often found useful

effect of a prevalent

wind continually

bending the twigs and foliage one

way has been used

to give a wild look to a landscape.

This appearance of

a tree, so often seen at the seaside,

is

not due only to

the bending of the twigs, for that side of the tree facing

the quarter whence the wind and strong air come will

be found to have shorter shoots and sparser

This

due

is

parts,

to over-rapid transpiration of the

foliage.

exposed

preventing their growth.

Trees are either evergreen or deciduous, either they

keep their leaves through the winter or they lose them in

autumn and put out a fresh crop the following spring,

and it will be noticed that the leaves of evergreens are
of a thicker and more leathery nature than those of
deciduous
trees

is

trees.

By

far the largest

the Pine family, whose

class of evergreen

leaves,

being

very

narrow, are called needles, and grow mostly in bundles

of

two or more.

As

in the broad-leaved families there

are often evergreens, so in the Pine family

some

that are deciduous

the Conifers

number

may

be found

as there are evergreen Oaks, so

in their ranks the deciduous Larch.

Leaves also vary under other influences.

the reach of cattle, changes

its

Holly, above

prickly leaves for spineless

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

and Ivy where

ones,

grows free on

it

its

29

own branches

has unlobed leaves, while those of the same plant where

it clings

to tree stem or wall are divided, to allow of

light passing to the

5.

The flowers

spicuous

under ones,

of our forest trees are naostly incon-

being wind-fertilized, thej^ have no need to

put out advertisements for honey,

honey at

all,

pollen,

their

moment

to

or,

indeed, to offer

for the sake of attracting insects to carry

and,

the

inconspicuous, are

being

of

Yet there are some

artist.

little

which,

though not conspicuous, do nevertheless, by their great

number,
especially
of the

affect
is

appearance

the

of

the

tree

more

with the large inflorescences

this the case

Sweet Chestnut and the Sycamore.

tree with consj)icuous flowers

common

in

'

The largest
England is

the Horse Chestnut, though the Catalpa often becomes

Then there are several

Pea family whose flowers must be noted

a large tree in this country.

trees of the

the Robinia or False Acacia and the

perhaps, the
is

commonest

of

them.

Laburnum

are,

Be^^ond these, there

a large group of the smaller trees belonging to the

Rose family having beautiful flowers worthy

of

study

the wild fruit trees, Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries,

Hawthorn and the bushes. Wild Roses and Brambles.

the

The
of

Holl}^, too, is often

white blossom, as

is

almost covered with bunches

also

the Privet, and in the

hedgerow we have the Guelder Rose, the Wayfaring

trees,

and the Elder.

So

that, as a rule, for flowers

necessary to go to the smaller trees, and for these

of

no use to search

in close forest,

it is
it is

they must be sought

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

30

at the edge of the wood and in the hedges.

Some trees
have flowers that are both male and female, some

separate male and female flowers, and some have the

male and female flowers on

0.

different individuals.

The remarks on the flowers

The most conspicuous fruits

on the smaller

trees.

more

trees are

than their flowers.

visible

Oak

studded with points of light

be found

thick crop

the appearance of being

the fruits of the Sweet

Chestnut dots the tree with spiky globes

seeds of the

will

Nevertheless, the fruits of forest

acorns will give an

of

apply largely

of trees

to their fruits.

Hornbeam, and the keys

downy

ripening Beech nuts, the white

the winged

of the Ash, the

seeds

of

the

Poplar are distinct features, as are the cones of the

Then, too, the female Yew is often studded

over with pink or orange " berries," and the Spindle

Conifers.
all

tree

hung with

delicate pink

no

fruit.

The miniature apples

plums

the Sloe,

of

scarlet fruits that are

Trees that have only male flowers,

flower-like in form.
of course, bear

and

the

Hawthorn

berries, the

Wayfaring

tree,

of

the

little

Crab and the tiny

wild cherries and the

crimson and black fruits of the

and the

berries of the Guelder

Rose are

lovely features of the hedgerow that appeal as

much by

their colour as their

Holly

foliaged

does

yet

these

laden
little

form

in

with

wood a dark green

scarlet

berries

certainly

fruits are all beautiful in

and grouping.

form

The little cones on the Larch and the

Alder form some of the most decorative features of

those highly decorative trees.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

31

Besides the foliage, flowers, and fruits, the beauties of

be noted

trees, there are other distinctive features to

at

least

and

the

which are
forester

from the point

gardener

and

foliage of the tree itself,

in evidence

than the

make a

in winter will

grows

It

though very rarely

of our broad-leaved trees,

upon Oak.

the

parasite

deciduous tree almost appear an evergreen.

on many

of

The

defects.

more

Mistletoe will sometimes be

view

of

may

In the drawing given of Lime trees

be seen near the top of the right-hand tree a small

The

plant.

trees

in

Windsor Great Park are much

On some

infested with Mistletoe.

of little twigs

known

as witches'

and are very conspicuous;

The

Oak, which

from more insect pests than any other

when

masses

they most affect Birches,

and Hornbeams.

Cherries,

trees those

brooms are prevalent

tree,

is,

suffers

especially

pollarded, often heavily laden with bunches of

marble

galls,

and the

foliage of the

times so covered with the

little

same

tree

is

some-

spangle galls as to

appear red when the wind shows the underside of the

leaves.

the

The Oak apples

Currant

be

too

galls

appearance of the

tree.

are

generally too

inconspicuous

to

affect

On decaying

trees

may

found large and conspicuous fungi

show only when there

is

few and

no

the

often

but these

foliage to hide

them, as

they are almost always on the stem where the branches

start out.

Such, then, are the more salient features of trees to

which the attention

of the student should

be directed,

but beyond this he must consider their habits and

distribution.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

32

Some
some

trees

will

demand a

great deal of light, whereas

endure a large ainoimt of shade, and these

qualities almost

The

always carry others with them.

typical light-demanding tree

is

the Birch, which casts

little shadow itself and grows rapidly upwards

when young its bark is very light in colour, throwing

but

off

the sun's rays, and where

for protection against

ing tree

is

it is

dark

The

them.

it

becomes thick

typical shade-endur-

the Beech, which casts a dense shadow

itself,

grows upward but slowly when young, and has thin

The student may generally

bark of dark colour.

feel

certain that a tree having the qualities of the Birch as

given above

is

a light -demanding tree that must be

represented as growing in the open, and one having

the qualities as giv^en to the Beech
tree,

and may be represented

in a

is

a shade -enduring

more shady

place.

Though having great powers of adaptation, trees yet

demand a suitable soil if they are to flourish, and
though they will live in a kind not natural to them
they

will

never be at their best in

and changed

So, too, each tree has

own

it,

but

will

be stunted

in appearance.
its

own

particular area

particular altitude in which

at the extremes of such area

much deformed by

its

and

it

flourishes,

the tree system as

its

and even

altitude will be found

surrounding conditions.

All these points given in this chapter

of trees in general,

and

must be studied

being the more salient features of

it

affects the artist

it

remains to

give under the heading of the separate trees a few

notes as to which are the principal features of each,

TREES AND TiiEE DRAWING.

and how

far each cnnfonns to.

33

oi-

tleparts from,

of

course, impossible

llie

general rules.

In a

book

little

like this it

is,

to deal with anything like all the varieties or even

more typical ones only can be given

landscape painter

all

Just a few of the commoner and

the familiar trees.

is

but as far as the

concerned, the

commoner kinds

are those which he will generally have to represent in

English landscape, being those that most frequently

grow wild in our woodlands

and

it is

hoped that

to be

the particulars given of t3'pes of families will the more

enable

readily

student

the

common members

to

understand

those families

of

the

when he

less

couies

across them.

The

of

list

our native trees

is

but meagre, but we

have many that, though not native, have become more

our scenery than their relatives that are

typical of

Thus the common Elm, though an

actually indigenous.

introduced

tree,

Elm, which

is

one of

the

is

known than

far better

native to the
typical

trees

indeed,

soil

of

England,

generally called the English Elm.

the

and

work

of adding

new

their introductions

the

Wych

has become

and is very
The Romans began

trees to our limited

have

great value to the country.

greatest impetus the

it

in man}' cases

number,
been of

After them, perhaps, the

work received was

in the seven-

when Evelyn did so much for forestr}',

not only by the publication of his " Sylva," but by the

teenth century,

study

of,

Since

his

and addition
time

to,

many new

the trees

kinds

of

have

the countr}-.

been

intro-

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

34
(lucecl,

and many hybrids produced and established

permanencies, and
progresses.

It

the

will

be

multiphcation
observed,

as

kinds

still

however, that

the

of

majority of the new trees planted are but slight variations of those already

known, and

it is

hoped that the

types here given will supply the key to the knowledge

of

most

of them.

The main

principles only

have been

not necessary for the landscape painter to

given, as

it is

know

the plants that belong to one family, for their

all

identification

would need much more minute study,

and, as in the case of the Willows, the overcoming of

difficulties

which even the botanists find appreciable.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

CHAPTER

35

III.

TREE DRAWING.

The
as

medium

best

whether

for tree drawing,

be for

it

only or for producing drawings to be kept

studies

pictures,

is

undoubtedly the lead

Some

pencil.

French masters have produced very beautiful pictures

but they are rather elaborated

of trees in charcoal,

productions

indoor

outdoor

than

and

studies,

are,

moreover, complete landscape compositions rather than

drawings of trees for* the tree's sake.

best a troublesome

medium out

damaged and

difficult

drawings

and ink

so

have

of trees

to

also

by Alfred Parsons,

of plant

form and

pen

of the

Charcoal

carry.

Some

beautiful

for example, that

but,

many

the pen makes

whereas the pencil

reason of

The

line.

and the
;

more sympathetic by
which make it more resemble

line is

Chalk

use of

conventions for the true

a line with sharp, hard edges

edges,

its soft

the etched

is

master

as a rule, they are

rendering of stem and branch and foliage,

line

at

been produced with pen

hardly satisfactory as representing trees.

the pen necessitates too

is

of doors, being so easily

is

far

out of the question for most

tree work, as its point wears

ing a wide touch, and,

also,

down
it

so rapidly, caus-

cannot be properly

rubbed out.

On
tage

all

counts

it is

it

seems that the pencil has the advan-

sympathetic to the touch, makes a

soft -edged

TREES AN J) TREE DRAWING.

36

line, js easily effaced,

has a wide range of tone,

aid of (he pa))er ean uuike a

a

thing not to

be forgotten

in

its

the

many

these dayn of

})ubhcations, can be beautifully reproduced.

has an indefinable charm of

b}^

tint witliout hne, and,

fhit

own

Pencil, too,

sympathetic

in its

and to preserve that charm shoidd be the aim

quality,

To

of the student.

directness, avoiding

as far as

may

a drawing of

this
all

end he must

strive for absolute

alterations

and rubbings out

smearing and changing robs

be, for all

its

He

freshness.

should proceed from

the beginning with certainty and precision.

The materials

drawing are very simple,

for pencil

and have the additional advantage

AB

carried.

but the student

HB

do almost

pencil will

and some

is

of

all

being easily

that

is

required,

advised to carry with him also an

softer ones, say,

BB

and BBBB.

These

can be easily carried in a small pencil-case in the

pocket

to

carry pencils loose

is

very extravagant

Be

because of the amount lost in broken points.

to

use only round pencils

pencils

are

now

sold,

all

pencil
it

will

for to

draw a long

fingers,

line of

and any angles

be found to interfere with

this.

The

draughtsman must always carry a penknife, and

must always be sharp

pencil

and hexagon

through the pencil has to be

very gradually turned in the

on the wood

flat

but the round ones only are

suitable for tree drawing

the same thickness

many

sure

blunt knife wastes the

and produces but a poor point

so

that the

student should provide himself with a small serviceable

hone, not necessarily to take out with him, but to keep

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

haiid}^ at lioiiie, so that

on

edge

blade.

his

completes the

With regard

is

piece

keen

alwaj^s keep a

of

rubber

white

soft

necessary tools, always remember-

list of

ing that this last

may

he

6i

to be used as

little

as possible.

worked upon, one

to the paper to be

kind ma}^ suit one person and another kind ma}^ suit

some one

The

else.

experiments,

finds

many

after

writer,

hot-pressed A.C.M.

pounds to the ream the most

it is

140

smooth

It has a

suitable.

surface with yet sufficient " tooth "

and

trials

paper of

hard, taking

a very light touch, yet bearing a heavy pressure, and

is

thick.

is

used,

This last

and

is

an advantage

pieces of paper

and drawings without rubbing, any one

moment.

in a

most

It will carry several

which can be slipped beneath the frame to be

on

it

a sketching folio

exjjerience has proved this to be the

convenient appliance for the work.

of

if

sketching

folio

would not

lie fiat

Except on a very small

is

luisuitable

for

A camp

enough.

thin

A\'orked

scale,

paper,

stool completes the

tree

draughtsman's equipment, and the whole

may

be had

of

Messrs.

the

which

George Rowney

&

of

Co.

it

at a

small cost.
It is

presumed that the student who makes use

book

this

generally,

He

is,

is

not

an absolute

though he

may

beginner

in

be so with regard to trees.

no doubt, able to make an accurate drawing

single leaf

he

should

now proceed

to

make

of a

a careful

study of a small spray having a few leaves upon

If

he

has one tree more

another,

it

would be

of

drawing

easilv'

it.

within reach than

well that the twig should be of

TREES AND TKEE DRAWING.

