www.eenadupratibha.

net

BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION

Jr. INTER ZOOLOGY MODEL PAPER

t
e

(w.e.f. 2013 - 14)

TIME: 3 HOURS

SECTION

Max. MARKS: 60

n
.
a

i)

Answer All the questions.

ii)

All are VERY SHORT answer type questions.

iii)

Each question carries TWO marks.

1.

Explain tautonymy. Give one example.

2.

Name two larval forms of sponges.

3.

What is endostyle? What is its function?

4.

What is biological magnification?

5.

What is paurometabolous development? Give one example.

6.

What is lymph? How does it differ from plasma?

7.
8.

h
b
i

(10 2 = 20)

t
a
r

p
u
d

a
n

e
e
.
w
w

t
e
n

Define mutualism. Give one example.

.
a
h

The head of cockroach is said to be hypognathous. Justify the statement.

9.

What is nocturnal periodicity? Give one example.

10.

What is nitrogen fixation? Give one example of an organism that fixes nitrogen.

b
i
t

SECTION - B

a
r
p

i)

Answer any SIX questions.

ii)

All are SHORT ANSWER type questions.

iii)

Each question carries FOUR marks.

11.

Describe the system of binominal nomenclature.

12.

Mention the general characters of Holothuroidea.

13.

Mention the general characters of the class Amphibia.

14.
15.
16.

(6 4 = 24)

u
d
a

n
e
e
.
ww

Give an account of flagellar locomotion.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of a multipolar neuron.
In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can
this be avoided?

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
17.

Give an account of Haversian system of a compact bone.

18.

Give an account of transverse binary fission.

t
e

SECTION - C

(2 8 = 16)

i)

Answer any TWO questions.

ii)

All are LONG ANSWER type questions.

iii)

Each question carries EIGHT marks.

19.

Describe the mosquito phase of the life history of Plasmodium vivax.

20.

Describe the digestive system of Periplaneta americana. Add a note on

physiology of digestion.

21.

Give an account of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

n
.
a

h
b
i

t
a
r

p
u
d

a
n

e
e
.
w
w

t
e
n

.
a
h

b
i
t

a
r
p

u
d
a

n
e
e
.
ww

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net

ANSWERS
SECTION - A

t
e

1.

Explain Tautonymy. Give one example.

A:

The practice of naming the organisms in which generic name and species name

n
.
a

are same is called tautonymy.

h
b
i

e.g.: Axis axis (spotted deer), Naja naja (cobra).

t
a
r

2.

Name two larval forms of sponges.

A:

a. Parrenchymula

p
u
d

b. Amphiblastula
3.

What is endostyle? What is its function?

A:

Mid

ventral

e
e
.
w
w

a
n

ciliated

groove

of

pharynx

of

prochordates

(e.g.: Cephalochordates) is known as 'endostyle'.

t
e
n

It helps in food collection.

It is homologous to thyroid of higher vertebrates.

4.

.
a
h

What is biological magnification?

A:

Increase of concentration of pollutant at successive trophic levels in a food

chain is known as 'biomagnification' or 'biological magnification'.

5.

What is paurometabolous development? Give one example.

A:

Metamorphosis of insects from egg to adult through nymphal stages is known

as paurometabola.

b
i
t

a
r
p

u
d
a

e.g.: Cockroach

n
e
e
.
ww

6.

What is lymph? How does it differ from plasma?

A:

Lymph is a colourless fluid containing many leucocytes.

It differs the plasma in the absence of RBC, platelets and plasma proteins.

7.
A:

Define Mutualism? Give one example.

An intimate association between two organisms of different species (which are

metabolically inter dependents) in which both are benefitted due to each other
is called 'Mutualism'.
e.g.: Trychonympha in the intestine of termites.

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
8.

The head of cockroach is said to be hypognathous. Justify the statement.

A:

The mouth parts of cockroach are directed downward because the head is bent

t
e

at right angles to remaining body. Hence, head of cockroach is described as

hypognathous.

n
.
a

9.

What is nocturnal periodicity? Give one example.

