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Spring Foundations of Machines With Rotating Masses - As An Applicatios The Turbine-Generator Set PDF
Spring Foundations of Machines With Rotating Masses - As An Applicatios The Turbine-Generator Set PDF
AS AN
Jari Puttonen
SUMMARY
Vol. 2 3
16
In designing of a
17
requires
18
19
20
machine.
Isolators have to have certain stiffness and damping
properties. The physical difference between these two
properties is so clear that separate elements are used in
producing damping and stiffness to the system. Dampers are
usually viscous type. The damping force is produced by some
viscous fluid. With small displacements the dampers can behave
hysteretic but they are always viscous if movements are large .
There are various alternatives to make a stiffness element
which is commonly called a spring. Rubber, air and steel
springs are all well - known and widely used . Rubber is a
suitable material if the amplitudes of dynamic forces are small
and static loads are almost constant. The spring constant of
the rubber spring depends on the magnitude of the static loads,
and the rubber spring owes a clear non-linear behaviour if the
amplitude of the dynamic load is large /6/. The temperature
changes may also be a problem for rubber springs. Thus, the
rubber spring is not a very attractive alternative for turbine
foundations.
Air springs are usually rubber or fabric bellows which contain
a column of compressed air. The bellow itself does not provide
or support load. This is done by the column of air. The
eigenfrequency of the air spring can be very low ( 0.5 hz ) and
the frequency is easily controlled by the pressure of air in
the bellow. The height of the air spring is smaller than the
height of the corresponding steel spring. A special feature of
air springs is the need of the compressed air system where
pressure is regulated by valves . The system itself is rela tively easy to construct. In the factory building, compressed
air is usually not a problem but anyway the pressurized system
is an extra feature demanding maintenance. As far as the writer
knows, air springs are not used in turbine foundations. Since
1930's they are, however, widely used in other applications /7/
and there should not be any restriction in using them with
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turbine foundations.
The springs of turbine foundations are normally out of helical
steel . Its main advantage is that the behaviour of the spring
is linear over a wide range of displacements and the properties
of steel stay practically constant as a function of time. The
most important matter is to use steel whose properties and
quality are good enough for demanding conditions where springs
are used. The lowest practical eigenfrequency of steel springs
is usually 2-3 Hz . The frequency can be even smaller but then
the height of the spring is quite large . In very low fre quencies, air springs are more suitable than steel springs.
Isolators affect mainly the rigid body eigenmodes of the system
on the isolators. The foundation itself must be analysed as
carefully as the unisolated foundation,
modes may be problematic ones. It has to be checked that struc tures below isolators are rigid enough to guarantee a proper
behaviour of isolators.
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possible frame type foundation of a standard gas turbinegenerator. The frame is made of structural steel and it is
supported by springs. The frame has two longitudinal beams with
equal mass distribution. The total mass of the machine is 208.8
tons. The foundation is 21 m long and 4 m wide. The
distribution of the machine mass as a function of the length is
represented in Figure 1.
The foundation was first modelled as a beam on springs. This
model was used to investigate the influence of the difference
between the bending stiffness of the beam and the stiffness of
the springs. Finally, the frame was described by a complete
model . Using this model, the effect of dampers on the
amplitudes of vibrations was especially studied. The frame is a
quite light one.
machine .
23
GENERATOR
TURBINE
,.
I I
3
Mass distribution (10 kg)
28
1.5 m
2.2 m
HEIGTH OF
THE AX I S:
28
I
30 20
II
10
18.17.318.7 11.4
IIIIII II
15
21 m
( 1)
( 2)
24
dx
( 3)
and by substituting Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (4) the
following expression for the natural frequency of the system is
obtained
1
2 dx + f k ( X ) w2 ( X ) d X
0
0
oo2 = - - - --- --r-------- - -- - -- -- - - -- -
f EI ( X )
( W' ' ( X ) )
( 5)
fm(x)w2 (x)dx
0
Assuming that the mass and the both of the stiffnesses are
constants it may be written
1
Eif(w'' (x) ) 2 dx
0
oo2= - -r -- - --- - -- - - - +
mfw 2 (x)dx
0
( 6)
25
In practice,
determined by the stiffness of the beam and the lowest eigenfrequencies are pure rigid-body modes. This is the situation
typical for the spring isolated machine foundations . If the
first term is smaller than the second one in Equation (6)
lowest eigenmodes are not rigid-body modes.