38

drawn

that kind, so that after he has carefully

all

its

he

details,

and

several branches,
first

he

foliage,

is

ol

tree.

size of nature,

then

and moves farther from the

tree,

will of necessity gradually

the whole series

then to one

one of the whole

finally

spray should be drawn the

as he takes in more,

with

it

readily pass to a study of a

branch having more

larger

The

may

reduce the

When

scale.

complete, the character of the leaves

of the first twig should be recognizable in the rendering

of the

whole

tree.

To go back

to the beginning, in drawing the spray

drawn

a light line should be

itself
is

to indicate where the twig

comes, and a slight indication of where each leaf

to be x^laced

may

be made by faint dots and strokes,

but nothing should be put

down

so strongly that

found afterwards to be outside the boundary

the

of

if

This

subject will necessitate the use of the rubber.

done, begin at the top left-hand corner and draw carefully,

putting in

that

all

may

be seen, and graduallj^

working downwards and towards the

advisable because

by

not smear the work

become a
used
to
to

slave to

if it is

so doing the working

but on no account

any such

rule, as

let

hand

it

is

will

the student

may

be

sometimes

is,

hand-paper

found more convenient, as

This

draw the centre or some other part first. Try always

draw so that what is drawn is complete, and. needing

no return to
as

right.

all

it

later to

retouching

of the work.

is

touch up, or tone down, or

alter,

apt to take away from the freshness

In drawing the spray, keep the line light

for the light edges,

and use more pressure to accentuate

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Put

the darker.
delicately

the

and the form

stem

When

of the leaves

the sprig

and

little

farther

on to the

from the tree and

same way

as with the

In this study, the drawing being on a smaller

twig.

is

complete

is

their setting

try a branch, proceeding in the

scale

and mark

in also the principal darks,

veining.

well learnt, go a

is

39

and the

possible

artist further

nevertheless,

considering the scale.

from

his subject, less detail

put in

that

all

That which

is left

possible

is

out has been

The student knows what is

though he cannot, perhaps, see it, and though

learnt in the first study.

there,

he

may

not put

in,

he

will find

the knowledge a quite

wonderful aid to keeping the character of the

It

tree.

has been wisely said you cannot leave out correctly

unless

you know that which

joii leave out.

The

third

study, that of a group of branches, again reduces the

scale

and the amount

of detail,

procedure should be adopted.

and the same mode

of

Finalh^, in the study of

the whole tree, the knowledge and experience gained in

the earlier ones will enable the student to grasp at once

the character of the growth and of the foliage, but here

the subject has fresh points to investigate, the massing

of the foliage

knowledge

and the grouping

of the

the twig gained in the

method

of

first

The

of the masses.

shape of the leaf and

lesson,

its

setting

and that

on to

of the

branching learnt in the two following, shoukl

readily enable the student to grasp the arrangement of

the masses of foliage and the shape of their edges.

addition to these studies, let the student

shaded drawing

make a

In

careful

of the trunk, striving after the texture

TREES AND TKEE DRAWING

40

of the bark, the shai)e of the fissures,

any, and the

if

rounding of the soHd mass.

The more

in this progressive

trees treated

the better, and

if

done carefully and

manner

sincerely, the

student will find that not only does he thereby store

up knowledge
trees

dealt

he

but that

with,

that will

studies

collection of

and growth

of the construction

of the

accumulates

also

be invaluable to him

afterwards as documents for reference.

For the drawing

found advisable.
while

it

may

drawings a
should be

work

may

fine point

to copy

also

all

be used, and every

is

In the earher stages of

making these studies

than making pictures.

of storing

Later

it

made

certain details

and the omission

down

be found that these

by the accentuation

artistic

of

others

of

at first

counselled not to think of this, but to put

everything, even

a diagram.

for the sake

up knowledge rather

will

studies can be

is

effort

be necessa^ry for the student to remind

accumulating facts

the student

therefore be light

For the next two

the forms that can be seen,

sacrifice of effect.

it will

himself that he
of

The work need not

be more delicate.

made

even at some
this

of the spray a fine point will be

if

the result bs

It is necessary to learn

attempting a poetic

flight.

little

more than

grammar

before

After the facts have been

realized, a selection of those facts

may

be

made

but

not before.

The same

earnest study

is

necessary for the draw-

ing of the whole tree, but in that^ the foliage being

reduced to so small a

scale, it

has become impossible

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

draw

to

for

leaf

it

has

It

leaf.

41

therefore

be

to

represented by some generalizing touches or strokes,

and here

arises

mechanical

The

the

They

dexterity.

they often

invented

lost

themselves in sheer

" styles "

clever with these touches,

and

that the touch often became to

than the charactpr of the

so

and they became

enamoured

them

of

And

tree.

Oak

must be an

old, partially

in its full glory

dra,wings

was

and prime.

as frequent as the

used to be in landscape painting.

and touch and

and

it

faculties

will

set pattern

be

if

the

as he sees

The actual shape

came
thev drew an

If

decayed

tree,

not an

The

Oak

in their

old

woman

in a red cloak

This slaver}^ to style

will

on representing the texture

him accurately

more importance

must be avoided

student

so

them,

of

as the touch

to be of a set pattern so did the tree.

it

" foliage

and

one patent touch was to be used for one class

of tree, another for another class,

Oak,

masters of tree drawing were so wonder-

fully dexterous that

developing

of

style.

earlier

touches"

danger

great

at

any

concentrate

cost,

his

of the tree before

it.

of the leaf

may

be seen as

it

cuts

against the sky on the margin of the tree, or where the

edge of a light mass overlaps a dark one

the touch must be of the form of the leaf
learnt in the earlier drawings.
in

But the

here, then,

itself as it

was

leaves seen are

varied positions and one set touch cannot represent

full

view and side view, bent and straight.

touch

is

in

\'aried

if

the character

fact,

they must be

therefore absolutely necessary

of the foliage is to be preserved

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

42
drawn.

more important that these marginal

It is the

leaves should be carefully drawn, as

the

by them the leaves

That is to say,

masses are suggested.

of generalized

spectator

realizing

the

leaves

of

the

margin,

imagines those of the mass by suggestion.

Where the

leaves strike dark against light they

may

be drawn, but where they strike light against dark they

must be shown by drawing the spaces between and

The student

around them.

do well to give

this

point his fullest consideration, for in tree drawing

it is

will

largely the drawing of spaces,

and

Here, again,

find themselves.

stood that the spaces will be of

in one tree,

them

so letting the leaves

it will

all

be readily under-

shapes and

sizes,

even

and that no conventional touch can draw

all.

Nevertheless, the leaves are impossible to nujnber,

and therefore

number

draw.

to

of units,

suggestion that

it is

are really leaves.

well-covered tree

The

foliage,

becomes a mass, and

instead
it

is

of

only by

possible to indicate that the masses

The spaces betAveen the masses in a

are too many and too small to draw-

one by one, so these, too, can only be suggested. This

being the case, some generalized " surface description " *
is

absolutely necessary, and

the

invention

pointed

out,

pattern

came

* "

of

it

the foliage

these

became

was

this fact that caused

touches.
so

As has been

mannered that one

to be accepted as one tree,

and another

Surface description," the registered phrase of the Royal Drawing

most apt expression.

Society, is used here as the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

43

!5

/M/

4'
OAK LEAVES.

f /#

UIVKT LEAVES.
l^'igs.

ami

n.

>

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

44
another

as

the

tree,

regardless

and

portrayed,

tree

profound

general

used, but

ignorance

" surface

generalizing

accidentals,

tree

of

description,"

then,

form.

must

be

must he a'' surface description " made

it

dr airing of each

for each

tree.

In beginning a drawing of a

may

copying as nearly as
will

all

coidd not have existed but for

state of things that

the

the real character of

of

ignoring

tree,

take a typical piece,

be that which

is

seen,

and

it

be found that as from this piece the hand passes

over the next

it

method

acquires a

of suggesting the

forms by what, for want of a better word,

called a kind of scribble.

This

" scribble "

may

be

must be

kept always intelligent, always a servant obedient to

each fresh impression gathered by the eye.

Never

let it

become a master, but subservient to the student's

knowledge
leaves

of

on the

construction,
shoots,

With the

themselves.

while

working

the

of the

grouping
of

of the masses, let the

and

as freely as possible,

the

of

the

the leaves

attention concentrated on these

forms, and on the forms

httle

of

and the shape

latter

it will

will

hand work

be found that after a

instinctively

folloAv

the

mind.

In commencing with a typical piece as suggested,

the pencil should have a fine point, and as

down, the student

will

find

that

one stage

it

wears
is

just

To keep the point at

slightly roll it in
let
him
thickness,
this suitable
it will be found that by this means the
his fingers
suitable to the

work

in hand.

])oint

can be kept in the requisite state for a con-

TKEES AND TREE DRAWING.

siderable

longer responds in the

same way,

no

point

the

liowever,

Directly,

tiiuc.

45

should be cut,

it

as naturally a thicker ])oint cannot continue the

same

that have

been

description"

strokes in the "surface

made by

a hner one.

In the case of

large-leaved trees

finer

generally needed, as the larger leaves need

])oint

more

is

definite

suggestion of their form, whereas the difference of one

small-leaved tree from another
of the

more

lies

grouping of the leaves than

in the character

of the leaves

them-

selves.

Light shows form and shadow hides

best seen in the half tones.
often

have to be

markings upon

may have

white,

left

that

is,

half tone, the foliage

the parts in

Care must,

be taken that the masses of light and dark

of light or dark,

by the way

in

way
come

it

must always

which

flat surfaces,

back

to represent foliage

is

which the dark breaks into the edge

of the light or the light into the

Here comes

in

of their outlines, or, in other words,

by the accuracy

drawn

any

must be suggested.

be borne in mind that the

farther

without

all

be neither too large nor too empty, and

whether

may

to be flat shading without detail, but where

the dark masses meet the light, and in

of course,

is

of light

The dark masses

to indicate foliage.

it

but form

it,

The masses

edge of a dark mass.

important point made

in

again

that

the

spaces

between

a tree will show

much

over, or, at least,

the detail will be

the same

leaves

the

rather than the leaves themselvef^

On

amount

are

to

he

a grey day
of detail all

much more

evenly

40

THIOKS

distributed

AND TREE

on the surface

J)HAWJNC3.

of the tree

than

the case

is

The same evenness of

detail may, however, be fomid on a sunny day on some
of the Hght-fohaged trees, more especially if the sun
on a day

bright sunshine.

of

be directly behind the

For instance, the Black

artist.

Poplar will sometimes seem to hold the light

way without a

wonderful

When

single

dark

of

darks and lights

main masses

may

within them

When
light

may

contrasts

some

insisted on, while

the

of the detail

be omitted.

shade
allow

flat

be somewhat accentuated, and

possible, a sunlight effect of

and

evenness of texture exists, care must be

this

taken not to allow the drawing to become

the

in

any depth.

be

should
of

bold

broad masses of

chosen,

as

the

strong

and the variety

treatment,

caused by the light reflected from the variously turned

upper sufaces

more sparkle
the effect

is

makes

of the leaves

there to be copied

it

possible to put

In the tree in sunshine

into the drawing.

in a grey effect,

it

has to

be created by sufficient exaggeration of light and dark,

of detail

To

and empty space.

return to our

likeness,

it

is

tj^^pical piece,

drawn

as

an absolute

done before the hand has found the

method of description of the surface of the particular

tree, and before the pencil -point has reached its state of
best expression of that method
therefore it is likely to
be a little tight and hard, a little tentative, and lacking
;

the certainty of the later work.

should be placed where

it

lost in its surroundings, or it

For

this

reason

it

can most conveniently be

may

be done on a separate

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

piece of paper, provided

it

47

be of exactly the same kind.

The unsympathetic quahty

of this first piece is

only to the searching for method and

due not

suitable pencil-

had not then got

point, but to the fact that the student

into touch with his subject.

Feeling enters largely into tree drawing, as into

other forms of art,

and sometimes

methods at once, at others only

get the right

several attempts.

On

all

be possible to

will

it

after

one day the tree grows rapidly and

sympathetically under the hand, on another slowly and

with a bitter struggle

instinctively

on

all

at one time

mind and hand

the essentials,

another

at

seize

all

is

Sheer hard work

labour and slow-paced progression.

and keen concentration are always necessary, but there

are days
it

galls,

when the harness

fits

and therefore the stages

to be unequal

and others when

easily

of progress are sure

but the student need not

for b}^ perseverance the

number the hours

happy hours

feel discouraged,

will

soon far out-

of struggle.

In summer, in full-foliaged

sometimes quite unseen.

trees,

When

the branches are

this is the

case

it

is

always worth while to walk under the tree and look up

at the branching, provided, of course, that the tree per-

mits of doing
will

the

so.

The grouping

always be better understood

of the foliage

main branches spring from the stem, and how they

divide and subdivide, be known, for

to

masses

the angle at which

if

draw what

is

it is

understood than what

In some trees short portions

of the

always easier

is

merely seen.

branches are seen in

places through the screen of foliage,

and

it

may

be

4S

TUEKS AND TREE DILWVINC;

thought that

vhhv

in siicli a

the growth of the w

not iicct'ssary

is

it

I'his is a

liolc })raii('li.

poitioiis seen are parts of

Nlutly

1(j

mistake

the

a whole, and nuist be so drawn

as to suggest that they join the other portions, or the

manner

stem, in a

consistent with the natural growth of

the tree.

