COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE

D. M. Lucas, J. P~ F o n t e n o t and K. E. Webb, Jr.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityl, Blacksburg 24061

SUMMARY that it is more economical to supply plant

nutrients from commercial fertilizer than ani-
Three digestion trials were conducted with
mal manure (Wadleigh, 1968). Recently, con-
9 six yearling steers to study the apparent digesti-
siderable attention has been focused on devel-
bility of fecal waste from steers fed a ground,
oping new methods of animal waste disposal.
high roughage finishing ration. In the first trial
Recycling by feeding, particularly to ruminants,
the steers were fed a basal ration containing
may be a feasible alternative, which offers a
approximately 50% roughage. The feces col-
means of alleviating the animal waste problem,
lected during this trial were dried in a forced-air
as well as a m e t h o d of recovering some of the
oven at 120 C and ground. The chemical
potentially valuable nutrients in these materials.
composition of the feces was 13.2% crude
Cattle contribute a major portion of the
protein, 31.4% crude fiber, 2.8% ether extract,
solid livestock waste produced annually. In
5.4% ash, 47.2% NFE, 70.9% cell walls and
1965 cattle wastes accounted for approxi-
44.8% ADF, dry basis. During trials 2 and 3 a
mately 88% of the total solid livestock wastes
switch-back design was used to study in vivo
produced in the United States (Wadleigh,
digestibility of the cattle fecal waste, which was
1968). The nutritional value of cattle waste
substituted for 20% of the basal ration. Appar-
from different sources has been investigated
ent dig~tibiiity of dry matter was 68.2% for
(Anthony, 1969,1970; Bucholtz et al., 1971;
the basal ration and 57.4% for the ration in
McClure et al., 1971; Smith et al., 1971; John-
which 20% dry fecal waste had been substituted
son, 1972; Tinnimit et al., 1972). However,
(P<.01). There were also large depressions
limited research has been conducted to deter-
(P<.01) in apparent digestibility of organic
mine digestibility of cattle fecal waste from
matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether ex-
well defined sources.
tract, NFE, cell solubles, cell walls, ADF,
A study was conducted to evaluate the
cellulose, hemicellulose and energy when dried
composition and digestibility of cattle feces
fecal waste was included in the ration. Appar-
excreted by steers fed a 50% roughage ration.
ent digestibilities of fecal waste crude protein
In view of the considerable time, effort and
and dry matter, calculated by difference, were
expense involved in in vivo digestion trials, the
24.4 and 16.6%, respectively. The dried fecal
efficacy of determining dry matter digestibility
waste contained 763 kcal digestible energy and
of mixed rations and feces using in vitro
485 kcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram
techniques was also investigated.
of dry matter. In vitro dry matter digestibility
of the fecal waste was 15.8%. It appears that
dried fecal waste from cattle fed a 50% rough- E X P E R I M E N T A L PROCEDURE
age ration has limited protein and energy value.
In Vivo Metabolism Study. Three metabo-
(Key Words: Cattle Waste, Fecal Waste, Digesti-
lism trials were conducted with six yearling
bility, Animal Waste.)
steers (avg initial wt, 245 kg). During all trials
steers were housed in false-bottom metabolism
INTRODUCTION
stalls similar to those described by Nelson et al.
Concentrated livestock production has in- (1954). Steers were fed 2.5 kg of their respec-
creased the problem of disposal of animal tive ration twice daily (5.0 kg/day), and had
waste. At one time animal manure was consid- access to water at all times except during the
ered a valuable agricultural asset as a source of 45-min feeding periods. All rations were con-
plant nutrients. However, research indicates sumed readily and there were no feed refusals
during any of the trials.
1Department of Animal Science. In trial 1 all steers received a 50% roughage
1480
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vol. 41, No. 5, 1975
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 DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE 1481

