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Transducer
Analyzer
The FFT analyzer used in making
synchronous time average measurements
incorporates a current source to energize
the transducers amplifier. The analyzers
input gain amplifier auto-ranges to insure
optimum dynamic range without circuit
saturation. In accordance with FFT
conversion techniques, the collected raw
signal is filtered to attenuate all signal
components above the selected frequency
domain, thereby minimizing aliasing errors.
Definition
A synchronous time average is an average
of only those synchronous rotational
components which are coherent with a
machine shaft reference. Noise and nonsynchronous signals tend to average to
zero.
A/D Converter
After filtering, the analog-to-digital
converter periodically samples the filtered
signal at a sample rate of 2.56 x the
maximum frequency range. That is, if the
frequency range is 1 kHz then the sample
rate is 2.56 kHz.
Block Diagram
Figure 1 is a simplified block diagram of a
generic FFT analyzer.
Overload
Number of Samples =
2.56 Number of Lines
T = Number of Samples
Sample Rate
Anti-Aliasing
Accelerometer
Transducer
Fmax
Sample
Time
A To D
Converter
Filter
Data Buffer
FFT
Pulse
Circuit
Sample
Clock
Display
Application Note
CM3023
T=
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ABSOLUTE PHASE
Once the buffer is full, the data is converted from the time
domain to a spectrum domain by the FFT processor.
Normal Averaging
In the normal averaging mode, each converted spectrum
ensemble is sequentially summed together, divided by the
number of spectrum ensembles and displayed as the
average. For example, if the number to be averaged is 10,
then each of 10 sequential spectrums are summed and the
sum divided by 10 to obtain the mean.
Tracking
Filter
Gain
NX (1X)
Trigger
N
Wide
Narrow
Normal
NX (1X)
Wide
Narrow
Normal
A/D
NX (1X) 2.56
= Maximum Orders
= 20% = 20 (1X)
= 5% = 5 (1X)
= 10% = 10 (1X)
Figure 2. An Order Tracking Block Diagram.
FFT
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"Synchronous
Time Averaging/
Machine
Balancing"
averaging results of
synchronous time
averaging and normal
frequency domain
averaging of signals with
nearby crosstalk
components. Figure 6
shows the effects of the
beat frequency.
Figure 7 displays the
results of time averaging
where the crosstalk signals
are incoherent with the
reference and averages
towards zero.
Figure 8 is signal without
crosstalk. The time
averaging process
amplitude compares
precisely with the signal
alone.
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10.0
2.0
Gs/Div
-10.0
80.0
160.0
MS
OVERALL
6.8124
240.0
320.0
400.0
10.0
2.0
Gs/Div
-10.0
0
80.0
160.0
MS
OVERALL
3.9454
240.0
320.0
40
10.0
2.0
Gs/Div
Conclusion
Accurate and repeatable
phase measurement is a
difficult problem at best
with single channel FFT
analyzers. It requires a
tracking filter for speed
variations, adjustable
clock sampling
proportional to speed, and
filter phase compensation
for measurement
precision.
In the practical world,
both noise and nearby
rotational signals often
-10.0
0
80.0
160.0
MS
OVERALL
3.9006
240.0
320.0
400.0