The

limited size of this

represented

the

naked

is,

manner suggested

small twig
tree,

life size,

He

may

he

He

thoroughly

should proceed in

drawing

for the foliage,

first

then a branch, then a portion of the

then the whole

the stem.

impossible

however, strongly urged to study

trees for himself, that

understand their construction.

the

it

Avinter aspect of the trees

they have been drawn in their sunnner

The student

garb.

manual makes

summer and

to give both the

tree,

and, in addition, a study of

will also find it of great use to

branch in several positions, from the

draw a

from above

side,

and below, and foreshortened in a position directly

pointing

at

him.

He

study

should

the

angles

of

growth, the placing of the buds, and the texture of the

bark.

In drawing a branch, a

each side of

it,

fine

has to

line

mark

and the utmost care and patience

is

needed in drawing the httle branches as they cross each

other.

When

a light branch crosses in front of a dark

one, its path has to be left clear

the dark must not be

allowed to break through

its outline.

crosses a light one,

may

it

is

much

be simply drawn through.

remembered that

in pencil

work

When

a dark one

simpler matter, as
It

all lights

as they cannot be taken out afterwards.

it

must be always
must be

If

left,

a mistake

is

TREES AND TREE DRAWESTG.

made, no attempt to remed}'

it

with the rubber should

be made, but the whole passage should

re-drawn.
of their

to be

When

49

))e

taken out and

the branches are too small to allow

being drawn with a double outline, and so have

drawn

bj^

one

solid line, the stroke should

always

be commenced at the tip of the branch, letting the

thickening of the pencil-point graduate the thickening
of the branch.

This thickening can be regulated to a

by the turning of the pencil in the fingers.

The student must always bear in mind the

nicety

limita-

tions of his

material and keep within them, and he

must never

forget

that

tree

drawing demands keen

concentration, j)atience, and hard work.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

50

CHAPTER

IV.

THE TREES OF BRITAIN.

It has been pointed out that though the Ust of native
trees

is

many introduced
common in our scenery.

but a small one, there are

kinds that are more or less

There are also

many

others

that

gardens, a knowledge of which

more necessary,

are

grown

our

in

becoming more and

is

as the cult of garden painting increases.

handbook to deal
with all or even a large proportion of these. It must
suffice to give some particulars of the more usually met
It is^palpably impossible in a small

Avith kinds,

and a bare mention

already a good deal planted,

of a

few others that are

leaving out altogether

less common.
The vegetable kingdom is divided

numbers that are

kingdoms by the botanists, in one

into

four

sub-

of which, that of the

flowering, seed-bearing plants, all our trees are included.

This sub-kingdom

is

again divided into two divisions,

that of the fruit-bearing plants, in which are found

our trees, except those that are popularly

and that

of the

found these

known

all

as Firs;

naked seed-bearing plants, in which are

latter,

including

the

Both these

Yew.

divisions are again subdivided into classes

and orders

and

of

these sub-

may

be roughly

families.

The botanical

definition

divisions need not trouble the artist.

It

TREES AND TEEE DRAWING.

stated that
trees

some twenty odd

and shrubs

of

any

51

families contain all our

size.

Of the fruit-bearing families are the following

1.

The Lime family

{Tiliacece) inchides three

of

Lime, differing chiefly in the

of

which are possibty indigenous.

2.

The Holly

3.

The Spindle

kinds

size of their leaves,

two

[Aquifoliacece) is a native.

family (Celastraceoe)

tree

includes

the Spindle tree, a shrub found in our hedges, and the

evergreens Euonymus, so
4.

tw'O
5.

common

in gardens.

The Buckthorn family [Rhamnacece)

The Maple family

{Aceracece),

which includes not

only the Maple and Sycamore, but

trees
6.

includes our

Buckthorns.

many

cultivated

and shrubs commonly planted in our gardens.

The Horse Chestnut

{Hippocastanacece), with white

or pink flowers.
7.

The Pea family

[Leguminosce), to which belong

the Locust tree, the Laburnum, the Wistaria, and

all

the peas and vetches of meadow, hedgerow, and garden.

8.

The Rose family

{Rosacece), to Avhich belong not

only the Strawberry and

numerous small

trees

many

a lowl}-

and shrubs common

lands that form essential items of

many

flower,

in our

but

wood-

foregrounds.

The Roses and Brambles and fruit trees, Spireas and"

Laurel, the Hawthorn and the Rowan are all included.
9.

The Ivy

{Araliacece),

sometimes a bush but almost

always a climber, figures largely in the hedgerow, and

whose dark masses

of foliage, high

form a conspicuous feature

up

in winter.

in the bare trees,

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

52

The Dogwood family

10.

many

{Cornaceoi) includes

shrubs of our gardens, besides the couirnon hedgerow

])ush of that

The

11.

name.
Honeysuckle family {Cayrijoliacece) nmst

be noted, not only for the Honeysuckles, but for the

Elder, the Wayfaring tree,
of Avhich are

The Heath

12.

and the

(hielder Rose, all

coinmon.
family

{Ericacece).

Though

the

Heaths are too small shrubs for our present subject,

the Arbutus, a

member

of this family,

The Olive family

and the Manna Ash,

(Oleacece)

13.

tree

must be noted.

embraces the Ash

as well as the Ijilac

and the

Privet.
14.

The Nettle family

{Uiiicacece) includes the

and the Hop and the Nettles, but boasts

Fig

also of the

Elms.
15.
10.

17.

The Box {Buxacem), a native tree.

The Plane (Platanacece), of three kinds.
The Walnut {Juglandacece) has man}^

foreign

cousins cultivated in gardens.

18.

The Mast-bearing family

important group

{Cupulifercp), the

most

of all, including, as it does, the Chest-

nut, the Oak, the Beech, the

Hornbeam, the Birch, the

Alder, and the Hazel, with all their varieties.

19.

The Willow family

[Salicacece),

in

which are

included both the Poplars and the Willo^^'s.

Of the naked seed -bearing families are :

1.

The Pine family

[Pinacece),

in

which are the

natives the vScots Pine and the Junix^er, and the

foreign Conifers.

many

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

The Yew

2.

The

{Taxacece),

Maidenhair

referred to, as

it is

tree

which has a family to

may

{GingJcoacece)

itself.

be

also

being more planted now, and

most interesting

of the

53

is

one

trees grown.

These families contain, then, the trees and shrubs a

knowledge

of

which

be found most useful to the

will

.Some are, of course, of far greater importance

artist.

than others, and of the most important

deal with

some

it is

Departing from the order in

detail.

which botanists place the plants under

and while
them can make

notice,

recognizing that no arbitrary division of

them
it

into groups that

have no overlappmg

convenient

be

will

classes

proposed to

here

peculiarities,

them

to take

in

three

Trees with conspicuous flowers, that

might

that

fl()\\ering

be

season

is

to say, trees

painted

preferably

in

the

Deciduous trees with inconspicuous flowers

and

Evergreens.
It

may

of trees

be mentioned that the illustrations given are

chosen to illustrate their characteristics, and not

either as perfect specimens of their kind, or as eminently

picturesque examples.

The
It

KoiiSE C^hestxut {Msculus Hippocastanum).

was once

has been so
itself

tf)

said that the reason the

little

painted

is

because

Horse Chestnut

it

does not lend

the ordinary methods of the landscape painter

but needs drawing, and

it

is

(piite

true that

its

stiff

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

54

#r#.^^^'"'^

.if'

HORSR GHESTNT7T.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

55

upright spikes of flower must be very carefully indi-

cated

and

if

its

the character of the tree

leaves are too large

to permit of their being

may

leaves

is

and too

massed

easily recognizable

grown

in England, but it

Mnor

park than

of the wilder

about 1550.

was

It

is

rather a tree of the

is

only planted

timber and fruit being of

its

or no use.

The stem grows

diminishing
limb.

this tree

was probably introduced

woodlands, and

ornamental purposes,

little

smaller

be treated.

from Asia

for

way

in the

There seems some doubt as to when

first

be preserved,

to

fairly

noticeably

The bark

in age furrowed

young shoots

is

throws out a large

smooth when young,

and somewhat

starting

it

a good height,

to

straight

where

scaly.

from the base

Although the branching

It

becoming

has sometimes

of the trunk.

of the final twigs

is

horizontal,

the tree in winter has a rather clumsy appearance from

the

way

in

which the main branches,

after first rising,

dip considerably and then turn upwards.

noticeable

number of large buds which

catch the light, being protected by balsam-coated scales.
The leaf (see Fig. 5) consists of from three to nine
The
leaflets, radiating from the end of the leaf stalk.
The largest is
leaflets are broader towards the end.
the smallest are the two
that in a line with the stalk
turned back towards the tree. The long leaf stalks
thrust the leaves well out to the light, spreading them
horizontally, though when young they droop, looking
The leaves are arranged in
like a half-closed parasol.

feature in winter

is

the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

56

forming four rows on the branch, those springing

pairs,

from the underside being generally

The
stalk

the

flowers,

largest.

which are many, branch from an upright

they are irregular, white with pink spots, and

from the terminal bud

springs

inflorescence

of

the branch.

The fruit the well-known " conker "

boy needs no description. The prickly

seen, but

of the school-

may

be

can hardly be called conspicuous features

of

globes

the tree.

good specimen

will

grow to a height

of sixty feet,

with an oval pyramidal mass of foliage and flower.

There are several cultivated

varieties,

having red,

purple, or double flowers.

The example drawn shows how the branches

grow right down to

the ground

will

where there are no

cattle.

The Locust Tree and the Laburnum.

The Locust tree, or False Acacia {Robinia Pseudand the Laburnum {Laburnum vulgare) belong

acacia),

to

subdivision,

Papilionacece,

of

the

large

family

Leguminosoe, another subdivision of which includes the

Judas
of

tree,

sometimes found in gardens, and yet another

which the Acacia and the Mimosa are members.

The Locust
teenth

tree

century,

was introduced early in the seven-

though

planted about 1820.

It

it
is

was

much more

freely

of a light, graceful growth,

with long, slender branches, Jong, narrow compound

TREES A:ND tree DRAWING.

many

having sometimes as

leaves,

opposite leaflets with

as twelve pairs of

and pendant flowers

one,

.a final

57

resembling those of the Laburnum,

The

but white.

down from the twigs right through the

winter, and, when plentiful, form a noticeable feature of
the tree when bare of leaves. The stem, which in old
seed -pods hang

trees has very

power

rough and corrugated bark, has a great

up shoots from

of sending

its

The

tree

When

old,

base.

attains sometimes the height of eighty feet.

the ends of the upper branches, especially near towns,

are apt to project dead

and

leafless

from the main mass

of foliage.

The Laburnum

is

much

smaller tree, and

and readily germinates,

freely,

it is

plants are in the open always eaten

very fond

of

its

said that the

by

rabbits,

seeds

it

young

who

are

Its general height is from

The branches go upwards, but

bark.

fifteen to thirty feet.

bend and droop at

often

seldom

is

seen outside the park or garden, for though

their ends.

Its

growth

is

described as " fountain-like," because from the middle

of the branches shoots

go straight up to again bend down

The

like a squirt of water.

pound
of

the

grow

leaf (see Fig. 5) is a

one, having three leaflets radiating

leaf

in

common

stalk.

pendant

The

flowers

clusters,

flower stalk.

are

many

The bark

is

com-

from the end

pea-shaped,

branching

and

from a

smooth.

The Wild Fruit Trees and the Hawthorn.

The Rose family is a large one, and only a few of
its members can be dealt with.
Of the subdivisions,

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

58

Prunae includes the Plums and Cherries

Brambles

and Service

Roseae, the Roses

trees

Rubeae, the

Rowan

Pyrus, the Pears,

and Crataegus, the Hawthorn.

The commonest

of the Prunae is the Sloe or

Black-

thorn {Prunus spinosa), a native wild plum, one of the

best

known

numbers

of

March

features of our hedgerows, where in

white blossoms on the black barked twigs

appear, notwithstanding frosts and cold winds.

but a small

tree,

and therefore crossing and re-crossing

at a wide angle,

each other, and

many

The

spines.

leaves,

out after the flowers, are simple, and the

cluster

which come

which

fruits,

round the branches, are miniature dark plums,

having a beautiful grey bloom.

is

It is

with a mass of small branches growing

In Cornwall, where

it

much

very plentiful, the stem and branches are often

covered with lichen.

The

BuUace [Prunus

straight branches,

flowers are broader,

larger,

and may be

also a native,

and

has

institia)

and fewer

The

spines.

brown

bark,

petals of the

and the plums are a good deal

either black

fairly

common

This

or yellow.
in

some parts

is

of the

country.

The Wild Plum [Prunus

domestica)

is

which the orchard plums are derived.

common, but is found

be known by its larger

in the hedgerows,
fruit

and by being

the tree from

It

is

where

not so
it

may

spineless.

Of the Wild Cherries the Gean [Prunus

avium)

is

the largest, growing to a height of nearly seventy feet,

and when in the open becomes a

covered as

it

sometimes

is

fine

tree,

almost

with bunches of drooping

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

branches

white

blossom.

stout,

with an upward tendency.