the
these
the described
consisted of 21 elements
a l toget her. The rotational inertia of the mac hine mas s was
included. Otherwise the analyses were made by standard routi n es
of the program MSC/NASTRAN. Eigenmodes and e igenfrequencies
were calculated by varying the stiffness ratio between the
foundation and the springs. The number of springs were also
altered without changing the total stiffness of the spring
system.
The bending stiffness of the beam were eval u ate d by a n eq ua t ion
( 7)
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1: 0. 41 Hz
2: 0.46 Hz
3: 7.63 Hz
Stiffness ratio 50
1: 4.00 Hz
2: 4.54 Hz
3: 8.80 Hz
Stiffness ratio 5
1: 30.4 Hz
1: 48.9 Hz
2: 33.1 Hz
3: 35.2 Hz
3:
71.4 Hz
1: 0. 41 Hz
2: 0.47 Hz
3: 7 .63 Hz
2:
4.68 Hz
3:
8.87 Hz
28
(6) the
effect,
29
rotating
( 8)
in addition to horizontal
respectively.
30
MODE 6: 4 .74 HZ
El -- -- 133
,y
rx
Xy
MODE 5: 4.28 HZ
j:
j:
iv
fi x
MODE J: 3.05 HZ
D__J_
l ___jl________jl
zX y
y
ZX
MODE 2: 2. 89 HZ
[J : I
:I
:I
[___
Z X
-- ~
!z _
X y
MODE 1: 1.79 HZ
ZX
..
31
if
ffx
;;-/o.--,,
. . . .
----
f( _
iZ _
Xy
Z X
.-".
f:tD=J
MODE 10: 10.86 HZ
'
'
\~_/
'
-- ---
iC
Z X
...
MODE 9: 8.16 HZ
:r.
Z X
:z
Xy
MODE 8: 7.70 HZ
~
zX
MODE 7: 6.09 HZ
tc
Z X
!Z .
Xy
ffx
32
0 . 001 mm
WITH DAMPERS
only vertical
dampers
0 . 001 mm
Ii
I
slender frame
49
6 . 69
2.03
4 . 14
49 . 5
5.50
2.04
3 . 98
50
5.58
2.80
3.84
50.5
7.67
5.08
3 . 72
51
25.1
3.97
3.63
Hz
84
84 . 5
0 . 001 mm
WITH DAMPERS
only vertical
dampers
1. 03
0 . 54
I 1. 04
0 . 55
0 . 001 mm
I
I
I
Ii
s lender frame
3. 00
2. 82
ii
85
1. 05
0.65
2 . 66
85 . 5
1. 06
0.66
2 . 51
86
1. 05
0 . 78
2.30
33
6 dampe r s
10 dampers
I
I
0.001 mm
10 dampers
slender frame
49
50 . 0
69 . 8
4.21
3.26
49 . 5
92.9
52 . 6
4.62
3.26
50
267 .
38.0
4.43
3.26
50 . 5
520.
20.3
4.65
51
149 .
26.7
4.57
3 . 26
3 . 26
IEXCITATION
12.8
8 . 10
4.62
13 . 5
8 . 01
4.70
85
14 . 3
7 . 90
85 . 5
15.1
7.78
86
16 . 1
7 . 66
84
8 4. 5
34
I
I
2.91
4 . 79
4 . 88
4 . 97
2.92
2 . 94
2 . 95
2 . 97
In general,
35
Beurteilungsma~stabe
36