Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGLISH
BUCHAREST,
2016
BUCHAREST,
2016
Table of Contents
ARGUMENT........................................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 2
SPACE , SOLAR SYSTEM and BEYOND ......................................................................................................... 3
Space ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Our Solar System ,Planets, Moons and Dwarf Planets ..................................................................................... 3
Kuiper Belt .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Exoplanets -Planets around other Stars ........................................................................................................... 6
Galaxies......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Pretty strange stuff in space ............................................................................................................................ 7
Nebulae - The Dust of Stars............................................................................................................................ 7
Beyond Our Solar System .............................................................................................................................. 8
Beyond Our Galaxy ....................................................................................................................................... 8
UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE .............................................................................................................. 9
What are the Mysterious Noises from Space? And What is Dark Energy? ...................................................... 9
Are we alone in the Universe? ........................................................................................................................ 9
Where are the White Holes? ......................................................................................................................... 10
Why does Titan Have an Atmosphere? ......................................................................................................... 10
What are the Fermi Bubbles?........................................................................................................................ 10
Where Are the Missing Baryons? ................................................................................................................. 10
Where do High-energy Cosmic Rays come from? ......................................................................................... 10
Where Did Saturn's Rings Come From? and Where did galaxies come from? ................................................ 10
NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY ................................................................ 11
How did we get here?................................................................................................................................... 11
God Particle' Higgs Boson............................................................................................................................ 11
Latest Secrets of Mars ................................................................................................................................. 11
NASAs Space Telescopes .......................................................................................................................... 12
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY & RESOURCES .................................................................................................................. 14
ARGUMENT
Far from the Earth's surface, beyond from what it seems a huge dome dotted with stars,
spanning the infinite universe, reality which seems sprung from the most fantastic and disturbing
dreams. Hidden by the barriers of time and space, the universe was most of the time unknown,
unexplored, remaining beyond the possibilities of human knowledge.
Since ancient times man has contemplated the night sky, wondering: What is the sky? What
laws govern the motion? But the only thing he could do was to observe the approximately 6,000
stars visible to the naked eye and write down their positions in so-called constellations.
I feel like explorers who are at the edge of a new frontier. I want to know more. I want to
know why the universe is expanding faster and faster, why galaxies stay together rather than
apart, why less than 5 percent of the universe is ordinary matter made of quarks, electrons and
neutrinos, the rest being dark matters (23 percent) and dark energy (72 percent).
The idea of a universe that does not end, because nobody knows for sure if the universe is
finite or infinite, disturbs me and makes me dizzy, especially in our little world, where we are
used that everything has margins and endings .Therefore, the most troubling questions that I ask
myself about the world, are:"How was the universe created?","How does the universe work?
These are some of the most obsessive questions about the birth of the universe and the
appearance of life.
After millennia of looking at the sky, millennia of religious debate and centuries of scientific
research, the universe still has so many mysteries that human endeavor to discover, it seems like
counting the grains of sand in a desert or sea water droplets.
These are some of the many reasons I chose these subjects as my project. I can find the time
to think about the questions of existence and the functioning of the universe despite my school
activities.
I do not have a clear answer about the subject, but it helps me think therefore I have been
interested in the structure of and the way the universe works for a couple of years.
This paper aims to scan our knowledge about the universe and the enigmas still to be solved.
INTRODUCTION
I sometimes ask myself difficult questions.
What does the universe mean? How big can space be? What does limits mean? Where did
time start and where will it end? Nobody has ever been able to give responses to these questions.
However, I have to admit that many misteries have been solved and we have better explanations.
People did not imagine until recently that the space is huge and the matter consists of much
more than the Earth. The advances in telescope construction and technology have enabled a
much closer study of the universe. What is the Universe? It is everything that exists.This seems
to be a clear explanation. And more and more things seem to exist.
Starting with the dimension, there are 2 theories: both planets and stars have been formed
independently or they have expanded from a smaller common volume. It has been proven that
the universe is expanding. The speed of this expansion is considerably larger than it had been
thought.The system is expanding quickly. Older theories claimed that there were only a few
galaxies. However, the advances have proven the opposite: their number is huge in the universe
and we can find more and more. Even the theory about the solar system has spectacularly
changed. Planets such as Pluto have been classified as dwarf planets and there seems to be plenty
of them in our system.The definition of the planet has changed and even stars seem to orbit a bit
around planets.There have been spotted a series of strange phenomena such as the unexplained
noise from distant parts of the univers and white holes, energy of a nature opposite to that of
black holes.The theories are continually developing.