Its

gets old the

it

bark at

short

and

a native

tree.

mostly

are

It

The stem has smooth bark, showing

When

59

is

horizontal lenticels.

base becomes thick and

its

rugged, with longitudinal furrows, which, dividing

panels, as

it

were, of horizontally lined

gives the tree stem a

The Wild Cherry

it

artificial

leaves are simple

appearance.

to the disease

tree,

known

except the Birch,

also resembles in its lenticels

The

bark.

somewhat

more subject

brooms than any

as ^vitches'

which

is

up

smooth bark,

and thin peeling

and drooping, the flowers

white with five rather papery petals, and have long

The

stalks.

fruit

is

black

either

or

and very

red,

glossy.

The Bird Cherry {Prunus padus)

twenty

feet.

is

a smaller tree,

which grows only to between ten and

also a native,

Its

leaves are

more

its flowers,

elliptic,

which are much smaller, hang by their stalks from a

common
it

stalk,

more

flower,

making the

inflorescence

especially when, as

stands erect.

is

spike

of

sometimes the case,

In the spring, when the leaves are

and the dark branches

hung with white blossoms, this tree has a very
pretty and highly decorative appearance. There are
still

in their pale, vernal green,

are

other forms of Cherry cultivated, with pink and double

flowers,

many

and some that are mere bushes throwing up

suckers from their roots.

The Garden evergreen

members of the

Laurel and the Portugal Laurel are

Cherry group, while the Almond, which

known,

also belongs to the

Prunus

is

so generally

division.

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

60

:>^^

I;(t^
'''^

.^.

^^^

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

61

The most frequently met with member

of the Pyru.s

group

is

masses
spring.

the (Vab Apple {Pyrus malus), the tree whose

pink blossom beautify our hedges iu the

of

sometimes becomes a tree

It

height, with s])i-ea(ling branches that

large that

it is

often wider than the tree

often crooked stem

winter the head

is

is

many

in our hedges

and

may

sixty feet,

and

in

Its flowers

its fruits

are minia-

though doubtless

is less

connnon than

in the southern half

grows to a height
is

Its

be escapes from cultivation.

The Wild Pear {Pyrus communis)

the Crab, and is only to be found
It

high.

covered with brown bark, and

It is a native wild tree,

of Britain.

the head so
is

a tangled mass of twigs.

are pink, an inch in diameter,

ture apples.

of thirty feet in

make

from

of

more pyramidal

in

t^^^enty

having

form,

generalh^ a definite stem running up through

The simple leaves are variable,

Wild Apple. The flowers are white, and the
to the top.

ta

it

nearly

as in the
fruits are

miniature pears. It grows well in groups on dry plains.

The Rowan

or

Ash {Pyrus ancuparia)

Mountain

reaches a height of from ten to thirty feet.

native \vhose natural place

is

on the

hillside,

in vScotland at a height of 2,600 feet, but

very indifferent to place and

soil.

It

it

It

is

growing

seems to

l)e

has a straight stem,

and smooth grey bark showing horizontal lenticels. Its

branches have an upward tendency. Its com] x )u nd leaves
have some six pairs of kniflets, with an odd terminal one.
and

its

inflorescences are

flat -topped

cream-coloured flowers, which open in

are followed

by

bunches

May

clusters of scarlet fruit.

of tiny

or June,

and

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

62

The example drawn shows the drooping nature

some of the branch ends, which under the weight
fruit in

September

The Service
is

it

bend

will

still

grows well in Cornwall and

it

Worcestershire.

It resembles the

but

flowers

larger

and

greenish-brown in colour, and

is

of

more.

tree [Pyrus sorhus) is not a native, nor

very common, but

has

of

Rowan

fruit,

the

its leaflets

a good deal,
latter

being

are broader.

The White Beam {Pyrus aria) is indigenous, and

an erect, graceful tree that grows to a height of

forty feet.

The bark

is

smooth.

a strong upward tendency.

The

The branches have

leaves

are

broadly

oval in shape, strongly ribbed, with a dusty appearance,

and

light

cottony undersides.

in dense clusters,

and

Its

flowers are white

its fruit is scarlet.

varies in its form, sometimes having

It frequently

more the character

of a bush.

The wild Service

tree {Pyrus torminalis)

is

another

native, growing wild as far north as Lancashire.

differs

from the others

of the

It

group by having deeply

lobed leaves.

The Medlar {Pyrus germanica) is a doubtful native,

it was culivated here before 1596, and grows wild
in the hedges of south and central England.
It is
a much-branched tree, like so many of its relatives, and
but

has spines.

It

grows to from ten to twenty feet high.

It has large simple leaves

brown
Almost

Its

fruit is
all

and

solitary white flowers.

well-known.

our cultivated fruit trees belong to the

Prunus or Pyrus groups, and,

of

course,

cultivation

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

alters their

63

appearance to a large extent, almost always

increasing the size of the fruit,

and doing away

^^'ith

the defensive spines of the wild tree.

^^t^
z:;^

"a

Jt'-

^'-~f-

S?^^">'.-.^

K
\

0i^\

^'
.

^vK-r^!oi

HAWTHORN.

The
which

third group that concerns us

is

Hawthorn

represented
{Cratcegus

is

the Crataegus,

by the well-known indigenous

oxyacantha), whose masses of

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

64

white scented blossom are so conspicuous a feature of

our

and commons

hedges

whose

fruit

ruddy

is

and tangled mass

May and

in

autumn.

in

of twigs

June,

and

rugged trunk

Its

and spine sometimes are

allowed to become a tree of some thirty feet high,

but

is

found broken or cut into

all

kinds of forms, and

perhaps more often than any as a hedge plant.

peculiarity

must be noted

the stipules, or

One

little leaflets,

that grow at the foot of the leaf stalk are large, are

and do not

many

shaped

like a leaf,

trees

they are quite noticeable enough to be indicated

in a

drawing

any

of

fall off

as in so

size.

There are red and pink and double varieties

vated,

and the Glastonbury Thorn has a

The drawing given

rugged growth.

other

is

of

culti-

peculiarl}"

a specimen

having rather pendant branches,

There are several other flowering trees and shrubs
that

remain

{Euonymus

be

to

for its fruit

than

its

The Spindle tree

drawn and painted more

mentioned.

europceus) will be

flowers, for while the latter are

small and of a greenish white, and so not conspicuous,

the former are one of the

and hedgerow.
of

great beaut}^

open into four

woodland

glories of the

is

a thing

the purplish pink fruits gradually

showing within the

divisions,

orange berries, and

more

autumn

w^ell-ladened Spindle tree

make

brilliant

especially when, as

a colour note like nothing else,

is

often the case, the leaves

The growth of the tree is also

curious branches, twigs, and leaves all grow in pairs.
It is a native of Britain, but rarer in Scotland and

have already

fallen.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Ireland than in

England, and though

mere hedgerow bush,

will

grow into a

high, with a straight

feet

tree

65
it

often a

is

up to twenty

stem covered with smooth

grey bark, which after a few years becomes furrowed

longitudinally.

{Euonymus

is

the only indigenous representative

its relative,

japonica),

and

gardens,

It

but

of its family,

southern

in

Euonymus

the evergreen

found in almost

is

England

is

all

often

town

trained

up the houses.
The two Buckthorns lend themselves well to drawing,
being of a quaint and decorative character. They are
both natives, and are found in the hedges. The Alder
right

Buckthorn {Rhamnus frangula)

has no spines.

it

while the
is

It

is

hardly a thorn, for

generally of bush-like habit,

Common Buckthorn {Rhamnus

armed, and

is

catharticus)

sometimes found as a tree twenty feet

The shoots

high.

is

of

both are straight

Common

the

Buckthorn somewhat resembles the Blackthorn, but

that the leaves are more bunched at the end of the
twigs.

In both the small greenish-white flowers grow

in the

axils

of

the leaves,

and both they and the

succeeding berries have a curious appearance from their

position.

One of the commonest shrubs in our hedges is

Dogwood {Cornus sanguinea), usually a bush. It
occasionally
Its

become a small

the
will

tree of six to fifteen feet.

straight shoots with opposite leaves topped with

bunches

of

opaque white

bluish-purple berries

in

useful plant to the artist.

flowers in June,

September,

make

and with
it

a most

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

66

The Elder {Sambucus

best

known

of

nigra)

perhaps, one of the

our trees, affecting as

than the hedge.

side rather

is,

its

compound

principal

are

its

grey corky bark should be noted.

seldom

England,

weej^ing

reaching

Its habit of

thirty feet.
tree,

cymes

of

berries

and

its

features,

but

its

purple

creamy scented blossom,

leaves

does the way-

it

Its large flattened

It

growth

the branches,

is

found

than

higher

curious

is

all

over

twenty
it

to
is

reaching upwards,

after

bend over and droop, and it sends up strong shoots

its base after the manner of a bush.

from

Belonging to the same family are the two Viburnums

the

Wayfaring

tree

{Viburnum lantana)

and the

Rose {Viburnum opulus).

The Wayfaring tree is a shrub with broad, simple

(xuelder

leaves that have a whitish, dusty appearance, rounded

head

of

white flowers and

coral beads
It

is

wild

being at

its

that

fruit,

and afterwards become

south of Yorkshire,

like

and

first

resemble

beads of

fairly

jet.

common,

best on chalky ground.

The Guelder Rose, though also found in the hedgerow, will grow in the copse.
Its leaves are lobed
and paired, and its fruit bunches of translucent red
berries.
The flowers are in rounded heads, like the
Wayfaring

tree,

but have this peculiarity, that while

the inner ones are small and insignificant, but

the outer ring are large and

sterile,

fertile,

being merely adver-

tisements to attract the insects to the inner ones.

This

gives the inflorescence an appearance of being merely

a ring.

In the Ciuelder Rose, or Snowball tree of the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

garden, the inner

67

have been cultivated

fertile flowers

out of existence, and the whole head consists of a globe

cannot bear

of white, sterile flowers, so that it

The
is

or Strawberry tree

i\.rbutus,

indigenous in Ireland, and

in England.

{Arhutus unedo),

a good deal

planted

seldom exceeds ten to twelve feet in

It

with

Its twistsd stem,

height.

is

fruit.

its

reddishj scaling bark,

often assumes a beautiful bloom of

and

Its leaves, large

The

forming rosettes.

waxy

character.

leathery, give the impression

of

flowers are pendant sprays of

bells, and may be seen upon the

time
same
as the crimson globular fruit, as
at the
latter takes more than a year to ripen.

creamy coloured

tree
this

There are three kinds of Lime tree {Tilia platyphyllos),

of

which two are possibly indigenous, while the

which

introduced

main

Common

the

is

From an

tree.

The small-leaved

a size as the others

while

bark,

intermediate

and

also

artist's

believed

an

be

view, the
size of

the

the large-leaved kind has rougher

the

Common
is

much

to

point of

third,

tree does not attain so great

size,

the

is

between them are in the

difi:erences

leaf.

Lime,

Lime,

having

the beautiful tree

of

leaves

of

our parks,

clipped and trained tree

of

our

gardens.

The bark

of

corrugated, and

shoots from

its

the stem (see Fig.

lower portion,

on the trunk, as
cut.

sharp

Its

may

branches

upward

is rough
and
by a mass of
which form large bosses

3)

often entirely hidden

is

are

be plainly seen
long

tendency.

Its

and

when they

are

tapering, having

foliage

(see

Fig.

a
5)

TKEEvS ANJ)

68

TREE DRAWING.

>y^(iY'^''-^'

rr^^ni

,>a<S?.

^^^

slip--

-yj

':",f^^?s:^-.

'^-

'-t-

LIME THEE.

'i

-^

i/.:'v-

'""^'

--

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

69

forms beautiful broken masses of pale green, not as

stiff

as the Sycamore, but less defined,

and holding more

The

light.

more feathery,

when

flower,

conspicuous.

end

at the

from a

two or three

Its seeds,

of a thin

pendant

leaf -like bract, often

hang on the

not

is

pea-like nuts

little

which

stalk,

at its best,

but

a pale golden colour to the tree,

gives

grows

latter

tree late into

the winter.

The Lime grows best

in

good loam, and reaches a

height of eighty to ninety feet, and lives to an age

approaching

five

are fairly old,

more

hundred

especially the one

There

grown

are
in

on the

many members

The two

of

of

trees

drawn

the wear of time,

right.

of

the

Maple

family

number being
which the commonest are the Norway

country,

this

garden plants,

years.

and show some signs

the

greater

Maple, which has bunches of greenish-white flowers

showing while the tree

Box

is

yet bare of leaves, and the

Elder, noticeable for its irregular

which are often variegated.

trees

of

compomid

leaves,

But the two most grown

the family are the

Common Maple and

the

Sycamore.

The Common Maple {Acer cmnpestre)

tree,

a native

is

very commonly found as a bush in the hedgerow,

but also as a tree of twenty -five to thirty-five

bark

is

scaly,

and

smoother afterwards.

it

is

Its

feet.

rough when j^oung, getting

Its branches spread a

good

deal,

and the twigs multiply greatly at a small distance from

the outhne of the tree.

The

leaves (see Fig.

simple, but deepl}^ iobed, with several blunt points.

5)

are

The

rUEES AND TJIEE DRAWING.

70

'-^.^

-rly

/^i^:--^^-;

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

The winged

flowers are inconspicuous.

71

seeds in pairs are

only noticeable enough for a decorative draughtsman.

It is

The

found as far north as Durham, and also in Ireland.

rounded

forms

foliage

defined, as

may

masses

strongly

fairly

be seen in the tree illustrated.

