TIPS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Collision theory states that atoms, ions, and molecules must collide in order to react.
These colliding particles must also have the correct alignment and the reacting substances
must have enough energy during the collision to react. The

role the concentration plays

is as follows: the greater the number of reacting particles, the higher the probability that
the particles will collide with the correct alignment and sufficient energy. This leads to a
faster reaction rate.

MORE THE AMOUNT OF PARTICLES FASTER WILL BE THE REACTION AS

MORE WILL BE COLLISION,

ERRORS IN HEAT EXPERIMENTS:

IMPROVEMENTS:

REPEAT THE EXPERIMENT FOR MORE ACCURATE READINGS

USE PIPPETTE,BURETTE
PROPER INSULATION OF APPARATUS TO STOP HEAT LOSS IN

SURROUNDINGS like polystyrene cup,calorimeter.

USE DIGITAL THERMOMETER
INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA FOR FASTER REACTION.
change e.g. use of data logger/colorimeter (1) or use of insulation
/repeat experiments/use a burette or pipette
explanation e.g. timing of reaction more accurate (1) to reduce heat losses
/average readings for times/more accurate volumes

MEASURING CYLINDER:

advantage e.g. convenient/easy/quick to use/fairly accurate (1)

disadvantage e.g. reference to inaccurate measurement (1)

HOW TO WRITE OBSERVATIONS:

WRITE UNITS OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE

WRITE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE IF ASKED
SEE PATTERN INCREASING OR DECREASING.
TAKE CARE OF SIGNIFICANT FIQURES
TAKE CARE OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
GRAPH NEEDS TO BE FROM PENCIL,NEAT AND LABELLED

IF CO2 GAS: FIZZES, BUBBLES, EFFERVESCENCE

TEST: TURNS LIMEWATER MILKY

TAKE CARE OF TYPE OF REACTION:

METAL AND ACID

WRITE DISPLACEMNET REACTION

ACID AND BASE:

NEUTRALISATION REACTION (GENERALLY WHEN TITRATION IS
PERFORMED)

SOMETHING IN POWDERED FORM, MORE THE SURFACE AREA,

FASTER THE REACTION.
IF MORE AMOUNT OF ACID IS USED OR DOUBLE THE
CONCENTRATION, JUST WRITE HALF VALUE FROM YOUR
READINGS.AS MORE THE VOLUMEOF ACID FASTER THE
REACTION AS MORE THE COLLISION.
At higher
temperature, more energy particles move faster, more kinetic
energy
more collisions
IF MORE VOLUME OF WATER, HALF THE VALUE.
TO DO A FAIR TEST OR COMPARISION SAME AMOUNT OF
VOLUME OR WATER IS USED IN AN EXPERIMENT.
room temperature or initial temperature from table as the reaction
finished.
Value from graph shown clearly if asked in question.

QUESTION :2
ANIONS

IF AMMONIA:
PH MORE THAN7
PH PAPER TURNS BLUE. ALWAYS REFERENCE TO SMELL TO GET FULL MARKS.
NaOH WILL BE HEATED TO GET AMMONIA.
IF GAS IS AMMONIA THEN UR CATION IS AMMONIUM SALT.
IF U HEAT SOLID FORMS ON SIDES OF TEST TUBE: SUBLIMATION

IF CO2 GAS
1. CHECK LIME WATER ON YOUR TABLE.
2. LOT OF BUBBLES,EFFEREVESCENCE, FIZZES
3. TURNS LIME WATER MILKY
4. CATION IS CARBONATE SALT
FOR OXYGEN
H202 WILL BE PROVIDED
RELIGHTS THE SPLINT

FOR CHLORIDE AND IODIDE

ADD DIL. NITRIC ACID AND SILVER NITRATE
CHLORIDE: WHITE PPT
IODIDE: YELLOW PPT
IF NOTHING HAPPEN JUST WRITE NO PPT, NO CHANGE, NO
REACTION, STAYS SAME,

FOR SULPHATES
ADD DIL. NITRIC ACID AND BARIUM NITRATE: WHITE PPT

TEST FOR CATIONS (WITH NaOH AND NH3)

COLOURED SALTS:
COPPER: BLUE PPT WITH NaOH AND NH3
Fe +2 : GREEN PPT WITH NaOH AND NH3
Fe+3 : REDDISH BROWN PPT WIH NaOH AND NH3
ALSO WRITE WHAT HAPPEN IN EXCESS SEE LAST PAGE

WHITE SALTS: ALL WHITE PPTS

1.ZINC: WHITE PPT SOLUBLE IN EXCESS IN BOTH NaOH AND NH3
FORMING A COLOURLESS SLUTION.
2.CALCIUM : WHITE PPT INSOLOUBLE IN EXCESS IN NAOH AND NO
PPT IN NH3
3. ALUMINIUM: WHITE PPT SOLUBLE IN EXCESS IN NAOH FORMING
COLORLESS SOLUTION AND INSOLUBLE IN NH3.