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)() 1( :

.

)(
. .
v v
. C C = A.B
.
.
v v
A. A 0

][1- 3- 3- 3

v v
A. A=0

v v
, A=0

v v v v
A. B = B . A

][2- 3- 3- 3

(A) .

] [3- 3- 3- 3

(A+ B) . C = A . C + B . C

][4- 3- 3- 3

v v
v
B = A. B

v v

v v

u = A
v = B

v
A = A u
v
B = Bv

v v
A . B = ( Au ) . ( Bv ) = AB u.v
v v
v , u . A . B
.
u . v .

) .
( oxy ' ox'y v , u 'ox'y
' v , u .

y
u

y
y

v
x

1- 3- 3- 3

:
u ' . v = u . v

u v
.
) ( .
:
) u . v = f (
] [2-3- 3- 3 :
u . v = v . u
u v v u ) f ( .
) f ( ) = f (
) f ( . _ 2
.
v v
v v
r
a b c b , a:
v v
r v a .b v
c =b v v a
a .a
v v
v v
r v v v a . b v v v v v a . a
c . a = a . b v v a = a . b a . b v v = 0
a .a
a .a

v v
r r r v a .b r v
r v
c .c =c .b v v c .a = c .b
a .a
v v 2
v v
v a .b v v v v a . b
= b v v a . b = b . b v v
a .a
a .a

:
r r
c .c 0
v v
v v
.b a .b

(av . av ) (b

v v
a .b

v v
v v
(a . a ) b . b

v v ( a . b )2
b .b v v
a .a

_ .
u v :

) (u . u ) (v . v

u . v

) (u . u ) (v . v

u . u = v . v = f ( 0 ) 0

) f ( :
) u . v = f (
) f ( 0 ) f ( ) f ( 0
+ Y k ,
.
) f ( :
f ( 0 ) 1:
1 f ( ) 1

) f ( ) = f (

) f ( ) = f (Y k +

) cos (
v
v
v v
) A . B = AB cos ( A B.
1 4
4 . .

:
r
r
v v
) B ) = A (A A A . B = B ( B
A cos

B cos

B
A
B

2- 3- 3- 3

v v
) cos ( B , A ox :
:

= B A
)cos ( ) = cos (

cos B A = cos B cos A + sin B sin A

A . B = ABcos B A = Bcos B Acos A + Bsin B Asin A = Ax B x + Ay B y

4- 1
v v
A . A = A2 = Ax2 + Ay2

. :

v v
A - 1 B
v v

B A -2
2

= cos ( ) = 0

v v
. A+ B A B .
.
v
v v
v
v v
) A . (A + B ) + B . (A + B
2

A + 2ABcos ( ) + B
2

= ) (A + B ) . (A + B
=

v v
= A+B

v v
v v r v
= A . A + 2A . B + B . B

v
. A u v

A
V

V
u

u
3- 3- 3- 3

v
A = Au u + Av v
u . v = cos

v
u . A = Acos u

v . Av = Acos
v

=
u
v

()

v
u . A = Au u . u + Av u . v
v
v . A = Auv . u + Av v . v
Au =

Av =

v
v
u . A (u . v ) v . A
1 (u . v )

v
v
v . A u . v u . A
1 (u . v )

cos u cos cos v


sin 2

cos v cos cos v


sin 2
i . j = 0 v = j u = i

v
Ax = i . A

v
Ay = j . A

Au u + Av v
i j u v
v
A = Ax i + Ay j u v :
v y u u y v
= i
v y u x u yv x

u = u x i + u y j

v = v i + v j

v u u x v
j = x
v x u y u xv y

:
u x v y v x u y 0
tan u tan v u v

vy
vx

uy
ux

. u
v x y:
Ax
Ay

ux
uy

vx

ux

vy

uy

= Av

vx
vy

Ax
Ay

vx

ux

vy

uy

= Au

.
v
v v
: F . d d

r v
v . S

v
S .

.

Scaler product
Cauchy_ Schwarz inequality

1
2

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