The Sycamore {Acer pseudo-pla amis) is not a native

but was introduced in the fifoeenth century, so

tree,

may

be safely introduced into historical pictures,

that

it

the

incident

of

which

back

dates

middle of the sixteenth century.

with grey bark, which flakes

as

Its

as

far

stem

the

covered

is

small patches, showing

off in

the fighter coloured bark beneath, but not to the extent

a Plane does.

and darker

The lobed

in colour

pendant bunches

of

though green, and

five-pointed leaves are larger

than those

later its

The Sycamore grows

to

of the Maple.

are

flowers

noticeable

Its large

features,

winged seeds are so

a height of sixty

feet.

also.

Its

branches leave the stem at an acute angle, but bend

and twist a great

somewhat.

The

deal, the lower ones often

foliage

drooping

assumes rounded forms, the

masses being strongly defined.

Though in winter it is
summer it is often

not one of our handsomest trees, in

very shapely and dignified.

The Ash [Fraxinus

Woods,"

is

"

the

of a

hundred feet.

beautiful grey bark.

Its

the
It

by

and tapering
short, sharp

somewhat few and thick,

dead black. The leaves (see Fig. 5)

their final twigs are

and the buds are

of

trees.

stem is covered

Its branches, long

as they are, are apt to be broken in line

curves

Queen

one of our most graceful native

grows to the height

by a

excelsior),

TREES AKD TREE DRAWING.

72

^M^'P^^-^:':

W.

^W.
1<

SYCAMORJi.

TREES AKD TREE DRAWING.

''}:

f^

:^^^^St^:%
^:></^
i|

-:?:/

^ .^^^^^^:r
;^-

'^

^^^^i

-jh- I r

^
,

.^r:^;

'A.-

-v*fy^%^

73

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

74

compound, having four

are

pairs of opposite leaflets

and

a final one, and the foliage generally has a light, feathery

character

the

flowers

but

inconspicuous,

are

the

bunches of keys or winged seeds are often quite a marked

feature of the tree in late summer, a heavily laden tree

sometimes losing

Ash

is

deep

soil.

deep and

and

large,

it is

It favours the north

and grows at an altitude

grow beneath

Little will

by draining the
it.

The root system

all its foliage.

Its foliage

of the copse

soil, will

comes

of

therefore

and east

of the*

limited to

sides of hills,

1,350 feet in Yorkshire.

its drip,

and

its

fibrous roots,

starve other trees growing near

late

and goes

The Ash

early.

and hedgerow throws up remarkably strong

shoots from the stump, which are straighter and thicker

than almost any other tree commonly found

in

such

situations.

The Ash has garden

relatives in the Privet

and the

Lilac.

The Nettle family claims as members of it two large

the Common Elm and the Wych Elm.
The Common Elm {Ulmus campestris) has become
known as the English Elm, and is almost typical of
English xDastoral scenery, but it is not a native. It was
trees,

introduced by the Romans, so has had time to get

accUmatized, but even now,

fertile seeds.

power

of

siderable

It

makes up

it

seldom,

for this

throwing up suckers.
altitude,

but prefers

if

by

ever, produces
its

very great

grow at a conbecomes
It
valleys.

It will

often a tree of great size, sometimes reaching a height

of

one hundred and twenty

feet.

Its

stem

(see Fig. 2)

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

%
-ii^

^^'

**';l-f.

75

TREES AMD TKEE DRAWING.

76

covered with rough bark.

is

at a sharp angle,

Its great

outward extremity, making

at their

The

fairly distinct.

branches ascend

and the twigs multiply considerably

winter outline

its

leaves are small, rough,

and simple,

The

the foliage forming large solid clumps and masses.

coming before the leaves give the tree a glow

flowers

crimson in the early spring, though individually

of

they are quite small, and the

flat

seeds

are

incon-

spicuous.

The Wych Elm {Ulmus montana), notwithstanding

name, does not affect mountains more than the

its

Common

Elm.

It

is

a native

one hundred and ten feet

of

tree,
;

growing to a height
generally broader in

is

the crown, and has more spreading branches than

relative.

from the

It also differs

latter in

having

its

larger'

leaves

and more pendant growth, which two character-

istics

are

noticeably exaggerated

in

the

cultivated

Weeping Elm. The fohage masses are less solid, and

in some trees very much smaller.
Many Elms with " silver," " gold," and variegated
foliage are cultivated in gardens.

The Plane

way

of

is

pre-eminently the tree of towns.

shedding

bark as the new

its

Its

bark forms

beneath, and the easily Avashed leaves, enable

it

to

bear the infliction of soot and dust better than any

other tree.

The London Plane {Platanus acerifolia) is a variety

and is the commonest kind in

of the Oriental Plane,

this
its

country

origin

is

though

it

unrecorded.

has been
Its

stem

known

for

200 years,

(see Fig. 4) is

covered

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

/i^^'

v^' -^K

:*\

"

v;:

:^.?^

^1^-

v^:

'^:

ji
WYCH

ELM.

78

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

.>^.-*V^

""^.^^ "^"^^

'>.

""'
fc.

rv^'-'>^A,

C^-^

l^

-4:

-ms^'

TREES A^D TREE DRAWING.

with thin bark which flakes

freely.

off

have a strong upward tendency.

and are

large

lobed.

Its

on a long pendant

balls

i\)

Its

round

flowers are

and

stalky

branches

Its leaves are

which

fruits,

it

very

spiked

answer the same description, but that the balls are

larger,

form a very decorative feature

of the tree in

winter.

The Oriental Plane

has more subdivided and

itself

more sharply pointed lobes to

its leaves,

and but rarely

bears more than one seed-ball on a stalk.

The masses

much broken

and have a

of foliage are

flashing character,

in appearance,

due to the

light being

caught by the

large flat leaves.

The Occidental Plane

is

not very frequently met

with.

The Walnut [Juglans

of its family

common

regia),

the only representative

in this countrj^,

was probably

introduced here in the middle of the fifteenth centur}-.

Its

stem

is

covered with bark of a cool gre}^ colour,

its

corrugations assuming a beautiful net-like character,

though

in

old

trees

becoming

very

The

rugged.

branches shoot upwards from a soon divided stem,

and are long and tapering, with many bends.

leaf

is

leaflets

The

compound, with some four pairs

and a

final

one,

and

is

of

The

opposite

of

considerable

size.

flowers are inconspicuous, the male being in green

catkins and the female a

tiny flowers
visible

feature

little

bunch

a plentiful crop of nuts

in

September.

The

two or three

of

naturally a

is

tree

has

crown, the masses of whose foliage are of

broken character.

a wide

some\\'hat

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

80

The great Mast-bearing family includes almost all

and is consequently the most

of our great forest trees,

important of

and to the

all

tree

groups to the painter of forest scenery,

draughtsman.

It will

be well here to

reiterate the fact that a tree in dense forest is very

different

from the same

the

that

tree in the open, for the reason

semi-darkness

wood

the close-growing

ot

upwards to the

causes the trees to stretch

and

light

to lose all their lower branches

they become, in

high poles with leafy crests.

In this work the tree

considered growing in the open, but

is

remembered that
indicated

by cause

it

fact,

must be

in forest they undergo the change

of the

changed conditions.

become almost a symbol of England,

the tree whose timber, built into ships, was for centuries
the country's main defence, and which was therefore

The

tree that has

the tree of greatest consequence, shall be

The

tree,

area, of
its

the

Oak

which the British

northern

taken

first.

wide

{Querciis robur), enjoys a very

Isles are

limits, or in bleak,

exposed places,

a dwarf, but in favourable situations

it

it is

becomes a

being one of the greatest and longest-lived of

denizens of our woods.

It

grows to

In

but a portion.

its

but

giant,

all

the

greatest height

in close forest, with a tall, straight baulk of timber,

which in the open

is

replaced

by a somewhat

thick stem, from which spread at right angles

limbs, often

making

its

its

short,

mighty

crown as wide as the height

of

the tree.

The stem (see Fig. 4)

bark, and it spreads out at

is

coated with thick, rough

its

base to

its lateral roots,

as

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

m0

81

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

82
it

spreads out above to

system

is

The root
the enormous strength
branches.

its aerial

both deep and massive

of its great descending lateral roots enable it to with-

stand the strain of the gale on

Most

trees

its

vast head of foliage.

compromise with weight and wind, by either

sending their branches upward or letting them droop,

but the Oak often seems to scorn

branches out horizontally,

its

From

and sends

all risk,

regardless

of

strain.

bud an Oak branch is

often found to bend sharply off to right or left, making
the "elbows" so much sought by shipbuilders: this
is more especially noticeable in the hedgerow Oaks.
The Oak leaf is simple, but deeply lobed. The foliage
the failure of the leading

grows in tufts

(see Fig. 6) rather

than long sprays from

the buds, being clustered closer together towards the

end

The

of the twig.

flowers are inconspicuous,

affecting the ai^pearance of the tree,

crop of male catkins

feature.

When

of acorns it
little

when

the tree

bearing a large

tions,

The Oak

three varieties of the

which has stalks to

acorns

its

surface

will live in various soils an:l situa-

but grows best in deep sandy loam.

sessile

quantity

has the appearance of being studded with

points of light, considerably altering

texture.

the

out are quite a noticeable

full
is

little

though a heavy

Common Oak

its

There are

the pcJunculate,

acorns, but not to its leaves

which has stalks to

its leaves,

but not to

and the intermediate " Durmast,"

its

which has

The first is
most usual in England, the second in Wales, and the
The fact of
third is onlv found in a few locahties.
short stalks to both leaves

and acorns.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

fefc: V-.

>^&-V

^T^>-'

-'

^'

"^.j>.

83

'". *^

C*- /^,.i

V---

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

84

having stalks to the leaves makes the foliage more

by the wind, a feature to be noted by the

The pedunculate form is found more in the

easily stirred

painter.

moister lowland

whereas the

and

sessile

will often

and

soil,

keep

loses its leaves before winter,

Oak grows
its leaves,

higher on the hillsides,

which are

thicker, risht

through to the following spring.

The Oak develops a second crop of shoots in one

season, so that it is not wrong to represent a tree with
young leaves at midsummer, and in some cases where
the tree has been stripped of

season put on an entirely

by the

its foliage

certain moths, as sometimes happens,

new

have once more the appearance

larvae of

the same

it will

vesture of foliage, and

of spring.

The Oak is more attacked bj'- insects than any other

tree, and of these the gall insects affect its appearance
in varying degree, as described in

Several other kinds of

important

which

of

is

Oak

Chapter

11.

grown, the most

are

the Turkey Oak, which has a

spiny acorn cup and sharper points to the lobes of the

leaf.

Some

varieties of

Oak have

foliage that takes a

crimson hue late in the summer, and there

is

also a

Scarlet Oak.

There
{Quercus

is,

besides these,

ilex),

the

Holm, or Holly Oak

an evergreen form that

It has small, shiny, simple leaves of

little,

long-shaped acorns, and from

is

fairly

common.

dark green, and

its

short stem and

large head has frequently the appearance of a vast bush.

The Cork Oak

with

in this

is

also an evergreen,

country.

but not

much met

TRKES AN J) TREE DRAWING,

&^"SiSter-ii^?.-:

85

rilKKS

S()

AM)

riiKE DliAVVIiNii

"''W
.>1-.**^

-^f^:...

K^

..^iM'

sV-r^'
^Sr^r^^-v^-^^ ,-.<-^.>

^r'A.!:5

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

The Beech

{Fagits sylvatica)

perhaps, the next most

is,

important tree of this group,

common
an area.

It is

in time, but

most places

in

has not

it

very

being native,

(juite so

wide

very commonly planted as a nurse tree

Oak, but

for the

it

and growing

in our landscape,

where the Oak grows, though

87

it is

to

left

is

known

well

be not cut

if it

grow with the Oaks, the wood

will

soon become pure Beech.

for

this.

Nothing

that

will

There are two reasons

grow in the

shade

of

the

Beech, and the Beech roots being shallow and spreading,

absorb

before

it

the moisture

all

and food

the

of

soil

can sink to the deeper roots of the Oak.

The stem of the Beech (see Fig. 3) is covered with

smooth grey bark
it spreads out towards its base
;

to its shallow lateral roots (see

open branches

fairly

Fig.

low down.

1),

an upward tendenc}^, though the ends

droop
if

slightly,

especially the

and

in

the

branches have

Its

of

them may

lower branches, which,

there be no cattle or other animal to injure them,

will

lie

and

thin,

upon the

earth.

The branches

having a snake-like appearance.

are simple,

long

are

very thin for their length, and are round,

The

and grow along the twigs

leaves (see Fig. 7)

in

rather than in tufts, Uke in the Oak.

however, often

The

flowers are

empty husks
be conspicuous when

inconspicuous, as are also the fruits

of these latter will,

feathery sprays

the

the leaves have fallen.

The Beech

is

the typical shade -enduring tree.

grows upwards but slowly in

thin bark of dark colour,

and

it

its

It

early years.

It has

shadow

so dense

casts a

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

88

^-^:

T*^-"^>-^lP

i^-''Jff-

J^'^^^^
^A^,

'-^:S'-^\'

:*/-'

HORNBEAM.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

make

it

beneath

it.

as to
live

89

practically impossible for anything

The Purple Beech

to

a well-known garden variety

is

that has foliage ranging from the colour of copper to

that of claret.

The

one from some distance,

illustrations are taken,

the other from almost under the tree.