A:

Tendency of microfilariae of Wuchereria to reach peripheral circulation (of

h
b
i

man) during night time (10 PM to 4 AM) is known as nocturnal periodicity.

t
a
r

e.g.: Microfilariae of Wuchereria

10.

p
u
d

What is nitrogen fixation? Give one example of an organism that fixes

nitrogen.

A:

11.
A:

a
n

The process of conversion of elemental nitrogen (N2) into nitrates and nitrites
is called nitrogen fixation.

e
e
.
w
w

SECTION - B

t
e
n

Describe the system of binomial nomenclature.

.
a
h

Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. According to the

binomial nomenclature, every organism is provided with a scientific name

b
i
t

which contains two words (binomen). The first word indicates genus and the
second word indicates the species. The generic name begins with a capital leter

a
r
p

and the specific name with a small letter and the scientific name is usually
printed in italics. For example, the scientific name of lion is Felis leo. Here

u
d
a

Felis indicates the genus name and leo indicates the species name.
The name of the Taxonomist who described the scientific name and year

n
e
e
.
ww

follows the species.

For example, lion was first described by Linnaeus. Hence, its scientific name
should be written as Felis leo Linnaeus, 1758.

Felis leo Linn., 1758. If the genus name is changed subsequently, the name of
original Taxonomist and year should be kept in parenthesis.
e.g.: Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758).

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
12.

Mention the general characters of Holothuroidea.

A:

Holothuroidea is one of the classes under the Phylum Echinodermata. It

t
e

includes the sea cucumbers.

Body of sea cucumbers is elongated in the oro aboral axis.

n
.
a

Skin is leathery and the dermis contains spicules.

h
b
i

Spines, arms, pedicellariae etc., are absent.

Ambulacral grooves are closed.

t
a
r

Madreporite opens into the coelom.

Respiratory organs are respiratory trees (one on each side of cloaca).

p
u
d

Larva is auricularia.
e.g.: Holothuria, Synapta

a
n

13.

Mention the general characters of the class amphibia.

A:

Amphibia is one of the groups of vertebrata.

e
e
.
w
w

t
e
n

These are tetrapods and lead dual mode of life that is on land and in water
(amphi-both, bios-life).

.
a
h

Body can be divided into head and trunk. In Urodeles tail is also present.

Skin is soft, moist, glandular and scaleless (but Caecilians have scales in
skin).

b
i
t

Skull is dicondylic and vertebrae are mainly procoelous in anurans,

amphicoelous in apods and opisthocoelous in Urodeles.

a
r
p

Larvae respire through gills (branchial respiration) and adults with skin,
living of buccal cavity and lungs.

u
d
a

Heart is three chambered. Hepatic and renal portal systems are well
developed. RBC are nucleated.

n
e
e
.
ww

Brain is well developed and ten pairs of cranial nerves are present.
Kidneys are mesonephric and amphibians are ureotelic.

Amphibians are unisexual, anamniotes and development through a tailed

larva.
e.g.: Rana hexadactyla (frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis
(Caecilian).

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
14.

Give an account of 'Flagellar Locomotion'.

A:

Undulating Movements: As the flagellum is long and thread like structure, it

shows undulating movements.

t
e

n
.

Undulation from base to tip causes a pushing force and the organism is
pushed backwards.

a
h

Undulation from tip to base causes a pulling force and the organism is pulled
forwards.

b
i

t
a
r

Sidewise lashing movements: This type of movement consists of two strokes,

namely, effective stroke and recovery stroke.

p
u
d

In effective stroke, flagellum becomes rigid and starts bending to oneside

fastly beating against water. Thus the organism move forwards.
In recovery stroke, flagellum becomes soft and brought to its original
position slowly. It is followed by effective stroke.

a
n
e

Gyration: In this type of movement, flagellum turns like a screw. It exerts

propelling action that pulls the organism forward with a spiral rotation around
the axis (gyration).
15.
A:

e
.
w
w

Draw a neat labled diagram of a multipolar neuron.

Dendrites

Cell body

e
.n

a
h
b

Nucleus

Node of Ranvier
at

p
du

Axon branch

a
n
e

Axon
covered with
myelin sheath

.e
w
w

Myelin

e
n
.

h
b
i

t
a
r

p
u
d

a
n
e

.e
w
w

Muscle
Multi Polar Neuron

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
16.

