PARTI: _GEOMETRICAL.OPTICS A. INTRODUCTION ‘Under normal conto, light raves insraight lines - hence the sharp shadow when light from & Source of small sie strikes an objet. Light from a source of appreciable size compared withthe object forms shadow tht ie Barred atthe edges. Te blued regin called the penmba. The eplon of complete darkness inthe shadow isthe unis. Duing an eclipse of the sun, or example, tie moon's shadow ie thrown onthe eat Paral Ecipso ote sn ‘An elipe ofthe sun showing the postions on he earth from which the total ‘llpe andthe paral eclipse are visible. The whole shadow pattern moves ‘uickly over ts earth’ eurface none long aro that iri vb only by those who are ints track. The digram i not dwn geo ‘Aa observer in the umbe sees a total eclipse, and is then able (with suitable equipment) 0 get a ‘magnificent view ofthe sun corona ret Mame shooting et from the surface of the sn, Daring & ‘oa eclipse, the hea rom the sn aso ceases, showing tha best travels athe same sped a light over thete enormous distances, (Question; What happens during an eclipse ofthe moon?) 3. THEREILECTION OF LIGHT ‘When parle igh ay al ons smooth pare surface he reflected rays ae parallel to one another. This ‘ype of election i specular fection (5 occurs with mrs) = (below. ‘Mos surfaces, however, ae not perfectly smooth and o reflect the light in various directions This i diffuse flection “fig (8) wood and walls covered with a ono paint cause diffuse refecton Most papeams of refiction © | Theangl ofinsideneisequlto ite angle of election (©) | Tre incident ray, rected my and normal othe mir at incidence al iin the same plane. pt of (ee Problems Book pL3: worked example No. wa of flection, for pane (@) [ttt direction ofa bear which is incident ona reflecting surface is kept xed, andthe reflecting surfaces oad trough ananglea, ben the reflected beam willbe rotated trough an angle 2e ‘incident ray AB suk amor MS, BC is the reflected ray, and ene |= langle. Rott the mirror through an angle eo the pion M’S" The normal ‘omnes throaph an angle In he diagram above, tbe new angle ofncdence i (G-a), and thas anew sage ofreectionis (a). The angle between te incidet tnd flected ray has therefore changed from +-r10+r- 2a. Therefore, since the incident ry AB was kept ned, the fected ray must have rotsed trough anangle 20. (©) [ tranobjectis placed in front of amir, the image of any pint on the object ies a far behind the mirror as he point in font fi andthe itnage les on the ocr (ero) whichis rawa fom the point © the mir. 1LetO be any point on an object placed in front ofa plane itror MOMLLettwo nys OA and OB frome point O strike the mir at A anéB. Cost dis teflaed aye AC and BD au nt he angles ofncdeoce we eu fo respective angles of flection. The to reflected rays do not meet infront ofthe ‘or, bot when predaced backward they meet at point. Tisthe mage of pint (0s realy showa that ingles OPA and IPA te congruent, tht OP = PL 11 miy aso be shown hat angle OPA is 90°, an, since OPA = IPA, OLis a steight line normal tthe surface ofthe mio. Nl 1m the stash opposite, the rays only sm to come from the image The image ad tote ial Cano be eed onsen and the ray 60st scaly come Gomi cae Real images can be formed with plane mir, sing sn inialy convergent beam of light = see oppose, ‘The point O° towards which the light would have converged is termed a viral obec. Qe “Thus using pane mierorwe cn have cite area object ane 0 imal image or viru object and real image. (We will later consider eter combinations when we deal with curved mirs and lenses.)44 , ¢ Pin Phas an image Pin the plane mir. The apparent poston of Pca be located using a "second pin seen over the top of the mor. When the second pin isin the same position asthe image oP, hey sppea to move togter ashe eye is moved from set sie, Le. there is no ‘eletive movement between them, We then say there is popula beeen them. ‘Images in curved miro and leases can also be located in this way. ‘THEREFRACTION OF LIGHT Laws of refraction LAW 1. The atio ofthe sine ofthe angle of