The Hornbeam {Carpinus

superficial resemblances

is

from some

hetuhis)

slight

often popularly called Beech,

but the artist will do well to note more carefully

pecuUarities.

Beech

will

It

is

rich loam,

seventy

and grows much where

indigenous,

grow, as far north as North Wales, though

not quite so far up the

and

feet.

where

will

reach a height of some

(see Fig.

2)

covered by a
is

varied by

and the trunk

divided, especially where

Its leaves are

is

Beech, but

like the

flashes of lighter, silvery colour,

its lateral roots.

low ground

hillside, preferring

it

The stem

dark coloured thin bark

much more

its

much

it

itself is

spreads out to

the same shape as

the leaves of the Beech, but more ribbed and not so

glossy

they,

too,

are

on feathery twigs

arranged

The branches are long and thin, growing

horizontally.
with an upward tendency, but with somewhat eccentric
bends and quirks. The flowers are not conspicuous,
though the males are in a
fruits

fair-sized catkin,

but the

are quite different to Beech-mast, and, indeed,

unlike those of any other tree.

They

each by
when the

of single small nuts partly concealed

like bracts,

and a

fully laden tree,

faUing, sometimes assumes a golden

consist of bunches

three leafleaves are

hue in the sunshine,

90

AND

TltKKS

from the colour

TKKIO DliAWINC.

of these growths,

outer leafy covering of a

ance of the tree

tikiji

to the

The general appear;

horizontal strata like that

or less

but without the outstanding sprays that break

tree,

and

outline,

its

which arc

a lighter version of that of the Beech

is

more

in

its foliage

filbert.

generally

in

and

lighter

thinner

layers.

be as well here to refer to the Hazel {Corijlus

It will

which

avellana),

a near relative of the Hornbeam.

is

It is a native, generally a bush,

tree

of

some
Its

leaves.

thirty

bark

high.

feet

though occasionally a
has large simple

It

smooth and glossy brown, with

is

horizontal lenticels.

Its

male flowers are in catkins,

which are formed in the previous summer, remain

closed

till

January, when they open and become what

the children

call "

lambs' tails."

decorative feature of the leafless

well-known nut,

The

is

also,

when

They form a
The
bush.
plentiful,

feature of the Hazel to be noted

is its

sending up strong straight shoots from

Another nut -bearing member

distinctly
fruit,

easily

the

seen.

capacity for

its base.

same group

of the

is

the Sweet Chestnut {Castanea sativa), a tree which will

attain a height of ninety feet.

It

is

but was introduced by the Romans, so

as a
Its

background

stem

deep

any episode

for

(see Fig. 3) is

fissures,

which

not indigenous,

it

of

may

be painted

English history.

covered with thick bark having

latter

almost always twist round

the tree in the manner of a screw.

In the open

it

branches fairly low down, even sometimes drooping

its

terminal twigs on to the ground.

The

leaves are

TREES AM) TREE DRAWING

handsome,

large,

simple

ones,

strongly

The

with sharpty toothed edges.

91

and

ribbed,

flowers are as nearly

conspicuous as any forest tree of this country, for a

plentiful crop of

male catkins, when

fully opened, not

only give the tree a golden hue, but quite change

surface

when

texture.

The

fruit

also

is

quite

its

noticeable

being spinj^ balls that are in strong

plentiful,

The

contrast with the surface of the large leaves.

tree

grows best in the south of England, and in deep, porous

loam.

from

Its general aspect in winter is a little

its

large branches ending rather suddenly in small

summer

twigs, but in
trees,

clumsy,

somewhat

its

it is

one of the most beautiful

tufted

foliage

forming irregular

and broken masses.

The

tree that

graceful of

all

{Betula alba)

is

is

will

grow

The Birch

a native tree, having a wide area, which

includes the length

cold, live

very generalh^ considered the most

belongs also to this group.

and breadth

of these islands.

at a great altitude, endure great heat

on dry heaths or marshy moors, but

have plenty,

of light.

The stem

(see

Fig.

runs fairly straight to the top of the tree,

with thin peeling bark, with horizontal

a very lighi colour.

Near the

base,

and

must

2),

which

is

coated

lenticels,

and

it

It

and

of

places

in

higher up, are dark patches of thick corky bark, which

spread as the tree gets older.

The

root system

is

weak

and shallow, the leaves are simple, broad at the base

and pointed at the end. The flowers are catkins, the male
ones pendant, the female ones erect.

The

fruit, also in

catkin form, remains hanging on the tree for months,

92

'REES

AND TKEE

Dl^AVVLNO

:#-

i.,'

\m w^

after

its

TREES AND TREE DRAWtNG.

93

late

autumn.

The whole

light

and

ripening

the

in

appearance of the Birch

is

both in

graceful,

The drawing given is

summer foliage, when the

winter and summer.

of a tree in

the fullest of

leaves form

its

pendant masses
yellow,
twigs,

then

is

but perhaps when the leaves turn

and are sparsely scattered on the brown hanging

and the fruit catkins are seen amongst them,
the tree's most exquisite period.

The Birch has

several varieties, the differences being

mainly in the browner or whiter colour

of the bark, of

the angle of the leaves, whether held out horizontally or

hanging down, and the course

whether

of the branches,

running upwards as they start from the stem, or whether

the ends droop, making

This tree

known

often

is

it

a " weeping "

much

as " witches' brooms,"

any other

of

tree.

with the disease

infested

more

than

in fact,

so,

common on

the

the typical light-demanding tree.

It

our trees, though

it is

Wild Cherry and the Hornbeam.

The Birch

is

grows upward with great rapidity in

Its bai-k is light in colour, to

sun, or where
it,

and

it

it is

dark,

is

casts but little

differing strongly

Considering

throw

off

its

early years.

the heat of the

thick as a protection against

in

shadow

all

these points

from the Beech and Hornbeam.

that

this

tree

being

therefore has always been with us,

practically everywhere,

it is

curious that

it

it

grows

was so long

ignored by our landscape painters, though

surprising that having once been represented
highl}' popular.

and

native,

and that

it
it

is

not

became

TREES AM) TREE

94

1)RAW1>J(:!

*><fe>i:

"

*,^

f*

i^

yu

Vi"

w^

'-J-

'

'^^t-'^ii

-<;;

^;^'^^^ %=^-'^.. vf t<-

-r^ig^f'

^"^

-^^-^t.'"

i..^'i^-Cl^"<^^-<^s^.-^^;:-^
BLACK POPLAR.

^-^-f ..^;^.

TKEES AND TREE DRAWING.

One more

95

group remains to be mentioned,

tree of this

common

the Alder (Alnus ghitinosa), an indigenous tree

as far north as

in lowlands

water-side, where
to forty feet.

black bark.

it

grow to a height

will

stem

Its

Caithness.

Its leaves (see Fig.

The

flowers

open

from thirty

coated with rough, nearly

is

5)

with the broader outer end slightly

ribbed.

of

the

likes

It

are simple, oval,

cleft

and strongly

February or March, the

in

male catkins having been formed during the preceding

The

sunnner.

fruits

resemble

cones.

little

The main

branches leave the stem at a wide angle and with crooked

bends and curves, and the sudden ending

branch

number

in a

appearance when stripped of

still

more

thick

its foliage,

which

is

made

by the hanging catkins and

the little empty cones.

loose

the Mast -bearing

that

striking

bunches of

Very

of a

of thin twigs gives the tree a quaint

different to

family

is

members the Poplars and

Willows, being as a class more lightly foliaged and
smaller trees, of shorter life, more rapid growth, and
group

that

softer

wood.

has

for

Of the Poplars,

though not

its

five are

in our woods,

connnon

and

of

in our

the

five,

woodlands,
three are

natives of this country.

The Black Poplar {Populus

nigra)

is

not indigenous,

but has been known in the coiuitry for some centuries,

though the date

is

of its introduction is unrecorded.

It

the largest of the Poplars, but rarely exceeds one hun-

dred feet

in height.

has a deeply descending root

It

system, and also shnllow

hoiizontal roots that throw

u[)

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

96
suckers.

stem

Its

is

clad with thick bark, furrowed

longitudinally,

and has the power

many

Its

shoots.

which throw

ot

throwing out

branches are long

and tapering,

smaller branches and twigs at intervals,

off

having an upward tendency

all

rather elongated tip;

long

and

The

movement from

of

(see

they are joined to the twigs by

which allows them

leaf stalks, flattened laterally,

much freedom

leaves

its

wide at the base, and tajoering to a

Fig. 5) are simple,

side to side.

flowers of the Black Poplar are unisexual, each

sex being

upon a

different tree.

In the early spring,

before the leaves appear, the male tree opens

catkins, and,

if

plentiful,

they

appearance, and as they drop

crimson

its

give the tree a striking

off,

having done their

In

work, they colour the ground beneath.

like

manner,

when the female catkins have developed into fruit and

ripened, in

downy

May

seeds

or June, they open

all

till

and

scatter white

the ground beneath the tree

is

covered as with snow.

Being
casting

little

shadow,

waving

is

and

light

moving

illustration, it

sparkling.

The

mirror, and, as

may

has no dense shadows by

very darks quivering with reflected

and

has the characteristics of

large

leaves,

in the slightest breeze, reflect each its ray of

light like a

its

it

having rough bark,

Its general appearance, especially in

light-loving tree.

sunshine,

growth,

rapid

of

variety

of

Poplar {Popidus

the

Black Poplar

fastigiata), its

almost hidden by

its

is

be seen in the

way

of contrast,

light.

the

Lombardy

rough-barked stem being

branches, which grow up parallel

TREES AXD TREE DRAWING

'

-ixfwK^'^.

^^..v^?i\J4v>*^^^i^1^^?^^

<g?
LOMBARDV POPLAR.

07

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

08
to the
all

main stem, having the most

deciduous

1758,

and

England

into

in

grows to a height of from one hundred to

it

one hundred and

As the

vertical branching of

was introduced

It

trees.

fifty feet, preferring

moist situations.

were apparently

trees introduced

all

males,

it

never produces fruit here.

The Aspen {Populus

root system

is

tremula)

is

shallow and spreading.

a native tree.
Its

stem

with smooth bark, which only becomes rough in

grown

It will

state.

preferring moist, light

The

Orkney.

leaves

grow

and be found as

are

smaller

movement

waving

is slighter,

shivering.

its full-

height of eighty feet,

soil,

those of the Elack Poplar

in place of the

to. a

Its

coated

is

far north as

and rounder than

they are on long

stalks,

but

of the latter in a breeze, the

giving almost the appearance of

Both the male and female catkins have

a reddish appearance, but are smaller, and the female

ones scatter their cottony seeds in

the Black Poplar,
is

light

The

and graceful

less

profusion than

general appearance of the tree

in winter, while in

summer the

twigs seem to be bending under the foliage as

if

the

masses were too heavy for them.

The White Poplar

or Abele

very much from the foregoing

smooth and

light in colour,

till it

becomes rough in

much

in the leaf

{Populus alba)
in its bark,

and has horizontal

later

life.

differs

which

is

lenticels,

It also varies

very

from the other Poplars, having leaves

generally (though not always) lobed, and with white

undersides, that change the light effect of the tree with

every breeze.

Its

male catkins are large and

of

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

99

purple colour, while the female ones show yellow stigmas.

Its fruits

The Abele grows very

are cottony seeds.

rapidly, reaching in favourable soil the height of one

hundred

feet in forty years.

upwards

till

foUage are broken and

of

Its

but

is

do

as

It is

canescens)

believed to be a hybrid of the

Its
its

stem

The masses

full of light.

The Grey Poplar [Popuhts

Abele.

branches grow strongly

they curve towards their ends.

indigenous,

is

Aspen and the

(see Fig. 4) resembles that of the latter,

leaves,

though

their

undersides are greyer.

beheved to grow wild only in the south-east of

England.

There are other Poplars occasionally met with,

which

may

of

be mentioned the Black ItaHan Poplar,

which has the most rapid growth

Balsam Poplar, which

is

of all Poplars,

and the

slender and has egg-shaped

leaves.

Of Willows there are many, but for the

differences

between them, that are often so

artist

puzzle botanists, need not greatly trouble him.

his

For

purpose there are three main kinds, the Willows

that grow upwards, the

broader-leaved WiUows.

Weeping Willows, and the

Like the Poplars, the Willows

are dioecious, having each sex on a different tree.

are light-demanding trees, of rapid gro^\i;h,

They

and they

generally favour the waterside or moist places.

all

the

slight as to

have simple leaves, flowers in catkins, and

They
fluffy

seeds.

Of the upright Willows the Crack Willow {Salix

fragilis) attains

the greatest

size,

as

it

will

sometimes

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

100

^V<t

im^;;^

\^

^^&^:/^i;^

\>..^

,.-..

TREES AND TREE DRA^YING.

reach a height of neady ninety

rough

furrowed

and

tendency,

branches

bark,

ending

in

It

feet.

tree of about forty feet, having a

101

yellow

head, and the flowers open

when the

and are therefore not so conspicuous

as its

It. is,

grown

upward

The

shoots.

and narrow,

Poplar.

usualty a

an

ha\dng

long

leaves (see Fig. 5) are long

therefore not

is

stem coated with

like a lance

tree

in leaf,

is

as they are in the

name implies, verj^ brittle, and is

much for basket-making as some

so

other kinds, or, in other words, the artist will not so

often find

it

in the pollarded form.