In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and

how can this be avoided.

A:

The age between 12 to 18 is considered as adolescent period- in which the child

become mature. During this period several biological and behavioural changes
occur. It is a vulnerable phase of an individual.

t
e

n
.
a

Causes motivating TDA abuse: Curiosity, desire for adventure and

excitement, experimentation etc., are main causes for the use of tobacco, drugs
& alcohol (TDA). Moreover, T.V., Movies, internet etc., also promoting this
wrong perception.

h
b
i

t
a
r

Prevention & Control:

p
u
d

Aoivd undue parental pressure.

Responsibility of parents and teachers- when they observe danger signs, they
should counsel those children.

a
n

Seeking help from peers.

e
e
.
w
w

education and counselling.

t
e
n

Seeking professional and medical help.

17.
A:

Give an account of Haversian system of a compact bone.

.
a
h

A compact bone is covered by a fibrous connective tissue sheath called

periosteum. The cavity in the bone is known as marrow cavity which is filled
with bone marrow.

b
i
t

Marrow cavity is lined by endosteum. Between periosteum and endosteum,

matrix is present in the form of lamellae. The matrix contains Haversian
Canals, which contains blood vessels and lymph vessel.

a
r
p

u
d
a

Each Haversian canal is surrounded by concentric lamellae. In between the

lamellae there are fluid filled lacunae with canaliculi. Adjacent lacunae and
Haversian Canal are interconnected by the canaliculi. Each lacuna contains
an osteocyte. A Haversian Canal, the surrounding lamellae and lacunae are
together called on Osteon or Haversian System.
18.
A:

n
e
e
.
ww

Give an account of transverse binary fission.

Transeverse binary fission is seen in Paramoecium. It is a solitory, free

swimming ciliate found in fresh water and is commonly called slipper animal
cule. On oral surface, Paramoecium has an oral groove, Cytostome and
Cytopharynx. It has cilia all over the body and contains a macronucleus, a
micronucleus and two contractile vacuoles (anterior and posterior).

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
Paramoecium reproduces asexually by binary fission during favourable
conditions. During fission, it stops feeding. Macronucleus divides by amitosis
and micronucleus by mitosis (Division of nucleus is called Karyokinesis and
division of Cytoplasm is called Cytokenesis). Oral groove disappears. Now a
constriction appears in the middle, grow deep and divide the parent into two
daughter Paramoecia. The daughter formed from anterior part is called proter
and that is formed from posterior part is called Opisthe.

t
e

n
.
a

h
b
i

Proper receives the anterior contractile vacuole, cytostome and cytopharynx

from the parent. A new oral groove and posterior contractile vacuole are formed
in it. Opisthe receives the posterior contractile vacuole of the parent. It acquires
new oral groove, cytostome, cytopharynx and anterior contractile vacuole.

t
a
r

p
u
d

In Paramoecium, as the plane of binary fission is at right angles to the long axis
of the body, it is called homothetogenic fission. As it occurs at right angles to
kinetis, it is also called perkinetal fission.

a
n

e
e
.
w
w

SECTION - C

19.

Describe the mosquito phase of the life history of Plasmodium vivax.

A:

When a female Anopheles sucks the blood from a malaria patient, all stages of
Plasmodium except gametocytes are digested. The pH and temperature of crop
of mosquito are favourable for the development of gametocytes.

t
e
n

.
a
h

Gametogony: The process of formation of microgametes (male gametes) from

microgametocytes
and
macrogametes
(female
gametes)
from
macrogametocytes is called gametogony.

b
i
t

Nucleus of microgametocyte divides 2 - 3 times and from 4 - 8 pronuclei.

Along with some cytoplasm, they project out as thread like cells. They show
lashing movements and then seperated from macrogametocytes. This process
is called exflagellation.

a
r
p

u
d
a

Macrogametocyte divide once and form a large cell called macrogamete and
a small cell called polar body. Polar body disintigrates Macrogamete
develops a conical projection called fertilisation cone.

n
e
e
.
ww

Fertilisation (syngamy): Fusion of two gametes is known as syngamy. During

this process, a macrogamete is fertilised by a microgamete (anisogamy). Thus
a zygote is formed.