incieace to the sine of the angle of efraeton i constant for a given pir of media Snell Law). “Tus constants called the relative reactive index, ofthe second medium with respec tthe fis Ir isn fact equal tothe rato ofthe velocity of ight i he fst medium otha inthe second LAW 2, The incident ray, normal tthe pin of incidence and the refracted ‘ay al ie the are ple. ‘The absolute refractive index ofa medium tn the above, tight eyelid fu mein 1 its sein 2 ad we spoke ofthe roa ‘efactve index, If medium Is a vaca we no longer peak ofa lative refacive index, but ‘is then refered tas the absolut refractive nde of the material io which the wave pases Tras, the absolute refractive index = n = vin vacuum _ sini Vin the medium ~ sini, where i andi arerexpetvely the angles ofncdence and refraction when a wave passes fom {yacuurinio the medium, Values ofthe bolt refractive index are given in abies. However, ‘nee the sped of Hight in aris sloe the sare statin» vacuum, he values of absolse Fetactive indices given in abies can for most purposes be used forthe refraction of light fom tirino the substance,Framples: n= 100027 Gellow Hah) Mawero=? 5 ‘Thedeviaton and dispersion ofa beam bya tiangular ism ‘The absolut refractive index of given matesial medium depends onthe color er wavelength ofthe light. Therefore, ais function of, and since sini, =a sinig it folowe da if kept constant, si constant and ini, will ary wih so tatn sn il remain constant. Ths, for smal, sini, wil be large, ad for large, sin wil be smal. Ie follows that ight waves of diferent wavelengths wil be refracted tb different extents “Most light soures i common use emit clectromagneti ainion which ia mintre of waves cof many diferent wavelength. The variation ofthe angle of vetacion with wavelength fra Fixedange of inidenes provider armtbo of separating tbe different wavelengths A ian pit may be used conveniently to perfor ths operation,“Suppose hata very arrow bam of whit iht from an incandescent objec s incident om one face of angular prismas shown inthe dara. Tas white ight contains light radiation wit allthe wavelengths nthe vise range. Inf-red and ulvaviolt aye may abo be present inthe beam, bu mos gle prisms will bsor ther, and we sal consider oly he vanamission of ‘ible ight I the range of colour ed, orange, yellow, geen, blue, igo and violet, he Tefractiveindex of glass anges fromits alls ae fo gh tlre value fr violet Tight I flows that since aad sin is constant, the valu of sin, and hee i, ange from i largest vale for redo ite smaller vale for violet. Examination ofthe diagram wil terefore show that here light iscdvased loathe fst reacting surface, the volt ight is devized mest, andthe ras, ypllow, gen and blue ight is deviated tan ntemmotit extent The same cccurcat the second Tefractingsurface, andthe separating elect othe Bt surface becomes enhnced. The beam of ‘vite light Is separated int ite elffret wavelength components and he prism ir sald 10 afb + £] - renonaker’s equation (proot not required) e cn(© Eeplenations, descriptions, ote Eclipses eal end virtual images and objects deviation and dispersion by a prise ininun deviation by a prism total Internal reflection; eritical angle; fibre optics graphical location of inages in nirrors and lerses Sign convention for mirror and Tens equations Chromatic and spherical aberration Desertption of relevant practical work,‘LIGHT SECTION 1.~ REFLECTION AND REFRACTION (USEFUL EORSLAE (usual symbois) enn (for light passing through a vacuur ¢ = 3,0 x 10 m5") sin aie ae z for a prisa win § aegte (c= erttical angle} Lelede? for apherical mirrors iinear magnification = = % TT, WORKED EXMeLES It) Aman $2 4,6 tall and can just see his imge in a vertical plane Mirror 2m auwy. His eyes are 3,5 m from the floor Tove: 1) Determine the eight and. position of the alrror. (11) Does the Gistance of the alrror fron the nan matter? comm (4) Im the diagram opposite, AB representa? mooearte f : ' He vill Just be able to see his full reflection If a nirror Mi’ is placed a5 ‘shown, With the notation of the diagram the angles = are equal (Iav of reflection) 2 APO PE go PERG KAE Similarly the angles # are equal B= QP co mH $x EB PE + Bg (= MH") = HAE + EB) mis $x 1,84 0.8 Miso GB = $29 = 0.75.3 ‘The shortest mirror 16 BOen plan Winn 188 stove the floer- | Lo at bation sage 72 ox (40) Notice that the distance .BZ dees not affect the reasoning.