The White Willow

white undersides to

and tone

in colour

{Salix

its

alba)

leaves,

differs

causing

it

in

having

to

change

more

Its twigs are

in the breeze.

olive in colour.

The Weeping Willow

tree

{Salix babylonica)

a familiar

is

comparatively recent introduction.

of

much

It

resembles the foregoing trees, except for the bending of

the branches, and the pendant position of the long final
shoots and the leaves.

much

denser

The Weeping Willow has often

heavier look than the others

branches

it

has apparently

which frequently entirely hides the

foliage,

but some, as in the tree drawn, are divided

more into clumps, between which are hollows,

may

be seen the form of

The Sallow
into a tree of

often

met

or

its

Goat Willow {Salix caprea)

some

which

in

limbs.
will

thirty feet in height, but

with in the form

of

a bush.

It

grow

more

is

differs

considerably from the other Willows in having oval

leaves

of

roughish

texture, in

flowering

before

the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

102

^'
ir
^<?''i.

^^^-.M

^^
^

r-

'

'

VV-

i^m^hf

-H'lil,
.4

if-:

^^^r^s^fesv.

a
WEEPING WILLOW.

TREES AND TEEE DRAWING.

and

leaves open,

in the absence of those long shoots

the narrow-leaved kinds,

its

flowers being quite a feature

some of our hedges, and it

Palm Sunday by people who

in

golden

is

with

the female

full out,

The Larch {Larix

bearing

is

It is

is

The male
when

anthers
silvery.

the

only one of that group

in this countr}^ that

sometimes the embodiment

it is

and battered picturesque.

it

gathered about

palm.

pollen-cOvered

elegance, while at others

continuous to

much

more slender and

is

commonly met with

green.

is

call it

europcea) belongs to the great Cone-

but

group,

more

is

and even dry hedgerows than

often found in the copse

catkin

The Sallow

by basket makers.

that are used

103

its top,

an example
stem

Its

a true stem like

is

not ever-

and

of grace
of the

rugged

and

is

straight

all

the Conifers

coated with thick dark grey and reddish bark,

which

is

lateral,

deeply fissured.

system

Its root

causing the stem to splay at

its

abling the tree to live on rocky ground

of sending

the tree

down

itself,

obtuse angle.

root branches at

and
It

growing branches

is

of

its

is

mainly

base and en-

by

its

power

some distance from

branches leave the tree at an

the tree with the most

any

of

our

trees.

downward

Its leaves

are

" needles " growing in tufts.

The male flower is yellow

and the female purplish. They are placed on the
downward -growing final twigs.
The fruits are small
cones, which, although growing
straight

on the twigs that hang

down, always point upwards.

The

tree

a native of England, but was introduced before

The winters

of this

is

not

1628.

country are not long or severe

]0J

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

'^^^
7^k

i'-i:L^.ii~

^>^:-:.

:<;a^:~r
,.crJ

LARCH

TEEES AND TREE DRAWING

enough to make

105

timber of the best quahty, so

its

not so generally planted here as

it

it is

might otherwise have

been. It will, however, sometimes pass the height of one

hundred

and, though a mountain tree,

feet,

it

grows on

various soils and situations, provided always that

plenty of
loving tree

It

light.

has

all

it

has

the character of a hght-

thick bark, rapid growth when young, and

thin foliage that casts but

The general appearance

decorative, with

its

shadow.

little

of the

Larch in winter

upright stem and

is

highly

downward tending

branches, which, rising again towards their outer ends,

hung with long pendant

are

cones

but

wonder

it is

of the

twigs, studded with tiny

in the early spring that

woodlands,

when

it

becomes the

it

covers

itself

with a

miraculous green mist of needles, a green so vivid as to

have nothing that approaches

on the

it

palette,

can only be suggested by juxtaposition

It is

much

attacked by disease, and often loses branches

and becomes more or

the

in

The

less dilapidated, as

accompanying

picturesque, even

of.

but that

of other tints.

drawing,

but

when showing many

may

it

is

be seen

always

scars.

great Cone-bearing family, with the exception

the Larch, and some foreign trees rarely

are

all

evergreens.

this country,

two

There are

but few natives

many

of

met with,
them grown in

indeed, there are but

the Scots Pine and the Juniper.

The Scots Pine {Pinus sylvestris) grows occasionally

to one hundred and fifty feet, but usually does not
quite reach one hundred feet.
will

grow at a great

It

altitude,

has a wide area, and

but in the extremes

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

106

SCOTS PINE.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

becomes but a dwarf.

stem

Its

is

107

clothed

mth

reddish bark, which peels off in flakes, more especially

on the upper portions

of

the branchless stem.

main

root system consists of a deep descending

that branches laterally, so that

it

can

live

Its

root,

on sandy

The branches have an upward tendency and grow

regularly, but in the trees usually met with the branchsoil.

ing has lost

its regularity, for

the Scots Pine has manj^

and but small power of repairing injury or replacing

The leaves are " needles," from
lost limbs and buds.
one to two inches in length, arranged in pairs. The
flowers are unisexual, the male being yellow and
foes

quite small

the female, which are also small, develop

pendant cones, generally in clusters

into

of

two or

three.

The general appearance

of the tree

and dark green masses

of foliage,

tint as the light plays

upon them.

in flower the yellow pollen

to the

and

rugged and

which take a grey

When

the tree

from the male blossoms

ground in large quantities, collecting

noticeable to such

letters

is

stem crested with twisted branches

strong, a straight

is

ialls

in hollows,

an extent as to bring forth the

which sometimes appear in the papers relating

to showers of sulphur.

The other

Conifers

dealt with briefly.

Larch

growing in England must

be

They resemble the Scots Pine and the

in their sinall

power

of

repairing injury, but

having perhaps fewer enemies, and being planted where

there are fewer adverse circumstances, the specimens
generally seen are

more perfect

in their

growth and

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

108

more formal

for these reasons, less favoured

They

perhaps

by the landscape

painter.

from the foregoing Conifers in the length

differ

and grouping

of their needles, the size

and the angle

their cones,

The

and they

are,

in their ap])earance,

and position

of

of branching.

evergreen

Silver Fir [Abies pectinata) has all its

needles solitary, arranged spirally on the twigs, not in

height of

It is a large tree, rarely reaching a

tufts.

two hundred
remain

feet,

and

almost

intact

open

in the

the

to

its

branches will

ground.

The Spruce

{Picea excelsa) shares with the Silver Fir the arrange-

ment of its needles, but its branches have a more

upward tendency. Though its remains are found bjgeologists in the

apj)arently

upper beds

of the tertiary formation,

must have died out

in this country, for

was re-introduced, about the fourteenth century.

form when young
of

young

is

it

Its

known, owing to the number

well

trees sold for Christmas trees.

pyramidal form for very

it

many

It preserves its

years in the open.

The

cones of the Spruce are pendant, but those of the Silver

Fir are erect.

The Douglas

Fir (Pseudotsuga douglasii),

another great tree, reaching in

its

height of three hundred

also

solitary

and

Pine [Pinus

them arranged

also the Cluster Pine {Pinus pinaster).

{Pinus strobus)

bunches of
in tufts of

five,

many.

its

needles

Corsican

whose needles are some three or

four inches long, has

Pine

has

arranged, whereas the

spirally
laricio),

feet,

American home a

also

in pairs, as

The Weymouth

has long needles,

and the short needles

has

of the

but

in

Cedars are

These varieties give different textures

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

109

Of their form the Chister Pine

to the trees.'

perhaps,

is,

generally the most irregular, the others being of formal

build, with a straight

stem and more or

regular

less

rings of branches.

The Cedars,
have

which three

of

[Cedrus

lihani)

is

Cedar

downward tendency, and

pendant
has

of

tree,

with

wide-

the Deodar, or Hima-

deodar a),

{Cedrus

common,
Lebanon

fairly

Cedar

flat-topped

spreading horizontal branches

layan

are

The

form.

distinctive

branches

has

often

the

with
shoots

final

and the Atlantic Cedar {Cedrus atlantica)

a sharp upward tendenc3\

branches that have

The cones

of

all

three are erect and somewhat

flat-

topped.

The Jumper {Juniperus communis), our second native

a shrub, occasionally a tree of twenty to

Conifer, is

feet in height,

thirt}'

shapes.

It

and

in

many

places has

many

has reddish bark, narrow evergreen leaves,

arranged on the branches in whorls of three

male and

female blossoms usually on separate individuals, both

tiny,

and

its fruits

are little purple " berries."

Of our British Evergreens none

is

better

known

or a

greater favourite than the Holly, with its glossy leaves

and

coral

found

all

berries.

fifty feet in

slight

upward tendency and

,

and wav}^

hard border of the

On

aquifolium)

favourable positions.

coated with smooth grey bark.

simple,

{Ilex

its

is

It reaches a height of

through these islands.

from forty to
is

The Holly

Its

Its

stem

branches have a

leaves are glossy, thick,

the lower part of the tree the

leaf develops into spines,

but above

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

110

the reach of cattle, where this protection

the leaf

is

is'

not needed,

The flowers

a simple oval, without spines.

of

the Holly are small and white, but they are often so

numerously clustered round the twigs as to be quite the

feature of the tree.

generally

berries,

The

fruits

are the well-known

though sometimes yellow.

scarlet,

As may be judged from its bark and from the strong

shadow it casts, it will endure a good deal of shade, and

may

be painted in a wood,

Another well-known evergreen

semper vir ens)

but

it is

is

Box

{Buxiis

it is

seen in

the

known more

as

gardens clipped into hedges and fantastical forms than

a small tree.

as

It

Surrey.

in

It

some few

only grows wild in

southern counties, and

is

seen at

its

best on

Box

Hill

seldom reaches more than twelve to

eighteen feet in height.

Its

stem

is

covered with thin

The branches have an upward tendency,

but at various angles. It is thickly branched, and the
final twigs are often pendant.
The leaves are small,
oval, and leathery, and the flower and fruit small and
yellowish bark.

inconspicuous.

A
the

word may be said here

common climber, though

enumerated.

Its

of the
its

Ivy {Hedera

helix),

many forms cannot

stem, which will grow

thickness of over ten inches in diameter,

be

to the great

is

coated with

a bark that seems to possess in some degree the power

of

assuming the appearance

upon.

When

rootlets,

slender,

by which

gets stouter

it

it

of that of the tree it climbs

the stem throws out rows of

fixes itself to its support,

no longer

clings.

but as

Its leaves are

it

deeply

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

lobed where
above, on

growing against wall or

is

it

its free

but

tree,

branches, they are of a simply pointed

which are

Its flowers,

oval.

Ill

open in October.

Its

curious urn shape.

It

green blossoms,

black berries of a

are

fruits

a very conspicuous object on

is

a naked tree in winter,

balls of

its

masses

dark glossy f ohage

of

telhng strongty against the sky

The Yew (Taxus

and owing

yards,

leaves

may

is

be.

much

is

associated with church-

It is

found

its

is

often

much

where

fields

and ornament.

increased in size

starting

tendency, grow at

from

trunk

the

many

angles,

Its

an

The male and

needles broadened and flattened.

little

upward

leaves are Uke

its

female flowers are upon different individuals

thoughinconspicuous

it,

Its branches,

with

and

is

by shoots

base which have in course of time fused with

covered with thin reddish flaking bark.

able

its

cattle

woods, and

fairly plentifully in

growii in gardens for hedges

though

fir

is

seldom allowed to grow in

stem, which

from

baccata)

to the poisonous character of

the males,

globes, are sometimes notice-

because of their number,

and when

ripe

they

burst and scatter their pollen in great quantity, making

the ground beneath golden.

The female

smaller flowers, but in October

over

with

its

dainty

jewel -like

may

tree has

be studded

berries

of

still

all

pink or

orange.

The drawing used

Yew

for a frontispiece represents the

in Selborne Churchyard, of

wrote some 150 years ago.

though

reckoned

to

be

It

1,300

which Gilbert White

is

a male

years

old,

tree,
is

and
still

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

112
full

vitality

of

25 feet 9 inches

and flowers

plentifully.

round the stem at three

It

feet

measures

from the

ground.

The

Irish

Yew, a native

in England, resembles the

upward growth
perpendicular.

of Ireland

but

Common Yew

of the branches,

much

planted

except in the

which are practically

By Appointment

M.n. The King.

to

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO., LTD,

PENCIL MAKERS & ARTISTS* COLOURMEN.
Artists'
ID

AND

Depot and Head Office

PERCY STREET, LONDON,

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED:
II,

W.i.

Exhibition of all Nations, 1851, Prize Medal.

Paris Universal Exhibition, 1855, Two Prize Medals.
International Exhibition, 1862, Two Prize Medals.
Dublin International Exhibition, 1865, Prize Medal.
Paris Universal Exhibition, 18.67, Two Silver Medals.
Lyons Universal Exhibition, 1872, Two Silver Medals.
Philadelphia International Exhibition, 1876, Prize Medal
Paris Universal Exhibition, 1878, Prize Medal.
Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889, Silver Medal.
Paris Exhibition, 1900, Gold Medal.
Franco-British Exhibition, 1908, Diploma of Honour and Gold

Medal.
Japan-British Exhibition, 1910, Gold Medal.
Turin Exhibition, 191 i. Two Diplomas of Honour.

THE PRICES

CATALOGUE ARE THOSE CURRENT

ON MARCH 1ST, 1928.