basal ration providing protein and TDN levels in
excess of those recommended by N.R.C.
(1970). Trial 1 consisted of an 8-day prelimi-
nary period followed by a 20-day collection
period. The lengthy collection period was re-
quired to collect sufficient feces for refeeding
in subsequent trials.
Procedures for sampling of feed, and collec-
tion, handling and sampling of feces and urine
were similar to those described by Stone and
Fontenot (1965). After fecal samples were
taken, the remainder of the feces was spread at
a depth of approximately 3.0 cm in drying
trays constructed of metal screen wire, and
dried for 24 hr in a forced draft oven at 120 C.
Dried feces from all steers were composited
and ground through a small high speed hammer-
mill with no screen, and stored for use in sub-
sequent trials.
In trials 2 and 3, a switch-back design was
used to study the effect of substituting dried
cattle feces for 20% of the basal ration. Prior to
trial 2, the six steers were paired by weight.
Steers within each pair were randomly allotted
to either a basal or experimental ration. The
ingredient composition of the basal ration
differed slightly from that fed in trial 1 due to a
higher crude protein content of the hay. The
experimental ration was composed of 80% basal
ration and 20% dried feces. The ingredient and
chemical composition of the rations is shown in
table 1. Ration components were ground in a
hammermill through a 1.3 cm screen and mixed
in a vertical mixer prior to each trial.
Trials 2 and 3 consisted of a 2-day transi-
tion, 8-day preliminary and 16-day collection
period. The steers were removed from the
metabolism stalls for 8 days between trials and

TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF RATIONS

Basal Basal Experimental

Item (trial 1) (trials 2 and 3) (trials 2 and 3)

Ingredient composition, %
Corn, ears, grnd. (4), IRN 4-02-849 34.50 37.00 29.60
Orchardgrass, hay, S-C,
mature (1), IRN 1-03-431 43.00
cut 1 (1), IRN 1-03433 43.00 34.40
Soybean, seeds, solv.-extd, grnd.,
mx 7 fiber, (5), IRN 5-04-604 17.00 14.50 11.60
Dried steer feces . . . . . . 20.00
Sugarcane, molasses, mn 48 invert
sugar, mn 79.5 degrees brix, (4),
IRN 4-04-696 5.00 5.00 4.00
Trace mineral salt (6) .50 .50 .40
Vitamin A palmitate,
commercial (7), IRN 7-05-143 a + + +

Chemical composition
Dry matter, % 88.5 87.0 87.2
Composition of dry matter, %
Crude protein 14.3 15.8 14.7
Ether extract 2.3 2.2 2.2
Crude fiber 22.8 21.8 24.1
Ash 5.0 5.3 5.3
NFE 55.6 54.9 53.7
Cell solubles 49.7 48.5 43.8
Cell walls 50.3 51.5 56.2
Acid-detergent fiber 29.2 28.0 31.3
Lignin 7.3 6.8 7.5
Cellulose 20.5 20.5 22.5
Insoluble ash 1.4 .6 1.0
Hemicellulose 21.1 23.5 24.9

Gross energy, kcal/kg dry matter 4548 4563 4606

a4,000 IU per kilogram of ration.

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 1482 LUCAS, FONTENOT AND WEBB