However, from Earth we cannot observe everything in the Universe. Some things are dark
(brown dwarf stars, planets, and Dark Matter) and we cannot see them. Additionally, there are
parts of the universe whose light has not yet reached us in this part of the Universe. And because
light travels at a set speed we actually look back in time when we look into the cosmos.
There are many questions associated with the creation and evolution of the major constituents
of the universe. A basic question astronomers must address is, how did the universe create its
first stars and galaxies? How did they influence subsequent galaxy, star and planet formation?
This is an important question, because these later objects are made of elements that can only
have been created by the first generation of stars.
It is still unknown whether the universe created black holes with the first generation of stars
or whether these wierd objects were created by the first generation of stars. As black holes
represent the most extreme physical conditions of space-time and generate some of the most
energetic phenomena following the Big Bang, they are good material for testing the theories of
the universe.
Our universe is old and large, and expanding outwards every day. This universe, the dark
energy that seems to be behind it, and other questions like the exact nature of the Big Bang and
the early evolution of the universe are among the questions of cosmology.
The universe is filled with stars, galaxies, planets and more, and there are some mysteries
like dark matter to be solved by astronomers and scientists have signaled some of the major
discoveries of our universe.
Let us talk more about about the subject.
Space
Have you ever seen the stars in the sky without watching the Moon? Probably from the
beginning of our existence we have wondered what the lights in the sky mean. Thousands of
years ago, the earliest civilizations observed the universe. Man noticed what happens in the sky
because the Sun, Moon and stars gave indication of coming seasons to farmers and hunters. The
sky helped in navigation especially for nomads and sailors. And many ancient civilizations
thought the sky gave signs of life, war, earthquakes, the fate of kingdoms...and more. Since the
invention of the telescope, we have been able to "see" further away and study stars and galaxies,
as well as many of the more mysterious objects in our Universe.
Space is a rocky place. The biggest space rocks are asteroids. Asteroids are made up of rock
and iron like the four planets closest to our sun, but they are much smaller. All the asteroids put
together would be smaller than our moon. Asteroids are different from comets, which are mostly
rock and ice. Comets have tails.
Asteroids are more like planets and moons. Scientists often call asteroids minor planets.Some
asteroids even have moons. When the Galileo spacecraft flew past asteroid Ida in 1993, scientists
were surprised to find it had a little buddy. They named the tiny moon Dactyl.Most asteroids
orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. This area is called the asteroid belt. There are millions of
asteroids -- and one dwarf planet, Ceres.
Our Solar System , Planets, Moons and Dwarf Planets 1
Our solar system is made up of a star - the Sun - eight planets, 146 moons, plenty of comets,
asteroids and space rocks, ice and several dwarf planets, such as Pluto.
The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
MARS
JUPITER
SATURN
URANUS
NEPTUN
PLUTO
The sun is the closest star to Earth, a hot ball of shining gases in the center of our solar
system. Its influence goes far beyond the orbits of distant Neptune and Pluto. Without the sun's
intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. The connection and interactions
between the Sun and Earth determines the seasons, ocean currents, weather and climate. It is the
center of our solar system and though it is special to us, there are billions of stars like our sun
spread across the Milky Way galaxy.
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem
Mercury is closest to the Sun. Neptune is the farthest. Remember the order of the planets like
this: My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Neptune.
Planets, asteroids and comets orbit our Sun. They travel around our Sun in a flattened circle
called an ellipse. It takes the Earth one year to go around the Sun. Mercury goes around the Sun
in only 88 days. It takes Pluto, the most famous dwarf planet, 248 years to make one trip around
the Sun.
Moons -- also called satellites are generally solid bodies, and few have atmospheres. Most
of the planetary moons probably formed from the discs of gas and dust circulating around planets
in the early solar system.Moons orbit planets.
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Earth has one and Mars has its two small moons. In the outer solar system, the gas
giants Jupiter and Saturn and the ice giants Uranus and Neptune have numerous moons. As these
planets grew in the early solar system, they were able to capture objects with their large
gravitational fields. Mercury and Venus don't have any.
Most moons in our solar system are named for mythological characters from a wide variety of
cultures. Right now, Jupiter has the most named moons - 50.
Uranus is the exception. Uranus' moons are named for characters in William Shakespeare's plays
and from Alexander Pope's poem "Rape of the Lock."
There may be dozens of dwarf planets in our solar system. Pluto is the most famous dwarf
planet. Discovered in 1930, it was long classified as our solar system's ninth planet. Pluto and its
busy system of moons orbits the sun in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy objects beyond Neptune.