(2) A microscope 1s sharply focused on = mark. When a yareilel pl Sloss 4,8 mm thick 1s Placed over the mark, the microscope. bas Paiged 1,8 nn to Pefocus. What Sz tho refractive index of the glass? soLUTLON aa real depth of omy 5 2 gpparent depth of glass ]O=T/alm "LS A prism whose refracting angle 12 60° causes a minimus deviation of Ge? ina monochromatic bean of Light. Caleulate the refractive index of the prisn for that wavelength, @ ‘SOLUTION sin {A +0) ain 4(60% 49°) ain sin 160") = 9.809 505 (4) Aw object 00" Se 25 om fron a concave spherical nlrror of radius 80 cx. Determine the position and relative size of its image 11" (1) by construction (11) By ealculatton, SOLUTION (2) Te construct the figure. Choose 2 conventent rays coming from ©. 1A ray OA, parallel to the princtpal fez 1a reflected” through the principal focus F, 40 on fron * the mirror 2. A ray 0B, in the Line of the radius b05,""te normal’ to the alrror’ and te Feflected back on itself through the centre of curvature C The: reflected rays, AA’ and BB’, éo not rest but appear to originate froma point T behind the pirror. Thus II’ represents the relative position and size of the image of OO’. The tzage is virtual (behing the sirror), erect and magnified. From the soale of the disgran, v= 65 om approx. (110 By the winner equation. 2et.2, 21.2 atycR: wty a The nage is virtual (eince v ts negative Meron. tnd 65,7 ¢8 behind the Lanear magnification = 22 of Image 5 ¥ = $657 en = 2,97 tines(5) An object 6 en high 42 located 30 on In front of a convex spherical nage. SOLUTION 2 2. Flomtyt ‘The Amage As virtual (v ie negative] and 12 en behind the mirror. ve ni2 ee size of _imgo Jy. Wem, 5 Sime of object “u” 3am ~ O* Height of inage = 0,4 % 8 ex = 2.416. PROBLSS Draw a diagram showing what happens during an eclipse of the moon. If you ere 2 setres tll, how much vould you pry for a ‘full-length’ MeNSR, “suming ti to cost Ri per om length? If your eyes are 20 om Below the top cf your bead, how would you place the airror? Does your Giseance fron the sirror affect your argunents? (R00; Tower edge 90 en above floor; no) dn observer, standing 4 m fron the edge of a poad 18 m wide, sees the 2eeiGetea’ nage of a tree situated @ m from the opposite side of the pond, The inage of the top of the tree 1s seen Just at the edge of Peo pond nearest to him if the observer's eyes are 2 m above the tated level, find (a) the hetant of the tree, (b) how much of the YEtar length of the tree 4s sven reflected in the water. (12m; 11,2 2) ‘The draving stow top view of a square oom, One yall te aiseing, and the other Three are each mirrors, From point Pin the centre of the open side, a Taser ie fired, with the intent of hitting small target target located at the centre of one all 7 Yaenticy five ‘directions in which the laser can be fined and score a hit, assuring the Iight does not strike any ircor more than once. Draw the rays to confirm your chotoes P ‘two plane mirrors are facing exch other. They are parallel, 3,0 om Ziaeliha'iv.o ca in length, ew the picture indieates. A Laser bees UENElncoted at the. top mirror, from the left edge of the botton Arson whet te (a) the smilest and (b) the largest angle of Jnoldence © that allows the bean to Ait each alrror once or leas? eee eee, vee 0 62,1"; 89,0") 1f the speed of Light in water is three-quarters that In air, what is Ife efteet on the ‘rrequency and. vavelength of Light in passing fron AEE TSSStec? “tote hat the sane nonber of ght yaves that Leave the ate per see pase nto the water.) Calculate the refractive index of water. a3)e a. 13. 