fed the basal ration. Amounts of rations fed, determined using the two-stage procedure of
and procedures for sampling of feed and collec- Tilley and Terry (1963), with modifications
tion, handling and sampling of excreta for trials oudined by Pearson (1970). Ruminal fluid
2 and 3 were the same as in trial 1. inoculum was prepared by straining ingesta
At the end of each trial, dry matter content from a rumen fistulated steer through eight
of feces was determined by drying a 300-g layers of cheesecloth. The donor steer was fed
sample of feces from each animal in a forced the basal ration used in trials 2 and 3 at least 10
draft oven at 60 C to a constant weight (48 hr). days prior to collection, at a level comparable,
Triplicate 10 g wet fecal samples were analyzed expressed as a percentage of b o d y weight, to
for total nitrogen. Crude fiber in feeds and that fed to steers in the in vivo trials. In vitro
feces was determined by the m e t h o d of White- digestibility was determined on respective com-
house et al. (1945) and other proximate com- posite samples of basal and experimental ra-
ponents were determined by A.O.A.C. (1970) tions fed in in vivo trials 2 and 3, and dried
procedures. Total nitrogen content of urine was feces collected from the steers in trial 1 and
determined by the method of A.O.A.C. (1970). from the steers fed the experimental ration in
Total cell walls (Van Soest and Wine, 1967), trials 2 and 3. A minimum of 18 tubes were
acid-detergent fiber (Van Soest, 1963), lignin, used for in vitro digestibility of each ration and
cellulose and insoluble ash (Van Soest and kind of feces. Prior to the in vitro trials, all
Wine, 1968) were determined in dried ration samples were ground in a micro Wiley Mill
and fecal samples. Gross energy content of through a 40-mesh screen.
rations, feces and urine was determined in a Data were analyzed by analysis of variance
Parr adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. Urine (Ostle, 1963). The multiple range test of
was prepared for energy determination by Duncan (1955) was used to test for significant
freeze-drying approximately 250 g urine sam- differences among mean in vitro dry matter
pies in a vat type freeze dryer for 72 hours. digestibilities.
At the end of each trial, rumen ingesta was
sampled v/a stomach tube 2 hr after the feeding RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
at which the last collection was made. Rumen In Vivo Metabolism Study. Chemical compo-
ingesta was strained through four layers of sition of the dried steer feces collected in trial 1
cheesecloth, and pH was immediately measured is presented in table 2. Crude protein content
electrometrically. Analyses for ammonia nitro- was 13.2%, on a dry basis. Similar crude protein
gen (Conway, 1958) and volatile fatty acids
values were reported for dried cattle manure
(Erwin et al., 1961) were performed on the (Smith et al., 1971; Lipstein and Bornstein,
strained rumen fluid. Jugular blood samples
1973) and for feedlot manure (Mathers et al.,
were taken 6 hr post-feeding, at the end of each
1973). Crude fiber was 31.4% and ash was
trial. Plasma was frozen and subsequently ana-
lyzed for urea by the method o f Coulombe and TABLE 2. COMPOSITION OF
Favreau (1963). DRIED STEER FECES
Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic
matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude Dried
fiber, NFE, energy, cell solubles, cell walls, Item feces
acid-detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose
in dried steer feces was calculated by difference Dry matter, % 91.6
(Crampton and Harris, 1969). Methane produc- Composition of dry matter, %
Crude protein 13.2
tion was calculated using the formula of Bratz- Ether extract 2.8
Ier and Forbes (1940), and used to calculate Crude fiber 31.4
metabolizable energy content .of the basal and Ash 5.4
experimental rations. Digestible and metaboliz- NFE 47.2
Cell solubles 29.1
able energy contents of the dried steer feces Cell walls 70.9
were calculated by difference (Crampton and Acid-detergent fiber 44.8
Harris, 1969). Lignin 9.4
Data were analyzed by analysis of variance Cellulose 30.3
(Ostle, 1963). Insoluble ash 5.1
Hemicellulose 26.1
In Vitro Digestion Study. In vitro dry matter Gross energy, kcal/kg dry matter 4728
digestibility of ration and fecal samples was

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 DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE 1483

TABLE 3. APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND TDN, DIGESTIBLE ENERGY AND

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF BASAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS

Ration
Experimental
Item Basal (20% feces)

No. of animals 6 6
Apparent digestibility, %
Dry matter 68.2 57.4**
Organic matter 67.4 56.0 **
Crude protein 69.4 61.3 * *
Ether extract 62.6 53.4 **
Crude fiber 60.1 48.8" *
NFE 72.4 61.8"*
Ceil solubles 76.6 69.1 * *
Cell walls 60.2 48.3 * *
Acid-detergent fiber 51.2 38.1 * *
Cellulose 58.4 45.4"*
Hemicellulose 71.0 61.2" *
Energy 66.5 55.7**
TDN, % 66.9 56.3**
Digestible energy, kcal,/kg, dry matter 3036 2567**
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg dry matter 2574 2145" *

* *Significantly (P<.01) different from basal ration.

5.4%, dry basis. The ash content was consider- metabolizable energy contents of the basal
ably lower than most values reported for ration were decreased (P<.01) by substitution
feedlot wastes, which may contain considerable of feces for 20% of the basal ration.
quantities of soil (Johnson, 1972). The dried
steer feces contained a sizable quantity of NFE, TABLE 4. APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND
47.2%, on a dry basis. TDN, DIGESTIBLE ENERGY, AND
The dried feces contained 70.9% cell walls, METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF
DRIED STEER FECES
44.8% acid detergent fiber, 9.4% lignin, 30.3%
cellulose, 26.1% hemicellulose and 5.1% insolu-
Dried
ble ash, on a dry basis. These values are similar Item feces
to those reported by Smith et al.(1971) for
dairy cattle manure, except that they reported Apparent digestibility, a %
slightly higher cellulose and somewhat lower Dry matter 16.6
hemicellulose content for manure used in their Organic matter 14.4
study. In general, the dried steer feces were Crude protein 24.4
Ether extract 26.9
somewhat higher in crude protein (N.R.C., Crude fiber 17.3
1971) and lignin, and lower in hemicellulose NFE 16.9
(Van Soest, 1964) than orchardgrass hay. Cell solubles 21.5
Substitution of dried steer feces for 20% o f Cell wails 15.4
the basal ration resulted in decreases (P<.01) in Acid-detergent fiber 5.2
Cellulose 12.2
apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic Hemicellulose 27.6
matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude Energy 16.1
fiber, NFE, cell solubles, cell walls, acid-deter- TDN,15 % 18.6
gent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and energy Digestible energya, kcal/kg dry matter 763
Metabolizable energy a, kcal/kg
(table 3). Apparent digestibility of dry matter dry matter 485
in the basal ration was 68.2%, compared to
57.4% for the experimental ration. Values for acalcuhted by difference by method of Crampton
apparent digestibility of crude protein were and Harris (1969).
69.4 and 61.3%, respectively. Reductions in bCalculated using digestion coefficients which
digestibility of other components were of simi- were calculated by difference by method of Crampton
lar magnitude. The TDN and digestible and and Harris (1969).

