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Nutrition
What is a Nutrient?
– Any feed constituent, group of feed
constituents or synthetically derived
compounds of the same general chemical
composition that aids in the support of
animal life.
Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Protein
• Minerals
– Macrominerals
– Microminerals
• Vitamins
– Fat Soluble (A,D,E,K
– Water Soluble (B vitamins)
Classes of Nutrients
– Water H2O
– Carbohydrates C H O
– Fats CHO
– Protein CHONS
(16% N, <1% S, P if amino acid is phosphorylated)
– Minerals
• 7 Macrominerals (measured as % of ration)
• Microminerals (trace, measured in ppm)
– Vitamins (minute quantities, measured in I.U)
• Fat Soluble (A,D,E,K
• Water Soluble (B vitamins)
International unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for
the amount of a substance, based on measured
biological activity (or effect)
– Formed by photosynthesis:
Two main sugars in honey are glucose and levulose. Five carbon
sugars are part of DNA, RNA and viruses.
CH3CH2CH2-COOH
Butyric acid
• Lignin – indigestible structural component of
plants
glycerol
↓
− Fatty acid
− Fatty acid
− Fatty acid
Why are fats added to animal
feeds?
Why are fats added to animal
feeds?
1. As a binder in pellets
2. Taste for non-ruminate diets
3. Needed in cat diets
1. Structure of Fat
=
2. Fatty Acids
2 Carbons short chain
medium chain
Polyunsaturated
means it has
more than one
double bond
∀ ↑ saturation ↑ solid at room temperature
c. Hereditary transmission
• Chromosomes are about 50% DNA and 50%
protein
3. Protein used as energy
• Protein consumed in excess of animal’s
daily requirement is broken down by
proteases (digestive enzymes) into amino
acids
• Example:
D. Amino Acids (continued)
4. Monogastrics require essential amino acids in their diet.
Amino Acids
Essential (Indispensible) Non-essential (dispensable)
Tryptophan Alanine
Threonine Asparagines
Histidine Aspartic acid
Arginine Cysteine (sulfur containing)
Lysine (1st limiting in pigs) Cystine (sulfur containing)
Leucine Glutamic acid
Isoleucine Glutamine
Methionine (sulfur containing) Glycine
Valine Hydroxproline
Phenylalanine Trysine
Glycine - Poultry Serine
Proline - Poultry Proline
Glutamic acid - Poultry Taurine (cats-only in animal products)
5. Essential
Amino Acid
Structures
IV. Minerals (inorganic)
A. Macrominerals [3-3.5% in Dairy Ration]
Calcium or
Vitamin D
deficiency
2. Phosphorus (P) [.45%]
a. Bone growth
b. Metabolic energy (component of ATP)
c. Component of nucleotides (DNA, RNA)
deficiency – depraved appetitie, weakness, low
fertility, rickets, weak bones
3. Sodium (Na) [.18%]
Increased requirement if sweating
a. Regulates pH and osmotic pressure
b. Nerve function
c. Enzyme stabilizer
Slight deficiency causes decreased appetitie
4.Chloride (Cl) [.28%]
a. Regulates pH and osmotic pressure
b. Nerve function
c. Enzyme stabilizer
d. Formation of HCl in the stomach
Salt (NaCl) deficiency signs
• Salt craving – (drink urine, lick ground, etc.
• Decrease production, rough hair coat,
death if severe.
5. Magnesium (Mg) [.22%]
a. Neuromuscular function
b. Enzyme activator Inorganic forms
of Mg, K, and S
c. Normal bone growth
supplemented in
Deficiency – grass tetany, excitability ruminant diets
only – non-
6. Potassium (K) [1.0%] ruminants can
not utilize
Deficiency - feed intake , inorganic forms.
muscle weakness
a. Nerve function and muscle contraction
b. Enzyme stabilizer
c. Maintain osmotic pressure
Requirements may increase because of losses
from sweating or diarrhea.
7. Sulfur (S) [.2%]
Deficiency - Slow growth, decrease milk
production
a. Components of S-containing amino acids and
some hormones
b. Acid – base balance
c. In feathers and gizzard lining
B. Microminerals (Trace Minerals)
1. Chromium (Cr) – carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism. Increase rate of lean growth in
young pigs.