15, 7 A swinner_ is treading water (with hor head atove the ster) at the Surface of 6,00 n deep pool. A coin on the bottom directly below fer appears tobe 4-52 8 deep. Calculate (a) the refractive tpdex of Mater (2) the speed of light in water nba, 2,25 5 10% me) ‘A email luminous body, at the botten of a pool of water (m= 4/9) 1 3 deep, enive rays upmrds in all directions. A circle of light is formed ct the surface of the water by the rays which are refracted {hto the air. Beyond thie circle the rays are reflected back into the Sater, ‘Deternine the radius Rof this circle. Ga30 Show that, for small angles of incidence, the ceviation D produced by Srthin prion of refracting angle A ts given by D = (n~ 1)A vbere n is the refractive Sndex of the prism material (4) An equilateral triangular prian 1s made of glass of refractive {hdox #75 for sodium yellow Light. Find the angle of incidence Gn the first face of a narrow Deas of sodium yellow I1gnt that ts Gust totally internally reflected at the steond fece. (1) Determine alse the angie of siniaun deviation for, sodium yellow Tight, for the above pris. (ae"se 52°52") A narrow bean of Light containing a mixture of two savelengins A, and A, ts Incldent on the frat face of an eutlateral prise, The corresponding refractive indices are n= 140 and n=1,60, If ccouponent A, goes ehreugh the priss at minimum deviation calculate (1) the angle of exergence of each component ard (11) the total angle of deviation for each. Draw a sketch showing the.ray paths through the pris. 1 the angle of incidence at the first face ts now gradually decreased, “dray & ascond sketch to. show the first major ray path Ghange that takes place.” (No calculation required.) " (ize; Boao" 2etse? | 48°S") sosorite the saage of a cate flame loated 19 on fr peri, ate Salt TS Fra ee Ee cx neore meror;mmgstied 6 tines If you wlahed to 100k at anfisige of your aye nag led 3 tines snd 1 os suena tank a star Uae cirvaare 2h vere, mreviged 10h © men cnr Geck you elution by mane of 8 foe a ‘An object 6 cm high 18 located 20 em in front of a convex sphericat Resor of radius 40 cn. Deteraine by construction and calculation the position and height of tts image. (-12 cm fron wirror; height 2,4 cn)te 18, Calculate the position and dianeter of the inge of the moon in « polished sphere of claseter 20 cn. Tha diameter of the moon 1s $50 kn ent ive distance from the earth Le 286 000 km, spproxtmately. (5 on imide tphere, 0,46 mn) 18. A chtld looking inte a small, polished, hentspheriead alurintun Kitchen bovl sees an erect Image of hinself 20cm from the bowl. He Suma the bowl over and sees @ further erect imge of himself 6,87 cx from the bowl. Wat is the radius of curvature 5 the bowl? (40 es) 20. Ina Ton and Jerry cartoon Jerry is shown as terrified when he sees Me enlarged inage in a silver ball tung as a Christies tree decoration. Hed the cartoonist taken Paysics 1? 1V, TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS ‘rave | FALSE] 1, The Anage formed bya plane mirror tg always virteal | 2. Total internal reflection of Light only occurs for Light Snitially in the nore donee medion 3, To an undersater evinuer, an object suspended in the air above the ater appears tobe higher than it really ts. | 4. Rainiove are produced by refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in raindrops. In the primary bow, red is the zolour on the outside, in tha seconcary bow red 15 on tae Inside, 5, More efflctent reflection of Light can usually be Stained vith prions, rather than mirrors. 6. Fora prism, using the usual symbols Ae, 2 ei AT Det eB ote gett here D,,, 15 the ainimun deviation 7. When an object ie at the focus of a concave irre, 0 sales ie the image, and they. are the sane size | 8. For ¢ real object anyiere tn front of a convex airror the image 12 slueys virtual and diminished1 a LOH SECTION 2_> THIN LENSES USEFUL FORWLAE (usual syabots) Linear magnifteation » = be ins uff +f) ~ tenemter’s exuation (sign convention: Rd positive Af surface convex to the less dense edi.) tees power Pek An dloptres shen Fin metres ~ for two thin lenses in contact WORKED WLES: ‘kn object vnich 1s 6 om tel] te situated 20 on from a converging. lens OF {Sen Focal length. Determine the position, size and nature of the Gnage (1) by ealeuintion (11) by construction. Gy bedeb. Geetsen ant ween 2etld op Leb-b or date? a i spews The tnaen is real, and on the side of the lens opposite the object. 