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 1484 LUCAS, FONTENOT AND WEBB
Apparent digestibility, and values for TDN,
and digestible and metabolizable energy of
dried steer feces, calculated by difference, are
presented in table 4. Apparent digestibility
values for all components of the proximate and
Van Soest analyses, given in table 4, were low.
Apparent dry matter digestibility of the feces
from steers fed a 50% roughage ration was very
low, 16.6%. Apparent digestibilities of crude
protein and crude fiber were 24.4 and 17.3%,
respectively. Apparent digestibility was 15.4%
for cell walls and 5.2% for acid-detergent fiber.
TDN content of the dried feces was 18.6%, dry
basis, and digestible energy content was only
763 kcal per kilogram of fecal dry matter, as
compared to 66.9% and 3,036 kcal per kilo-
gram of basal ration dry matter, respectively.
Digestibility values obtained in the present
study are considerably lower than those re-
ported by Johnson (1972) for feedlot wastes.
He reported apparent digestibilities by sheep o f
35 to 50% for feedlot waste dry matter and 60
to 71% for feedlot waste crude protein when 25
to 40% dried feedlot waste was substituted for
cottonseed hulls in a high roughage ration. The
difference in rations fed to steers producing
feces fed in the two studies may explain, at
least partly, the large difference in apparent
digestibility. Apparent digestibilities by sheep,
of 22% of the dry matter, 17% of the cell walls
and 32% of the crude protein for ground
dehydrated manure from dairy cattle fed a high
roughage diet (Smith et al., 1971) are not
greatly different from corresponding values
obtained in the present study.
Data concerning utilization of nitrogen in
the basal and experimental rations are pre-
TABLE 5. UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN IN BASAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS a
Item
Nitrogen intake, g/day
Nitrogen excretion, g/day
Fecal
Urinary
Total
Nitrogen retention
Grams per day
Percent of nitrogen intake
Percent of absorbed nitrogen
aEach value represents the mean for six steers.
b'CMeans in same row having different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).
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sented in table 5. Nitrogen intake from the
experimental ration was slightly lower than
from the basal ration. In spite of slightly lower
nitrogen intake, fecal excretion of nitrogen was
greater for steers receiving the experimental
ration. Again, this is a reflection of the poor
digestibility of nitrogen in the feces portion o f
the ration. Slightly greater urinary excretion of
nitrogen was observed for steers receiving the
basal ration than for those receiving the experi-
mental ration, probably a result of a larger
amount of nitrogen absorbed. Nitrogen reten-
tion expressed as grams per day, percent of
nitrogen intake or percent of absorbed nitro-
gen, was decreased (P<.05) by substitution of
20% dried feces in the ration.
Ruminal fluid pH, ammonia nitrogen a n d
volatile fatty acid levels are presented in table
6. Ruminal fluid pH values of steers receiving
the basal and experimental rations were similar.
Ruminal fluid of steers receiving the basal
ration contained 20.9 mg of ammonia nitrogen
per 100 ml, compared to 15.7 mg per 100 ml
for steers receiving the experimental ration
(P~.05). The lower ruminal fluid ammonia
nitrogen concentration for steers receiving the
experimental ration may indicate that the fecal
nitrogen was not attacked readily by rumen
microbes. There were no significant differences
or trends in concentration of individual or total
ruminal fluid volatile fatty acids between steers
fed the two rations. Blood urea concentrations
of 13.2 and 14.0 mg per 100 ml for the cattle
fed the basal and experimental rations, respec-
tively, were not significantly different (table 6).
In Vitro Digestion Study. In vitro dry matter
digestibility of ration and fecal samples are
Ration
Experimental
Basal (20% feces)
109.60 102.28
34.00 39.65
62.06 58.79
96.06 98.44
13.54 b 3.84 c
12.35 b 3.75 c
17.91b 6.13 c
 DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE 1485