Ookinete, Oocyst: Zygote becomes spindle shaped and move towards the wall
of crop. This motile stage is called Ookinete (vermicule). It penetrates through
wall of crop and reaches the underside of the outermost layer. Here, it becomes
round, grow in size and then encysts. This is called Oocyst.

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
Oocyst

Cyst wall
Wall of crop
Ookinete(zygote)
Megagamete

Nuclei
Sporoblasts

Microgamete
Sporogony

Megagamete
Cone of reception

Formation of
sporozoites

Gametogony
Megagamete

Oocyst bursts
liberating
sporozoites

Polar body
Megagametocyte
Microgametocyte

Sporozoites in
salivary glands

LIFE CYCLE IN MOSQUITO

Sporogony (Cycle of Ross): Formation of sporozytes from oocyst is known as

t
e
n

sporogony. Nucleus in oocyst divides many times and form many nuclei (first
division is meiosis). Each nucleus is encircled by some cytoplasm and thus

.
a

sporoblasts are formed. They gradually become sporozoites. When oocyst ruptures,

h
b

sporozoites are released into the blood of mosquito, from where, they reach salivary

i
t
a

glands and ready to infect a new host.

20.

r
p
u

Describe the digestive system of Periplaneta americana. Add a note on

physiology of digestion.

A:

d
a
n

Digestive system of the cockroach consists of two parts- Alimentary canal and
Digestive glands, that are associated with alimentary canal.

e
e
.
w
w

1. Alimentary canal: Infront of the mouth, preoral cavity is present, which is

surrounded by mouthparts and it is divided by two chambers by hypopharynx

anterior cibarium and posterior salivarium into which the salivary gland open.

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
head

Alimentary canal is a long,

tubular structure, which is
longer than the length of the
body, hence it is coiled with
some parts. It is extended
between mouth anteriorly and
anus posteriorly.

Salivary gland
Oesophagus
Crop
Hepatic caecae

Alimentary canal contains

three parts., i.e., foregut (sto-

Gizzard

modaeum), midgut (mesenteron) and hindgut (proctodaeum). Stomodaeum and

Proctodaeum are internally
lined

by

chitinous

Mesenteron

Rectum
Colon

layer

derived from ectoderm and

mesenteron is internally lined
by

glandular

10th Tergum

epithelium

derived from endoderm.

Foregut

includes

Ileum

mouth,

Malpighian tubeles
Periplaneta Americana: Digestive system

pharynx, oesophagus crop and gizzard. Mouth leads to pharynx which leads

t
e
n

to narrow, tubular oesophagus, which opens into a thin walled, elongated

crop. Crop is used for temporary storage of food. Crop opens into thick

.
a

walled, muscular round, bulb-like gizzard or proventricus.

h
b
i

The gizzard can be devided into anterior armarium and posterior stomadaeal valve. The cuticular lining of gizzard thickens to form six chitinized

t
a
r

teeth, and behind them cushion-like pads covered with bristles. The teeth
help in grainding the food, while bristles help in filtering the food.

p
u

The hind part of gizzard projects into midgut as a funnel, called stomodaeal

d
a
n

valve, which prevents regurgitation.

The gizzard is followed by a narrow, short tube, called 'mesenteron' or

e
e
.
w
w

'ventricules'. Arising from mesenteron at the junction with gizzard eight

finger-like, tubular, blind processes called hepatic caecae, which are helpful,

in digestion and absorption.

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
Mesenteron can be functionally divided into anterior secretory and posterior
absorptive parts.
The internal lining of mesenteron is covered by very thin layer of
transparent peritrophic membrane, which is produced by stomodeal valve.
This membrane protects the wall from sharp objects may be present in the
food.

t
e

n
.
a

h
b
i

Digestion and absorption of digested food are completed in midgut.

Undigested food enters hindgut, which includes 3 parts - Ileum, colon, and
rectum. The opening of midgut into hindgut is ragulated by a sphincter
muscle, which prevents the undigested food to reenter into midgut.

t
a
r

p
u
d

Ileum following midgut is a short, narrow tube. The junction of midgut and
hindgut is marked by the presence of nearly 60-150 long filamentous, yellow

a
n

coloured and blind 'malpighian tubules', which are excretory organs.

e
e
.
w
w

Ileum opens into colon, which ends in a broad rectum, which opens by an
anus lying posteriorly below the 10th tergum.

t
e
n

Inner lining of colon is wrinkled and that of the rectum forms six thick
longitudinal folds, called 'rectal papillae', which are considered with
reabsorption of water from the undigested food.

