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.
)(
. .
v v
. C C = A.B
.
.
v v
A. A 0
][1- 3- 3- 3
v v
A. A=0
v v
, A=0
v v v v
A. B = B . A
][2- 3- 3- 3
(A) .
] [3- 3- 3- 3
(A+ B) . C = A . C + B . C
][4- 3- 3- 3
v v
v
B = A. B
v v
v v
u = A
v = B
v
A = A u
v
B = Bv
v v
A . B = ( Au ) . ( Bv ) = AB u.v
v v
v , u . A . B
.
u . v .
) .
( oxy ' ox'y v , u 'ox'y
' v , u .
y
u
y
y
v
x
1- 3- 3- 3
:
u ' . v = u . v
u v
.
) ( .
:
) u . v = f (
] [2-3- 3- 3 :
u . v = v . u
u v v u ) f ( .
) f ( ) = f (
) f ( . _ 2
.
v v
v v
r
a b c b , a:
v v
r v a .b v
c =b v v a
a .a
v v
v v
r v v v a . b v v v v v a . a
c . a = a . b v v a = a . b a . b v v = 0
a .a
a .a
v v
r r r v a .b r v
r v
c .c =c .b v v c .a = c .b
a .a
v v 2
v v
v a .b v v v v a . b
= b v v a . b = b . b v v
a .a
a .a
:
r r
c .c 0
v v
v v
.b a .b
(av . av ) (b
v v
a .b
v v
v v
(a . a ) b . b
v v ( a . b )2
b .b v v
a .a
_ .
u v :
) (u . u ) (v . v
u . v
) (u . u ) (v . v
u . u = v . v = f ( 0 ) 0
) f ( :
) u . v = f (
) f ( 0 ) f ( ) f ( 0
+ Y k ,
.
) f ( :
f ( 0 ) 1:
1 f ( ) 1
) f ( ) = f (
) f ( ) = f (Y k +
) cos (
v
v
v v
) A . B = AB cos ( A B.
1 4
4 . .
:
r
r
v v
) B ) = A (A A A . B = B ( B
A cos
B cos
B
A
B
2- 3- 3- 3
v v
) cos ( B , A ox :
:
= B A
)cos ( ) = cos (
4- 1
v v
A . A = A2 = Ax2 + Ay2
. :
v v
A - 1 B
v v
B A -2
2
= cos ( ) = 0
v v
. A+ B A B .
.
v
v v
v
v v
) A . (A + B ) + B . (A + B
2
A + 2ABcos ( ) + B
2
= ) (A + B ) . (A + B
=
v v
= A+B
v v
v v r v
= A . A + 2A . B + B . B
v
. A u v
A
V
V
u
u
3- 3- 3- 3
v
A = Au u + Av v
u . v = cos
v
u . A = Acos u
v . Av = Acos
v
=
u
v
()
v
u . A = Au u . u + Av u . v
v
v . A = Auv . u + Av v . v
Au =
Av =
v
v
u . A (u . v ) v . A
1 (u . v )
v
v
v . A u . v u . A
1 (u . v )
v
Ax = i . A
v
Ay = j . A
Au u + Av v
i j u v
v
A = Ax i + Ay j u v :
v y u u y v
= i
v y u x u yv x
u = u x i + u y j
v = v i + v j
v u u x v
j = x
v x u y u xv y
:
u x v y v x u y 0
tan u tan v u v
vy
vx
uy
ux
. u
v x y:
Ax
Ay
ux
uy
vx
ux
vy
uy
= Av
vx
vy
Ax
Ay
vx
ux
vy
uy
= Au
.
v
v v
: F . d d
r v
v . S
v
S .
.
Scaler product
Cauchy_ Schwarz inequality
1
2