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22 4 PDF
22 4 PDF
A
+ 2y
y
dp
= Ay 2 + 2 = 0 , A = 2 y 2
dy
by = 2 y 2
or b = 2 y
y
b = 2y
Hydraulically efficient rectangular
channel is half of a square.
2. Trapezoidal Section:
1
m
P = b + 2 y 1 + m2
A = ( b + my ) y or b =
A
= my
y
Hydraulics
P=
A
my + 2 y 1 + m 2 (For a given area of flow)
y
b + my + my
= +2 1 + m 2 = 0
y
b + 2my
= y 1 + m2
2
Half the top width = side slope distance (for given side slope)
b = 2 y 1 + m 2my = 2 y 1 + m 2 m
A = y 2 2 1 + m2 m
A
y=
2
2 1 + m m
0.5
A1 / 2
(2 1+ m m)
2
(2 1+ m m)
2
0.5
P = 2 A 2 1 + m 2 m
Hydraulics
m=
tan =
3
= 3
3
y
1
3
= =
my m
3
= 60
b =
2
y
3
This means section is a half hexagon. If a semi circle is drawn with radius equal to
depth y then sides of this section are tangent to the circle.
1
m= 3
60
60
2
3
b = __ y
Half Hexagon - inscribed circle
of radius equal to depth is
tangential as shown in figure
Hydraulics
Area = ay sin
y = ay sin
2
a = cos
a sin
y
a
= 45
45
45
Free surface width is equal to the diagonal
It is a half square resting on its apex and maximum width is equal to diagonal.
Alternative derivation for Triangular Section:
A = y 2 tan
y = A / tan
P = 2 y 1 + m2
Hydraulics
l
m
= 2 y sec
=2
A
sec
tan
dp
d
A
=
sec
2
d d tan
sec tan
dp
sec3
=0
=2 A
3/ 2
d
tan
2 ( tan )
sec tan
sec3
2 ( tan )
=0
Solve for
= 45
Hydraulics
k + k 2 + k 4 sin 2
k sin 4
1 k
2k 4
864
32
256
8
y1 = y cos
x1 , y1 are measured from mid point of the surface
x1 =
sin
2
= sin 1
, is slope at any point ( x, y)
k
For the hydraulically efficient channel
= 35 37' 7" , y= 3.5 m. Find A, R, D, Z at full depth.
Also plot the cross section of the channel
solution:
35 37 ' 7 "
= 1748 ' 33.5 "
2
k= sin
sin =
k=
sin
= 0.30585
2 or k =
k
sin
y1 = y cos
= 90
cos
A = 17.0992 m 2
P= 10.443 m
T = 6.7114 m
D = 2.5478 m
y1 (m)
( in
deg )
k
2
sin
2 sin cos
2
2
1
cos =
2 2k
or
sin
1
2 cos
= cos 45
k = 0.707
A
= 1.6374 m
P
Z = A D = 22.293 m5 / 2
R=
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
90
81.78
73.39
64.62
55.15
44.4
31.0
0.7071
0.6614
0.6235
0.5916
0.564
0.5400 0.51887
0.5
Hydraulics
x1
y1
A = 17.0992 m
T = 6.7114 m
P= 10.443 m
R=
A
P
= 1.6374 m
Z = A D = 22.293 m
D = 2.5478 m
5/2
Flexible Sheet: Filled with water upto rim, and held firmly at the top ends without any
effect of fixation on shape. Shape assumed under self weight of water is called
Hydrostatic Catenary.
Rounded bottom triangular section
(
)
P = 2 y ( m + cot m )
A = y 2 m 2 cot 1 m
1
r
R=
__
cot 0 = m
1
0 = cot-1m
0
m
A
P
T = 2r
r
2
y
2
(1 + m )
2