Chapter – 10

Light – Reflection & Refraction

 Light :-
o Light is an energy due to which human eye is able to see the objects
all around it.
o Light is an electromagnetic radiation.
o Light always travels in a straight line.
o When light strikes any particular surface, following phenomena may
happen :-
1. Reflection
2. Refraction
3. Absorption

 Beam of Light :-
o Bunch of infinite light rays which is coming from any source is called
as beam of light.

 Reflection :-
o Bouncing back of light when it strikes any polished surface like
mirror.

 Laws of Reflection :-

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 o Angle of incidence [Angle between incident ray and normal] and
Angle of reflection [Angle between reflected ray and normal] are
always equal.
o Incident ray, Reflected ray and Normal drawn at the point of
incidence lies in a same plane.

 Plane Mirror :-

 Object Distance = -u
 Image Distance = v
 Nature of image = Virtual & Erect
 Size of image = Same as object

 Spherical Mirror :-

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 o Center of Curvature(C) :-
o The centre of the spherical glass from where the spherical mirror has
been made up of, is called centre of curvature.

o Pole (P) :-
o Centre of the spherical mirror is called pole.

o Aparture(Q Q’) :-
o The effective length of spherical mirror is called Aparture.

o Principal Axis (PA) :-

o An imaginary line passing through centre of curvature and pole is called
principal axis.

o Radius of Curvature (R) :-

o The distance from the centre of curvature to pole is called radius of
curvature.

o Principal Focus (F) :-

o All the incident rays which are parallel to principal axis, pass through a
fix point after reflection, that fix point is termed as principal focus.

o Focal Length (f) :-

o The distance from principal focus to the pole is called focal length.

NOTE :-
 Concave mirror is a converging mirror.
 Convex mirror is a diverging mirror.

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  Image Formation by Spherical Mirror
o When the incident rays are parallel to the principal axis after reflection,
they pass through principal found in case of concave mirror and appear
to pass through focus in case of convex mirror.

o When the incident ray passes through the focus, then the reflected
ray will be parallel to the principal axis.

o When the incident ray passes through the centre of curvature, it

reflected back in the same direction.

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 o When the incident ray passes through pole making an angle θ with
the principal axis, then it gets reflected back by making same angle θ
with principal axis.

 Image Formation in Concave Mirror :-

 When an object is at infinity.

o Object = At Infinity
o Image = At Focus
o Size = Highly Diminished
o Nature = Real & Inverted

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  When an object is beyond ‘ C ’.

o Object = Beyond ‘ C ‘
o Image = Between C and F
o Size = Diminished
o Nature = Real & Inverted

 When an object is at ‘ C ‘.

o Object = At ‘ C ’
o Image = At ‘ C ’
o Size = Same
o Nature = Real & Inverted

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  When an object is between C and F.

o Object = Between C and F

o Image = Beyond F
o Size = Enlarged
o Nature = Real & Inverted

 When an object is at ‘ F ’.

o Object = At ‘ F ’
o Image = At Infinity
o Size = Highly Enlarged
o Nature = Real & Inverted

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  When an object is between F and P.

o Object = Between F and P

o Image = Behind Mirror
o Size = Enlarged
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

 Image Formation in Convex Mirror :-

 When an object is at Infinity.

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 o Object = At Infinity
o Image = At Focus
o Size = Diminished
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

 When an object is between infinity and pole.

o Object = Between Infinity and Pole

o Image = Between F and P
o Size = Diminished
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

 Uses of Concave Mirror :-

o Concave mirror are used by dentist to see large image of teeth of
patient.
o Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a large image of face.
o Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce
heat in solar furnace.
o Concave mirror is used in torches, search lights and headlights of
vehicles to get powerful parallel beam of light.

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  Uses of Convex Mirror :-
o Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles because they
always give an erect and diminished image, also they have a wider field
of view as they are curved outward.
o Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of merging traffic
to facilate vision of both side of traffic.
o Convex mirror is used as security mirrors.

 Sign Convention by Spherical Mirror :-

 For Concave Mirror :-
o Object Distance = -u
o Image Distance = -v [Except when object is between F & P]
o Focal Length = -f
o Object height = +h
o Image height =-h` [Except when object is between F & P]
 For Convex Mirror :-
o Object Distance = -u
o Image Distance = +v
o Focal Length = +f
o Object height = +h
o Image Distance = +h`

 Mirror Formula :-
o Mirror Formula is an equation which gives the relation between object
distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (f) which can be given
as :-

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  Magnification
o Magnification is a ratio of image height to the object height.
o It is represented by m.
o Also, it can be defined as ratio of image distance to the object
distance.

