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7 Geometric Optics
7 Geometric Optics
physics 112N
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image
object
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P
we call this image a virtual image - the
rays appear to come from P but if we put
a screen at P we wouldnt see an image
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object
distance
image
distance
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plane mirror
P
object
distance
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image
distance
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magnification is defined by
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reversal of images
although the image in a plane mirror is the same size as the object it is not
identical to it
it is reversed
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some terminology
a convex spherical mirror
optic
axis
center of
curvature
vertex
R = radius
of curvature
a concave spherical mirror
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a concave
spherical mirror
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a convex
spherical mirror
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a convex
spherical mirror
2. no
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a convex
spherical mirror
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a concave
spherical mirror
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a concave
spherical mirror
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a ray parallel to the optic axis is reflected through the focal point of the mirror
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a ray through the focal point is reflected parallel to the optic axis
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44
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real
image
inverted
image
reduced by
a factor of 2
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real
image
inverted
image
same size
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inverted
image
same size
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real image
at infinity
an observer at any finite
distance will just see a blur
rays dont intersect
- no image formed
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virtual
image
C
upright
magnified 2
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upright
magnified
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be
able to work out the path of any other rays
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be
able to work out the path of any other rays
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be
able to work out the path of any other rays
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a convex
spherical mirror
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thin lenses
these are the classic optical device - used very widely (how many of you wear
glasses or contacts?) - we should learn about their properties
two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can neglect the distance
between them
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F1
F2
optic axis
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focal lengths
sign convention:
converging lenses have positive focal length
diverging lenses have negative focal length
the focal length of a thin lens can be calculated if you know the
refractive index of the lens material and the radii of curvature of the lens
faces
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F1
F2
real
image
inverted &
reduced
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inverted &
reduced
F1
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F2
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F1
F2
real
image
inverted
double size
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virtual
image
upright
double size
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F1
F2
70
virtual
image
upright
double size
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F1
F2
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F1
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F2
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upright
image
F1
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F2
74
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2.500 mm
20.0 cm
image
object
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81
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ocular accommodation
the eyes lens can be deformed by tiny muscles to change its focal length
this attempts to ensure a focused image is always formed on the retina
adjust f to keep s constant
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near point
we usually make an object seem larger
by bringing it closer to our eye (this allows
us to resolve more detail)
however, at some point we reach the
near point of our eye, and bringing
the object any closer causes it to blur
near
point
near
point
physics 112N
max.
strain
max.
strain
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ocular accommodation
the unaccommodated eye (the lens under no strain) has what is called a far point this is the maximum distance of an object focused on the retina
for the common eye this is effectively at infinity
object very
far away
no
strain
a good proportion of eyes are not common however
- they have abnormalities in shape or refracting mechanism
two relatively common problems are myopia and hyperopia
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myopia - nearsightedness
far point is not at infinity
rays from objects past the far point get
bent too much by the relaxed lens
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hyperopia - farsightedness
near point is far away from the eye
rays from objects inside the near point
cant be bent enough even by the lens under
maximum strain
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magnifying glass
we usually make an object seem larger
by bringing it closer to our eye (this allows
us to resolve more detail)
however, at some point we reach the
near point of our eye, and bringing
the object any closer causes it to blur
near
point
near
point
physics 112N
max.
strain
max.
strain
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magnifying glass
virtual
image
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near
point
max.
strain
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magnifying glass
if we put the virtual image at the far
point (infinity for most people), then the
eye can be relaxed
achieved if the object is at the focal
point of the magnifying lens
virtual
image
at infinity
near
point
no
strain
see the textbook for a discussion of how much magnification we can get
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the microscope
physical limitations of lensmaking prevent really
large magnifications with a simple magnifying glass
- the microscope beats this by using two lenses
Feye
eyepiece
Feye
Fobj
objective
Fobj
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the microscope
Feye
eyepiece
Fobj
objective
Fobj
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the microscope
Feye
eyepiece
Feye
Fobj
objective
Fobj
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the microscope
Feye
eyepiece
Feye
Fobj
objective
see the textbook for a discussion of
how much magnification we can get from
a microscope
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Fobj
100
the telescope
eyepiece
objective
focal plane
obje
c
very t is typic
a
far a
way lly
Fobj
Feye
Feye
im
ey ag
e e
ca is
n at
vi in
ew fi
n
w ity
he
n
re
la
xe
rays
f
poin rom a si
n
t are
para gle
llel
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the telescope
eyepiece
focal plane
objective
Fobj
Feye
Feye
angular
magnification
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the telescope
thes
e
top o rays fro
m
f the
obje the
ct
eyepiece
objective
image of the
middle of the object
these rays from the
middle of the object
im
to ag
p e
of of
th th
e e
ob
je
ct
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angular
magnification
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the telescope
angular
magnification
objective
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eyepiece
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the telescope
angular
magnification
objective
eyepiece
small angles
& inverted image
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the telescope
a very large refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 19.4m.
suppose we want Jupiter viewed through the telescope to look the same size as
the Moon looks to the naked eye, what focal length eyepiece lens do we require ?
diameter of Jupiter = 1.38105 km
distance to Jupiter = 6.28108 km
diameter of the Moon = 3.58103 km
distance to the Moon = 3.84105 km
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