2. Cobalt (Co)
(Supplement ruminant and horse diets only)
a. Component of vitamin B12
b. Enzyme activator
deficiency – decreased appetite, anemia
3. Copper (Cu)
(necessary for red blood cell formation, has antibiotic-like
growth promoting ability in swine)
a. Hemoglobin synthesis (anemia)
b. Enzymes (diarrhea, poor hair/wool growth)
4. Fluorine (F) - bones and teeth
4. Iron (I)
a. Hemoglobin synthesis - anemia
b. Enzymes
4. Iodine (I)
a. Thyroid hormone – goiter (enlargement of thyroid
gland). Deficiency: pigs and lambs born hairless
or wool-less
4. Manganese (Mn) – lameness, fertility
a. Enzyme activator
8. Molybdenum (Mo) (supplement ruminant
diets only)
Most feedstuff contain enough
a. Enzymes
8. Nickel (Ni)
Rations have enough - assists in the absorption of
iron and the formation red blood cells
8. Selenium (Se) (Eastern Minnesota soils are deficient)
Works with vitamin E – maintains muscle integrity
Selenium Toxicity
Selenium deficient
January 2010
News Flash: 25 U of MN Hampshire ewes
die when student worker mistakenly put
selenium mineral instead of “sheep
mineral” into the mineral feeder.
11. Silicon (Si) (most feeds have plenty)
supports the development and maintenance
of the connective tissues and skeletal
system.
12. Tin (Sn) – deficiency: decreased growth in
rats
13. Vanadium (V) - proper growth and bone
development and also for normal
reproduction.
1. Ca, P, Vitamin D
2. Co, Vitamin B12
3. Vitamin E, Selenium
V. Vitamins
A. Fat Soluble
1. Vitamin A
a. Vision – especially night vision – fetal eye
developement
b. Bone formation
c. Immune function - Antioxidant and anti-
carcinogenic properties
d. Membranes – skin, lungs, reproductive and
digestive tracts
Cheap to supplement, Beta-carotene is the
precursor found in plants
2. Vitamin D - cheap to supplement
a. Bone formation
– works with Ca and P
3. Vitamin E
a. Antioxidant
b. Immune system
supplementation extends shelf life of meat
and milk
4. Vitamin K
a. Blood clotting
B. Water Soluble –cofactors or activators of enzymes
1. Thiamine (B1) – harvesting energy via the Kreb’s
cycle, deficiency causes Beriberi in humans.
2. Riboflavin (B2) – involved with Kreb’s cycle
3.Niacin (B3, nicotinic acid)– helps convert fat to
glucose in the liver – prevents and treats ketosis –
involved with Kreb’s cycle
4. Pyridoxine (B6) - protein metabolism and red blood cell
formation
5.Pantothenic Acid (B5)
deficiency: dermatitis and loss of
hair
B1
B2 B3
B6
B5
B12
C63H88CoN14O14P
B9
choline
Vitamin C
A. Classification of Feedstuffs
1. Dry roughages and forages
alfalfa hay, grass hay
2. Range, pasture, green forages
(green chop)
3. Silages
corn silage, haylage
4. Energy Feedstuffs
corn grain
5. Protein supplements
SBM, distillers grains
6. Mineral supplements
salt, ground limestone, dical
7. Vitamin supplements
8. Non-nutritional additives
antibiotics, hormones,
ervatives
A. Classification of Feedstuffs
1. Dry roughages and forages
2. Range, pasture, green forages
3. Silages
Feeds with >18% crude fiber are considered roughages.
4. Energy Feedstuffs contain less than 18% crude
fiber and < 20% crude protein.
5. Protein supplements contain <18% crude fiber and
> 20% crude protein.