IN THIS

These prices are subject to alteration without notice, and orders

can only be accepted at the rates current at the time of dispatch.

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO/S

ARTISTS'

Whole Tube.

WATER COLOURS

GEORGE ROWNEY &

CO.'S

WATER COLOURS

ARTISTS'

SERIES

Azo Yellow
Black Lead
Brown Madder
Chinese Orange
Crimson Alizarin
Crimson Lake
Cyanine Blue
Geranium Lake
Indian Lake

Scarlet Alizarin
Scarlet Lake
Scarlet Vermilion

Sepia

Vermihon
Violet AUzarin

Indigo
3d. each.
OS. 8d.
IS.

Half

SERIES
Pale

Yellow
Orange
Orange Deep

is.

Half

os.

Mars Orange

Whole Tubes,

is.

os. lod.

Whole

Pans,

Half

SERIES

,,

Gallstone

Burnt Carmine
Carmine

Madder Lake
Purple Madder
Rose Dor6
Rose Madder

Deep Madder
Extract Madder Carmine
2s. 6d.
is.

,,

3d

each.

SERIES
Ultra Ash

Whole Tubes,
Half

is.

8d. each

os. lod.

D.

Aureolin

Half

Chromium

Viridian, or Veronese Green

8d. each.

Whole Tubes,

of

Trans. Oxide Chrom.

Violet Carmine

Cobalt Blue
Cobalt Green, light
Cobalt Green, dark

Half

3d. each.
8d.

C.

Opaque Oxide

Red

Warm Sepia
Whole Pans,

Cobalt VioletCceruleum
Indian Yellow
Lemon Yellow

Azure Cobalt

Cadmium,
Cadmium,
Cadmium,
Cadmium,
Cadmium,

B.

Lapis Grey
Mars Yellow
Neutral Orange
Orange Vermilion
Purple Lake

Alizarin Green
Alizarin Yellow

Whole Tubes,

(continued).

Whole
Half

Pans,

2s.
is.

6d. each.
3d.
,,

E.

Smalt
gd. each,
od.

Whole
Half

Pans,

3s. gd. each,

2s.

od.

..

GEORGE ROWNEY &

Co/s

ARTISTS' OIL COLOURS.

{All these Colours are guaranteed of the finest quality

and ground

extra-fine).

NET PROFESSIONAL

PRICES.

EXPLANATION OF SIZES OF TUBES.

Tube
Tube

a tube 2 inches long.

a tube 3 inches long.
4 Tube, containing twice the quantity of No. 2.
8 Tube, " Double " or " Small Studio," containing four times the
quantity of No. 2.
12 Tube, or " Large Studio," containing six times the quantity of

No.

signifies
signifies

No.

2.

See illustrations page

Name

of Colour.

7.

size of tubes.

GEORGE ROWNEY &

Co.'s

ARTISTS' OIL COLOURS.

Continued.

GEORGE ROWNEY &

Co.'s

ARTISTS' OIL COLOURS.

Continued.

GEORGE ROWNEY &

ARTISTS'

OIL

CO.'S

COLOURS.

Illustrations of the sizes of the Tubes.

See Prices, pages

No.

No. 4

No. 8
7

4, 5

and

6,

No. 12

r'''i"''5^^'^'T^'^Tr

IMNDAHAR
PENCIL
Made

in alt

Degrees for all Purposes.

to 6H.

From 6B

A PENCIL OF UNIFORM EXCELLENCE.

No. 750.

"KANDAHAR"
and

Pencil

"

pleasure

Pencils are Smooth, durable

use.
One " Kandahar

to

outlast

will

a dozen ordinary pencils.

KANDAHAR" PENCILS
ARE BRITISH MADE
BY

George Rowncy & Co., Ltd.

Established 1789.
4cl. each,

3 '9

doz.

THESE PENCILS ARE THE FINEST THAT BRAINS,

MACHINERY AND MATERIAL CAN PRODUCE.

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO.'S

BLACK LEAD PENCILS.

MANUFACTURED BY

^'O

^*^^^^>^-

"IMPROVED" DRAWING PENCILS,

No. 800.

No. 800

polished cedar, stamped in silver

&

Co.

British

Make," made
for Sketching.

Hard

Harder for Outlines.

Very Hard for Architects.

for Engineers.

Hardest.

HB

Hard and Black.

Black for Shading.

BB
BBB
BBBB
BBBBBBB

Extra Soft and Black.

Softer and very Black.

Softer and very Black.

Double Thick Lead.

Very Broad and Black Lead.
Firm for Ordinary Drawing.

3d. each

No. 805.

natural

George Rowney

in the following 12 degrees

HH
HHH
HHHH
HHHHHH

Extra Hard

round
'*

"

VICTORIA

"

2s. gd.

DRAWING

lead, natural polished cedar,

degrees, H,

per dozen.

HH, HB,

2d. each

is.

PENCIL,
stamped

F,

round, with round

in silver,

and BB.

gd, per dozen.

made

in 6

GEO.

ROWNE7 &

CO.'S

MADE

BRITISH

ERASING RUBBER.
iS.

ROWNEY*CO:_S

G.

Iljllllllllll

""^'ARTISTS"

ROWNEY &

CO.^S

ARTISTS' RUBBER.

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO/S ARTISTS* RUBBER.

Rowney's Artists' Rubber

made

is

of the best vulcanized rubber

marks cleanly and quickly,

6d. and ad. pieces are kept in

erases pencil
id., i^d., 2d., 3d.,

stock.

GEO. ROWNEY
& CO/S
MYSTIC^ ERASER,

s.

id. pieces

Packed

II

d.
3 per gross

in half gross boxes.

s.

d.

2d. pieces
22 6
Packed in quarter gross boxes.
S.

BRITISH

MANUFACTURE

3d. pieces
Packed in boxes of

33
2

GEORGE ROWNEY & C9

PENCIL MANUFACTURERS

67
i

d.

,,

dozen pieces.
s.

6d. pieces
Packed in boxes of

,,

d.

'

,,

dozen pieces.

BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO

HIS

MAJESTY THE KING.

Standard

Sizes.

George RowNEY&C;.s
George RawNEY&C^-^

%i^
A<
-BRITISH MANUFACT^URE

'

Size of

Penny

Piece.

BRITISH MANUFTVCTURE

GEORGE ROWNEY & Go's

JAPANNED TIN WHOLE PAN
SKETCH BOXES.
(WITH SPRING CLIPS)

GEORGE ROWNEY & Co/s

JAPANNED TIN HALF-PAN
SKETCH BOXES*
WITH SPRING CLIPS TO HOLD THE COLOURS
THEIR PLACES.

FIRST QUALITY

IN

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO/S

BRISTOL BOARDS.
Price per dozen Boards net.
Size.

Foolscap

Demy
Medium
Royal
Imperial

I5jin. by

12J

GEORGE ROWNEY & Go's

**

KANDAHAR"

WATERPROOF DRAWING

INKS.

^^Kandahar" Waterproof Ink.

A
stand

superior solution of Carbon ; when dry will

This ink is a more
colour washes.

intense
freely,

than any in the market; flows

and leaves no sediment in the bottle.
black

GEORGE ROWNEY &

CO.'S

"Kandahar" Waterproof Drawing Inks

are

Black

made

in the following Colours

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO.'S

FINTEST RED SABLE HAIR BRUSHES.
In Seamless Plated Ferrules, Polished

For Water Colour.

Black Handles,

Finest Quality.
c G.RowNe:

^^^^^^J^NEY
^^^^^^^O^R^NEY:
Q, ROWNEY

8^

&.

8c

CO

C2 LO

^^^^^M^mm^Mmsm
'=-

JMk^^L,::^ R O WtSi E Y &JZ^Ol

,1

G.ROWNEY^&GOLCma^
Red Sable

Red Sable

Round

Series 40. Each

s.

Red Sable
Round

Flat

Each

d.

s.

Red

Each

d.

s.

No. GO, o

Sable
Flat

Each

d.

s.

d.

and

No.

No. 7

lO

9
ID

2
3

loi

II

12

Series 30.

Red Sable Hair Brushes,

in seamless ferrules, polished

walnut handles, for Water Colour.

s.

No.

2
3

d;

o
5
o 6
o
8
o lo

Round

onlv.
s.

d.

No. 5

3
9
6

..

..

. ..

..
..

. ..

..

.... .

GEORGE ROWNEY & CO.'S

TREATIES ON THE FINE ARTS.
/ ordering

No. of
Guide.
1

it ts

sufficient to

attached

ts

to

4
6
7

Price

each book,

s.

..16

10
1

12
13

14

16
17
18

20

21

'

23
24

25
29

80
81
82

88
34-

85

36
87

..16
..16

8
9

d.

Hints on Sketching from Nature. Part I. By N. E. Green. Illuitrated by the

..
..
..
..
..
Author. 31st EditioQ
Hints on Sketching from Nature. Part II. By N. E. Green. Illustrated by the

i
6
Author. 29th Editiou
Hints on Sketching from Nature. Part III. By N. E. Green. Illustrated by the

..
..
..
..
Author. 37th Editiou.
Guide to Landscape Animal Drawing. By N. E. Green. With numerous illustra..
..
..
7th Edition.
..
tions by the Author.
Guide to Figure Painting in Water Colours By Sydney T. Whiteford. 12th Edition i 6
By L. C. Miles. With numGuide to Sketching from Nature in Water Colours.
.
erous illustrations by the Author. 13th Edition.
By Henry Lewis, B. A. 26th Edition.
..
Principles of Perspective.
Guide to Water Colour Painting. By R. P. Noble. With an illustration in
39th Edition.
colours.
Hints for Sketching Trees from Nature, in Water Colours. By Thomas Nation.
..
..
..
..
..
i8th Edition. Illustrated
Guide to Oil Painting. Part I. By /. S. Templeton. 62nd Edition
Guide to Oil Painting. Part II. (Landscape from Nature). By A. Clint. 37th
..
..
..
..
..
..
Edition
..
Guide to Light and Shade Drawing. By Mrs. M. Merrifield. With illustrations.

..
..
..
..
..
i8th Edition
Guide to Pencil and Chalk Drawing. By G. Harley. With illustrations. 20th

Edition
Guide to Pictorial Perspective. By B. R. Green. With illustrations. 17th Edition i 6
6
illustrations.
Edition i
With
17th
E.
Hicks.
By
G.
Drawing.
Guide to Figure
Guide to Flower Painting in Water Colours. By G. Rosenberg. With illubtratione.
..

-.

..
..
2ist Edition
Guide to Miniature Painting and Colouring Photographs. By /. S. Templeton. 20th
Edition
Guide to Animal Drawing. By C. H. Weigall. With numerous illustrations.

..
..
..
..
16th Edition
Theory of Colouring. By /. Bacon. With illustrations in Colours. 23rd Edition i 6
by
the Author
illustrations
With
By
T.
Whiteford.
S.
Guide to Porcelain Painting.
7th Edition
Halse.
By
George
Sculpture.
of
and
Practice
Principles
Guide to Modelling and the
With illustrations. 9th Edition
Pastels.
In
Paint
Head
and
How
to
a
L.
Sprinck,
Bv
/.
Guide to Pastel Painting.
6
..
r
..
By Leon Sprinck. 13 th Edition. With illustrations in Colours
Guide to Landscape Figure Drawing. By N. E. Green. With illustrations by th

...
..
..
^
^
Author. 7th Edition
^ ;,
tPractical Manual of Painting In Oil Colours. By Ernest Hareux. Part I. Sttll
nth Edition
Illustrated,
..
Life, Flowers, Fruit and Interiors.
LandtPractical Manual of Painting In Oil Colours. By Ernest Hareux. Part II.
scape and Marine. Illustrated. loth Edition
Figures
III.
Hareux.
Part
Ernest
By
tPractical Manual of Painting In Oil Colours.
..
..
..
and Animals. Illustrated. 7th Edition.
The
tPractical Manual of Painting In Oil Colours. By Ernest Hareux. Part IV.
..
..
Art of Making a Picture. Illustrated. 5th Edition
With
I.
R.
0.
By
Steven
Spurrier,
Black and White. A Manual of Illustration.
..
..
numerous illustrations bv the Author. loth Edition
Trees and Tree Drawing. Bv Edward C. Clifford, R. I., R.D.S. With numjerou*
i
6
..

..
..
6th Edition
illustrations bv the Author.
Hintsto Students and Amateurs. By Mrs. L. Jopling, R.B. A. Illustrated. With
.'
^
^
a Preface bv Sir W. B. Richmond, K.C.B., R.A. 7th Edition
6
Guide to the Art of Illuminating. Bv G. A. Audsley, LL.D. Illustrated 5th Edition i
Marine Painting in Water Colours. By David Green, R.I. With illustrations

..
..
..
," ^
colour. 6th Edition ..
Arehlteeture and how to Sketch It. Illustrated by Sketches of Typical Examples
.
..
..
..
Bv H. W. Roberts. 3rd Edition
By R. W. Newcomhe. With numerous illustrations,
Stenellllng on Fabrics, etc.

..
..
..
..
6th Edition ..
.

mention the number which

..16
..16
16
..16
..16
..16
..16
..16

..16
..16
..16

..16
..16

..16
..16
..16
..16
..16

88
39
40
41

The three Parts bound in

tThe four Parts bound

..16
..16

one, cloth

and

in one, cloth,

gilt,

7/6

7/6.

Illii