 For Plane Mirror :-

o The magnification of plane mirror is always +1, where + denote that
image is virtual and 1 denote that image and object height is same.
 For Convex Mirror :-
o The magnification of convex mirror is always + but always less than 1,
where + denotes that image is virtual and less than 1 denotes that
image height is smaller than object height.
 For Concave Mirror :-
o The magnification of convex mirror can be + / - , where - value of
magnification can take any value but + value of magnification will
always more than 1.

 Refraction :-
o When the light rays travel from one medium to another medium, it
bends due to change of speed and the phenomenon of bending of light
is called refraction of light.

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 o When the light ray travels from rarer to denser medium, it will bend to
the normal.
o When the light ray travels from denser to rarer medium, it will bend
away from normal.

 Laws of Refraction :-
o Incident ray, Refracted ray and Normal drawn to the point of incidence
lies in a same plane.
o The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is
constant and this ratio is called Refractive Index.

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  Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab :-

o As shown in the figure, a rectangular glass slab PQRS is drawn.

o At surface PQ, incident ray AB is drawn making an angle of incidence(i).
o Now, this ray travels from air to glass i.e., from rarer to denser
medium, the refracted ray BC bends towards the normal.

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 o The ray BC will be acting as an incident ray for surface SR and this ray
travels from glass to air, it will bend away from normal and emerge out
as ray CD and CD is called Emergent ray.
o Here, from the diagram, it is clear that the incident ray and emergent
ray, both travel in same direction but emergent ray is shift about a
distance CS as compared to incident ray and distance CS is called
Lateral Shift.

 Refraction by Spherical Lenses :-

 Spherical Lenses
o Spherical lens is formed by cutting spherical glass.
o Spherical lenses are transparent medium bound by two surfaces of
which one or both surfaces are curved.

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  Rules for image formation for both lens :-
o For a convex lens, if a light ray is parallel to principal axis, it will refract
from the focus and appear to pass through I case of concave lens.

o When the light ray passes through focus, it will refract and passes
parallel through the principal axis.

o When the light ray passes from the optical centre, it will refract and
pass without any deviation.

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  Image Formation in a Convex Lens :-
 When Object is at Infinity.

o Object = At Infinity
o Image = At F2
o Size = Highly Diminished
o Nature = Real & Inverted

 When Object is beyond 2F1.

o Object = Beyond 2F1

o Image = Between F2 & 2F2
o Size = Diminished
o Nature = Real & Inverted

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  When Object is at 2F1.

o Object = At 2F1
o Image = At 2F2
o Size = Same
o Nature = Real & Inverted

 When object is between 2F1 & F1.

o Object = Between 2F1 & F1

o Image = Beyond 2F2
o Size = Enlarged
o Nature = Real & Inverted

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  When Object is at F1.

o Object = At F1
o Image = At Infinity
o Size = Highly Enlarged
o Nature = Real & Inverted

 When Object is between F1 & O.

o Object = Between F1 & O

o Image = Beyond 2F1
o Size = Enlarged
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

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  Image Formation for a Concave Lens :-
 When Object is at Infinity.

o Object = At Infinity
o Image = At F1
o Size = Highly Diminished
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

 When Object is between Infinity and O.

o Object = Between infinity & O

o Image = Between F1 & O
o Size = Diminished
o Nature = Virtual & Erect

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  Sign Convention By Lens :-
 For Concave Lens :-
o Object Distance = -u
o Image Distance = +v
o Object height = +h
o Image height =+h`
 For Convex Lens :-
o Object Distance = -u
o Image Distance = -v[Except when object is between F1 & O]
o Object height = +h
o Image Distance = -h` [Except when object is between F1 & O]

 Lens Formula :-
o It is a mathematical formula which gives the relationship between
Object Distance(u), Image Distance(v) and Focal Length(f) for a lens.

 Power of Lens :-
o It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length.
o It is presented by P.

o The SI unit of power is Dioptre (D) / m-1.

o To find power, we need to convert the focal length in m (metre).
o Power of Lens can be Positive or Negative.
o If the Power of Lens is Positive, that means focal length is positive,
that happen only in case of convex lens.

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 o If the Power of Lens is Negative, that means focal length is negative,
that happen only in case of concave lens.

-By MD

master_1701

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