According to the International Astronomical Union (I.A.U), which sets definitions for
planetary science, a dwarf planet is a body that:
Orbits the sun.
Has enough mass to have a nearly round shape.
Has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
Is not a moon.
The main distinction between a dwarf planet and a planet is that planets have cleared the path
around the sun while dwarf planets tend to orbit in zones of similar objects that can cross their
path around the sun, such as the asteroid and Kuiper belts. Dwarf planets also are generally
smaller than the planet Mercury.
The first five recognized dwarf planets are Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea.
Scientists believe there may be dozens or even more than 100 dwarf planets waiting to be
discovered.
The I.A.U recognized Pluto's special place in our solar system by designating dwarf planets
that orbit the sun beyond Neptune as plutoids. Eris, which orbits far beyond Neptune, is a plutoid
while Ceres, which orbits in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter is a dwarf planet.
Kuiper Belt
The Kuiper Belt is made up of millions of icy and rocky objects that orbit our Sun beyond the
orbits of Neptune and Pluto. Astronomers think some comets come from the Kuiper Belt.
Astronomers think the frozen objects in the Kuiper Belt may indicate the origin of our solar
system - sort of like how fossils tell the story of dinosaurs on Earth. Scientists think the gravity
of big planets like Jupiter and Saturn attracted all these icy objects to the edge of our solar
system.
It's hard to say exactly what's going on in the Kuiper Belt. Even the biggest of the Kuipet
Belt Objects is smaller than the United States and it is billions of miles away where the Sun's
light is weak. They are very hard to see even with the most powerful telescopes. Kuiper Belt
Objects are so hard to find that it took more than 40 years to find one after a scientist worked out
where they were.
Exoplanets - Planets around other Stars
Until the 1990s, scientists only knew of planets in our own Solar System and at that point
accepted there were nine planets. As telescope technology improved, however, two things
happened. Scientists discovered exoplanets, or planets that are outside of our solar system. This
began with finding massive planets many times larger than Jupiter, and then eventually finding
planets that are rocky even a few that are close to Earths size itself.
The other change was finding worlds similar to Pluto, then thought about the Solar Systems
furthest planet, very far in our own Solar System. At first astronomers began treating these new
worlds like planets, but as more information came in, the International Astronomical Union held
a meeting to better figure out the definition.The result was redefining Pluto and worlds like it as
a dwarf planet.
Did you know that about 200 planets have been discovered around distant stars? The first
planet found to be orbiting a star like our Sun was announced in 1995. Since then astronomers
have continued to find new planets outside of our solar system, at a rate of more than one new
planet every month!
The star and its planet orbit around each other. The planet moves in a wide orbit, while the
star just appears to oscilate slightly. By measuring the Doppler shift of the light coming from the
star, scientists can detect the tiny motion caused by the planet. Most of the distant planets were
discovered this way.If we are lucky, some of the planets can pass in front of their star. This
blocks out some of the light that we usually see from the star, making it more difficult to see. It's
like a solar eclipse, but the planet only covers a small part of the star. Only a few planets outside
our solar system pass in front of their stars.All of the distant planets are too far away to see
directly. We can only see their effect on the star that they orbit.
Galaxies
During the early 1900's, which is not very long ago, astronomers did not know that there
were other galaxies outside our own Milky Way Galaxy. When they saw a small point in the sky
through their telescopes, they called it a nebula. When examined closely, some of the nebulae
had a spiral shape. So astronomers at first called these "spiral nebulae". These nebulae were all
believed to be part of our Galaxy, our community of stars.
Edwin Hubble studied the "spiral nebulae" and found that they were composed of stars.
These nebulae were not nebulae at all, but other groups of billions of stars held together by
gravity - galaxies! Suddenly, our universe was much bigger. We realized that our Galaxy was
just one of many billions of galaxies in the universe.Hubble studied galaxies for a very long time,
and after seeing many, many galaxies, he realized that he could put them into groups based on
their shape: spirals, ellipticals, or irregulars. His work helped us to understand that the
appearance of galaxies depends on our point of view, and on what's happening in the galaxies.
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics
us the early days of the universe, in order to answer this mystery we would need an instrument
able to capture the universe just 1 hundred million years old.
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics
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Our quest on Mars has been to follow the water, in our search for life in the universe, and
now we have convincing science that validates what weve long suspected, said John Grunsfeld,
astronaut and associate administrator of NASAs Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
This is a significant development, as it appears to confirm that water is flowing today on the
surface of Mars4
NASAs Space Telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope in space NASA launched Hubble in 1990.