60 SO sa. The tnage tn enlarged 9 tines (10. neo, we ta ar tail) ed because m ie ove, It se inverted1 a (3) m0 (41) To exnatruct the figure: Choose 2 convenient rays fron the object ‘A ray Oh, parallel to the principal sels, le refrac Ped'so 22 to pase tarcugh the principal focus 15 em Fron the lens: A ray Of through the Gotical contre is Shdeviated, The point of intersection Pie the tnge of 0. From the seale, v= CI'# 60.e9 also Laan Oe es (Note that the ‘distance’ scale can be chosen independently of the “neigne" scale) ‘kn object vntch 2 6 om tall $= situated 10 cn fron a converging lens Of Teen focal length. Determine the position, size, and mature of soLuzr0N ‘The inage is virtual and on the sane side of the lens as the object ne Yn = Sea, The Ange ts wprleht and 18 on tail dn object which ts 8 on tall is situated 45 en from a diverging lens Of 1S en fleal length. Determine the position, size and nature of the nage. sown 1 1 1 2 F271 on and us +45 en, ‘and on the sane side of the lens as the object. x i 2 tf on tall Za Ge= =F. toe tmge ts uprigne and 1[EQUELES OM THE USE OF THE LENGHAKER'S FORMAL ‘A doubte convex lens 1s made of glass vhich has a refractive index of @ 1,85. One surface has a radius of curvature of 12 em and the other fas a rauius of curvature of 18 cm. Determine the focal length of thie Lens. (nt es) scLUTION Feo -ofteg) (5) A planc-concave Jens $s nade of glass which has a refractive index of LES" oeveanrace ie fat, and the concave surface has a radius of Curvature of 28 on. Determine the focal length ef this lens. (-80 cx) @-ofeek peas-v ft- soLUHON pes Bee soan ye EOUIVALENT oro (1) A converging lens of focal Length 10 en ts placed in contact. with Giverging lens ef 18 em focal . colnelding. calculat ‘the equivale SOLUTION Lad eheb = +10 om and £, = -15 em tnt $= 45 - dye dy length with the principal axes focal length of the system. (430 ex)ut a3 PROSLES ‘hn object 00", 4 cm high, 12 20 en in front of a thin convex lens of feat length 112 cn. Beteraine the position and helght of its image TPC) by caleuiation (11) by constevet ton. (20 en from lens 6 en in hetght) hn object 00", 8 en high, 12 27 on in front of a concave lens of focal Magee sie ca! Determine the position and height of Its image 11’ (1) by calculation (11) by construction, (30.8 cn fron Tens on sane side as object; ~3,6 en in hetght) Accanera gives @ clear inage of distant landscaze when the tens 1s Joven trom the plate, iat adjustnent te required to get a good Photograph of & map placed 2 m from the lens? (2,2'em) In what two posttions will a converging lens of fecal lengih +15 en form inages cf @ luminous object om a screen spaced 80 en from the object? (Zo en and 60 en fron the object) ‘Two thin tenses having powers of +10D and -25D are placed in contact. Wnt ie thelr combined focal length? (58,7 em) ‘A canera having © single converging lens of focal length :09 an is focused on s eroup of gireffe 20 m almy. (1) Mat is the lent to film Gtetence? (1!) If the film height Is 24 nn, what is the maximum helght of a giraffe shoce image can fit on the fils? (200,5 am 4,781. Lt A double convex lene ms feces: of radii 18 and 20 cm. When an object fe 24 cn from the lene, a Peal inage 1s forued 32\cn from the lens. Determine (a) the focal length of the lens and (b) the refractive Endex of the Lens material (12,7 em 1.68) A thin lens of glass of refractive index 1,5 has a convex surface of Padius SO on. A poise object on the principal axis 50 on fron the Tens forms a virtual Snage 25 cn fron the lens.” Find the fecal length and power of the Ient and the radius and nature of the other surface Aesune that the lens tas air on toth sides. (soem; -20; 165 em; concave)us Soci Sani: ett» image FoR, drinernaihed noted Ww, = reat, onlegga, noted Ww. ° 7 irege Sone Tes I fol, int 2