6. Mineral supplements
7. Vitamin supplements
8. Non-nutritional additives
B. Evaluation of Feedstuffs for Energy
Content
1. TDN system
77.56%
2. Metabolizable Energy and Net Energy
System
a. Definition: A calorie is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water 1 degree C from 15.5 degrees C to 16.5
degrees C
1 kcal = 1000 calories : (kcal used for poultry & swine diets)
1 kcal = 1 Calorie with a capital C for human nutrition
1 Mcal = 1000 kcal : (Mcal used for dairy & beef diets)
30% 70%
5% 60%
Gaseous 5%
20% 40%
c. Proximate Analysis of Feeds
A. Pig (monogastric)
Source Enzyme Substrate Results
Saliva Amylase (small amount) Starch Disaccharides
Stomach Pepsin Protein Peptides
Hydrochloric acid Activates pepsin
Pancreas Amylase Starch Disaccharides
Lipase Fats Fatty acids &
Glycerol
Trypsin Protein Peptides
Chymotrysin Peptides Amino acids
Duodenum Peptidase Peptides Amino acids
Sucrase Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Maltase Maltose 2 Glucose
Lactase Lactose Glucose &
Galactose
Bile from liver:
– Emulsify fats
– Neutralizes acids in stomach
– Contains minerals that help with digestion
B. Ruminants (polygastric)
1. Anatomy
Advantages of ruminants:
• Advantages
– Digest cellulose
– Utilize NPN
– Synthesize B vitamins
• Disadvantages
– Less efficient for low fiber feeds
– Digestive upsets
– Large fermentation vat to carry around
2. Energy Digestion
Feeds
A ’s
VF ane
h
et
M
+
Glucose O 2
Body C
stores Glucose
Production
a ss VFA’
VFA’s
in blood
y-p s
b stream
e
m
So
Milk
fat
Acetic acid
3. Protein Digestion
(CO(NH2)2)
NH + NPN
3
Urea
energy 60% of
a.a High protein
quality broken
down in
S.I. rumen
By-pass protein
C. Avian – Poultry Holds feed –
some breakdown
No teeth – breaks
feed with beak
and scratching
Little digestion
HCL + pepsin – Vitamin K
synthesized
Contains grit
Signs
Look at flank, kick belly, restless, violent rolling,
perspiration
Causes
Over consumption of high fiber feed, not enough water,
gas produced from rapid fermentation of too much
grain
Solutions
Balance amount of fiber and grain, feed small amounts,
use laxative such as wheat bran
b. Founder
• Over consumption of fermentable feeds such as
grains or early spring grass – lactic acid in blood
causes inflammation in feet – causes extreme pain
in feet and abnormal hoof growth. Laminitis is a
less severe form of founder
Heaves – obstructive airway disease similar to
human asthma.
• Allergic reaction to dust
in feed: develops as horses age and becomes
chronic.
avoid feeding moldy
or dusty feeds and bedding
(source: http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=apcc_poisonsafe
Summary of Digestive Types
Relative fiber digestion
Herbivores
Cattle 10
Sheep 10
Goats 9
Horses 9
Rabbits 4
Omnivores
Pigs 5
Poultry
Geese 2
Ducks 2
Chickens 1
Humans 0
Dogs 0
Carnivores
Cats 0
Puggy, a
Pekingese in
Texas with a 4.5-
inch tongue, has
been named in
the Guinness
Book of World
Records as the
dog with the
longest tongue.
VIII. CONVERSIONS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES
English Metric
oz = ounce (16 oz/lb) g = grams (454 g/lb)
lb = pound (2.2 lbs/kg) kg = kilogram = 1000 g
ton = 2000 lbs mg = milligram = .001 g
bu = bushel; volumetric µg = microgram = .001 mg
measure for grain
oats = 32 lbs/bu ppm = .0001%
corn = 56 lbs/bu % = 10,000 ppm
wheat = 60 lbs/bu 1 mg = 1000 micrograms
(µg)
barley = 48 lbs/bu
soybeans = 60 lbs/bu
1. Example Ration for Early Lactation/High Production Group
Lbs. DM
Alfalfa hay 14.0 lbs
Corn silage 14.0 lbs 50-60% roughage
Corn 13.0 lbs energy
Soybean meal, 44% 8.0 lbs protein
Fat 1.0 lb energy
Dicalcium phosphate 0.5 lb
Ground limestone 0.25 lb
Trace mineralized salt 0.25 lb
Mineral-vitamin mix 0.10 lb
51.1 lb DM
Balanced for fiber, energy, protein, salt, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins ADE
2. Example Ration for young Calves – Pre-rumination
Liquid milk replacer – primary source of nutrition for the first
4 to 6 weeks
Grain starter diet:
Corn 50.0%
Oats 22.0%
Soybean meal 20.0%
Molasses 5.0%
Dicalcium phosphate 0.5%
Ground limestone 1.5%
Vitamin – TM premix 1.0%
Baby pigs – lysine, methionine, dried skim milk, dried whey, fish meal,
spray dried porcine plasma (need animal proteins)
antiboitics
C. Poultry Diets
Corn and SBM based
Grit for gizzard
Salt
Limestone .5%
Salt .75%
Premix .25%