.
a
h

Digestive glands:

b
i
t

Digestive glands of cockroach include salivary gland, hepatic caecae, and

glandular cells of mesenteron.

a
r
p

A pair of salivary glands, attached to ventro-lateral sides of the crop in the

thorax, containing each gland has two glandular portions and bag like
reservoir. From salivary portions of both, sides a pair of salivary ducts arise
and unite to form a common duct of salivary glands or median salivary duct.

u
d
a

n
e
e
.
ww

From each reservoir, a recepticular duct arises and both ducts unite to form
a common duct of reservoir. Two common ducts join to form an efferent
salivary duct, which opens in the preoral cavity, at the base of hypopharynx.
Each salivary gland is made up of several secreting lobules, called acini.
Each acinus is formed of zymogen cells, and a short ductule.

Hepatic caecae contain secretory and absorptive cells.

The glangular cells of mesenteron secrete digestive enzymesdisaccharidases, cellulase proteases and lipase.

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
Physiology of digestion: Cockroach is an omnivorous animal. It feeds on all
substances. It detects the food with sensillae on antenna and labial palps.
Among the mouth parts, the food is thoroughly chewed. During chewing, food
is mixed with saliva and then it reaches the crop. Amylase of saliva digests the
carbohydrates into disaccharides. Then food is thoroughly ground in gizzard
and then reach the mesenteron, where, it is digested as shown below.

t
e

n
.
a

h
b
i

Disaccharidases
Disaccharides Monosaccharides like Glucose

t
a
r

Cellulase
Cellulose Soluble sugars.
Proteases

proteins Amino acids

p
u
d

Lipase
Fats Fatty acids, Glycerol.

a
n

Digested food is absorbed in midgut and hepatic caecae. Undigested matter

reaches the rectum, where water is absorbed. Then the matter is egested through
anus as pellets.
21.
A:

e
e
.
w
w

t
e
n

Give an account of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

The chief energy source of all living organisms on the earth is the sun,
producers (green plants and photosynthetic bacteria) trap 2 - 10% of
photosynthetically active radiation of sun and synthesise organic food materials
by using water, CO2 etc. It means the producers convert the solar energy into
chemical energy.

.
a
h

b
i
t

a
r
p

The ecosystems and the organisms which constitute the biotic component of the
ecosystem may be different, but the pattern of flow of energy (transfer of energy through a food chain) in all ecosystems remains same.

u
d
a

The chemical energy in producers is utilised for their life activities and the
remaining is stored in their body as reserve food. It is transfered to herbivores
and from them to the carnivores. Hence the energy flow is unidirectional, i.e.,
from one trophic level to the next trophic level.

n
e
e
.
ww

First law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed
but is transformed from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics states that the energy dispersed is in the form of unavailable heat energy, and
constitutes the entropy (energy lost or not available for work in a system)

The important point to note is that the amount of energy available decreases at

www.eenadupratibha.net

www.eenadupratibha.net
successive trophic levels. When organism dies, it is converted to detritus or
dead biomass that serves as a source of energy for the decomposers.

n
.
a

Producers

Sun

Consumers

h
b
i

t
a
r

Inorganic
Nutrient
Pool

p
u
d

a
n

t
e

Heat

Heat

Decomposers
Heat

Energy flow

e
e
.
w
w

According to ten percent law (proposed by Lindeman) during transfer of

energy from one trophic level to the next, only about 10% of energy is stored,
converted into biomass. The remaining is lost in catabolism and transfer. This
is called Lindeman's rule of trophic efficiency or gross ecological efficiency.

t
e
n

.
a
h

Writer: K.Sriramulu, Zoology Lecturer,

b
i
t

VSR & NVR College, Tenali, Guntur Dist.

a
r
p

u
d
a

n
e
e
.
ww

www.eenadupratibha.net