Hubble is as long as a large school bus. It weighs as much as two adult elephants. Hubble travels
around Earth at about 5 miles per second. That is as fast as driving a car from the East Coast of
the United States to the West Coast in 10 minutes.
Hubble faces toward space. It takes pictures of planets, stars and galaxies. Hubble has seen
stars being born. Hubble has seen stars die. It has seen galaxies that are trillions of miles away.
Hubble also has seen comet pieces crash into the gases above Jupiter.
Scientists have learned a lot about space from Hubble pictures. The pictures are beautiful to
look at too.Hubble has helped scientists learn about our solar system. The telescope observes
comets and planets. Hubble even discovered moons around Pluto that had not been seen before.
The telescope has helped scientists understand how planets and galaxies form. Galaxies contain
billions of stars. A picture called "Hubble Ultra Deep Field" shows some of the farthest galaxies
ever seen. Pictures from Hubble help scientists learn more about the whole universe. Because of
Hubble pictures, scientists think the universe is almost 14 billion years old.
Hubble has spotted black holes. Black holes suck in everything around them. They even suck
in light. And Hubble has helped scientists learn more about explosions that happen when huge
stars burn out.
In 2009, astronauts flew to Hubble on the space shuttle. This was the fifth time astronauts
went to Hubble. They went to fix parts. They also put new parts and cameras in the telescope. So
it is working very well. Hubble will not be fixed again.. In 2015, Hubble turned 25 years old.It
still takes beautiful pictures of objects in space
Today NASA is building another space telescope. It is called the James Webb Space
Telescope. It will be bigger than Hubble. Webb will not orbit Earth as Hubble does. Webb will
orbit the sun in a spot on the other side of the moon. The Webb telescope will be able to see a
different kind of light than the light Hubble sees. Webb will help NASA see even more of the
universe.
https://www.nasa.gov/press-release
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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
From what I have studied I came up with to the following conclusions:
Our ideas about the nature of space and time have changed and they are sometimes similar to
the science fiction ones.
It is difficult to answer the question of how the universe works. There are a lot of effective
things in astronomy and we have new explanations concerning the evolution of the universe and
we now know the nature of matters content. However, some questions still do not have an
answer. We have to be creative and think whether rules of a different nature could govern empty
space, black holes as opposed to those that apply to the dense matter from which the Big Bang
started.
Scientists are constantly trying to find evidence and explanations using modern technology
which helps them to find better answers.
The mans evolution is slow. We used to have simplistic theories such as the fixed position of
the Earth, which was thought as the center of the universe. Four-five hundred years ago the
theory of the Earth revolution round the sun was accepted.
During the last century, we have discovered amazing facts about our universe. Processing the
facts the new technology has given to us we have built clearer explanations and new concepts
such as the invisible dark matter which threatens to gather all the galaxies in a huge catastrophic
collision, a kind of a Big Bang the other way round. The ideas of matter, time and space fails in
front of the recently discovered phenomena. There is a major challenge and we are forced to find
reverse if not entirely re-built theories. Our task is to think about both opposite and new
directions. Can we think about time and spaces distruction? Will these unavoidably lead to our
distruction? Things seem to depend on the speed of the transition.
Is the end of the Universe near? There are three alternatives:
The Big Crunch. Everything is governed by gravity and the Universe ends up in a point, all
the matter being gathered there.
The Big Rip. The opposite is true. The Universe expands surprisingly quickly, repelling
forces govern everything.The gravitational attraction disappears.
The Big Freeze. It is a mixture of the above mentioned theories.The system neither condenses
nor expands at a high speed, it expands slowly and it goes on and on and any activity disappears
due to freezing. It seems to be the most feasible theory.
The development of technology, going beyond human limits and time as we understand it
now or as it will go further, will show things more clearly.
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The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality by Brian Randolph
Greene (Publisher:Random House LLC, New York: Vintage Books, 2004);
The Elegant Universe:Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate
Theory by Brian Randolph Greene (Publisher:W.W.Norton & Company,February
1999);
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes by Stephen Hawking
(Publisher:Bantam Dell Publishing Group,1998);
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum;
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/;
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem
https://www.nasa.gov/press-release
http://www.bbc.com
https://www.ted.com/speakers/brian_greene;
http://www.astronomia.go.ro/stiri.html;
http://www.scientia.ro;
http://www.descopera.org/;
http://teostie.ro/stiinta/7-mistere-neelucidate-de-stiinta;
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