TABLE 6. RUMINAL FLUID pH, AMMONIA AND VOLATILE FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS
AND BLOOD UREA OF STEERS FED BASAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS

Ration
Experimental
Item Basal (20% feces)

Ruminal fluid pH 6.80 6.87

Run'final fluid NH a -N, mg/lO0 ml 20.9 a 15.7 b
Blood urea, mg/100 ml 13.2 14.0
Ruminal fluid volatile fatty acids, p mole/ml
Acetic 62.8 61.3
Propionic 16.4 15.5
Butyric 10.8 10.0
Valeric 1.2 1.2
Isobutyric 1.0 1.2
lsovaleric 1.8 1.8
Total 94.1 91.0

a'bMeans in same row having different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).

presented in table 7, and are graphically c o m -
pared to digestibilities d e t e r m i n e d in vivo in
figure 1.
The values for in vitro digestible dry m a t t e r
(IVDDM) o f the basal and experimental rations
were quite similar to those d e t e r m i n e d in vivo
(figure 1). In vitro dry m a t t e r digestibility of
the basal and experimental rations was different
(P<.01).
In vitro dry m a t t e r digestibility of the feces
which was substituted for part of the basal
ration in the in vivo study (feces 1) was 15.8%,
similar to the value of 16.6%, calculated by
difference, for these feces in the in vivo study
(table 4). A very low in vitro d r y m a t t e r
digestibility of 8.8% was recorded for feces
collected f r o m steers receiving the experimental
TABLE 7. IN VITRO DRY MATTER
ration in trials 2 and 3 of the in vivo study
(feces 2, table 7). This value was significantly
(P<.01) lower than the corresponding value o f
15.8% d e t e r m i n e d by the same m e t h o d for
feces f r o m animals fed the basal ration o n l y
(feces 1). In view of the very close a g r e e m e n t
b e t w e e n ~ in vitro and in vivo dry m a t t e r
digestibilities for the rations and feces 1, t h e
dry m a t t e r digestibility of 8.8% d e t e r m i n e d by
t h e in vitro p r o c e d u r e is an indication that
digestibility w o u l d be reduced further if t h e
waste was recycled m o r e than once.
70
60

_-A 5o
~~ r-],NWTRO
IN VlVO

DIGESTIBILITY m

Sample IVDDMa,b 40

%
Basal ration c 64.9
Experimental ration c 54.6
Feces I d 15.8 I--- 2 0
z
Feces 2e 8.8
Q.
aln vitro digestible dry matter.
beach value listed is significantly (P<.01) different
from all other values. 0
BASAL EXPERIMENTAL FECES I FECES 2
RATION RATION
Csame as fed in in vivo metabolism trials 2 and 3.
Figure 1. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro dry
dFeces collected in in vivo metabolism trial 1 and matter digestibility. Experimental ration contained
fed in in vivo metabolism trials 2 and 3. 20% dried steer feces. Feces 1 was collected from all
eFeces collected from steers fed experimental steers in trial 1, and Feces 2, from steers fed the
ration in in vivo trials 2 and 3. experimental ration in trials 2 and 3.

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 1486 LUCAS, FONTENOT AND WEBB
O n t h e basis of t h e studies c o n d u c t e d , it
appears t h a t oven d r i e d feces f r o m steers fed a
high roughage r a t i o n is o f l i m i t e d value f o r
r e f e e d i n g t o steers. P e r h a p s t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t
used in d r y i n g t h e waste l o w e r e d digestibility.
Results f r o m l i m i t e d in vitro studies i n d i c a t e
t h a t d r y i n g c a t t l e fecal w a s t e a t 120 C lowers
d r y m a t t e r digestibility, c o m p a r e d to freeze
d r y i n g ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) . T h e close a g r e e m e n t be-
t w e e n d r y m a t t e r digestibility values o b t a i n e d
in t h e in vivo a n d in vitro studies i n d i c a t e s t h a t
d r y m a t t e r digestibility d e t e r m i n e d b y this in
vitro m e t h o d c a n b e very useful, a t least as a
m e a n s o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e relative digestibilities
of w a s t e materials.
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