45 NOTES TO PG

Dr. Ankit Yadavendra, M.B.B.S., Dr.V.M.G.M.C., Solapur

16-ADR, MOA, USE, PRODRUG, RESISTANCE

DRUG-ADR
ACEI-affect lung&kidn developm, dry cough, angioedema, hyperkalem, ren dysfn
acetazolamide-metab acidosis, tingling numbness
actinomycinD(Dactinomycin)-radiation recall phenom
acyclovir-nephrotox
adriamycin(doxorubicin)-cardiotoxic, hand foot synd
alkylat agent-venoocclus ds liver(Rx-debrotide)
1adr antag-retrograde ejaculation, miosis
2adr agonist-depression, anticholinergic, rebound HTN(Rx-phentolamine, tolazoline)
alosetron-ischemic colitis
amantadine-ankle edema, livido reticularis
aminoglycoside-irrevers ototoxicity(mtDNA), nephrotoxicity
amiodarone
Please-Photosensitivity, blue grey Pigmentat skin, Periph neuropathy
Check-Corneal microdeposition
PFT-Pulm Fibrosis
LFT-Liver cirrhosis, pseudoalcoh Liver inj, Mallory hyaline body
TFT-hypoThy, hyperThy
amlodipine-ankle edema
amoxapine-EPS, galactorrhea, NMS, tardive dyskinesia
amphetamine-addiction, appetite, cardiotoxicity
amphotericin B-dose limit RTA, AKI, hypokalem, hypomagnesem, anem
ampicillin, cisapride, mosapride, tegaserod, colchicine, fosfomycin, irinotecan,
leflunomide-diarrh
antimetabolite-acidic urine(crystaluria)
apraclonidine-lid lag, itch, lid dermatitis, follicular conjunctivitis, mydriasis, dry mouth
aprotinin-death
atenolol-fatigue
azathioprine-bone marrow suppression
2adr agonist-hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, tremor(MC), HR, MI, card arrest, pulm
edem
bimatoprost-iris pigmentation, eyelash growth
bleomycin-pulm brosis, HSR, mucocut brosis
bortezomib-periph neuropath
bosentan, flutamide, lumiracoxib, nefazodone, sitaxentan, stanozolol,
ximelagatran-hepatotox
bremelanotide, methergin-HTN

bRimOnidINE-ant uveitis, dROwsINEss, headache, allergic blepharoconjunctivitis

bromocryptine-psychosis, confusion, erythromelalgia
bupropion-suicidal tendency, wt loss, sz, restlessness, tremor
busulphan-pulm brosis, cataract, gynaecomastia, adr insuff, hyperpigmentation,
hyperuricemia
CBZ-hyponatremia, aplastic anem
capecitabine-hand foot mouth synd
carbenicillin-PLT aggregat
carbimazole-maculopapular rash(MC), agranulocytosis
carboplatin-myelosuppression
carboprost-diarrh(MC), asthma
carmustine-sustained myelosuppress
cefoperazone-disulram rxn
ceftazidime-neutropenia, PLT
cephaloridine-nephrotoxicity
chloroquine-retinal pigmentation, optic neuritis, lichenoid erupt, sz
chlorpropamide-PLT
cisplatin-vomiting, nephrotox(Rx-amifostine), neurotox, ototox, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, sec ca
clarithromycin-reversible hearing loss
clofazimine-brown black skin discoloration, icthyosis(crocodile skin/sauroderma)
clomiphene citrate-hotflush(MC), ovarian cyst, ovarian hyperstimulat synd(<1%),
multiple preg(6-8%), gynecomastia mal
clozapine-appetite, wt gain, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, sedation,
sialorrhoea(pilow wet synd), sz threshold, flu like synd, agranulocytosis(most
dangerous), ileus, myocarditis, cholestatic jaundice
cocaine-cerebral infarct in fetus
cycloserine, mefloquine-neuropsychosis
Cyclosporine-gingival hyperplasia, DM, neurotox, hepatotox, diarrh, alopecia,
HTN(Rx-CCB), hyperkalemia, hirsutism
cyclophosphamide-hgic cystitis(Rx-formalin irrigat, mesna, N acetyl cysteine,
carboprost), cardiotox, SIADH
CyTArabine-Cerebellar aTAxia
dantrolene-m weakn, diarrh, hepatotox
dapsone-hemolyt anem, methHbemia, nausea, anorexia, x drug eruption, hepatitis,
agranulocytosis, mental sympt
daptomycin-myopathy
DES-clear cell ca vag, vag adenosis, cx anat anomaly, CIN, adenoca cx, hypoplasia
uterus(MC), T shape uterus(most characterist), parambrial cyst, ren anomaly(mal),
testicular hypoplasia, cryptorchidism
digitalis-optic neuritis
dipivefrine-cystoid macular edema
disopyramide-dryness of mouth, urine retention

disulram-nausea, vomiting, headache, flushing, hypotension

diuretic-oligohydramnios
dorsolamide-corneal edema
echothiophate-cataract
ergot alkaloid-HTN, IHD, ergotism(foot gangrene, Saint Antony re)
estrogen-vomiting, ca breast, ca endom, DVT, hep adenoma, cholestat jaundice,
migraine
etanercept-TB reactivation
Ethambutol-optic neuritis(grEEn)
ethionamide-hypothy
ethosuximide-sedat
etoposide-sec leukemia(early)
exenatide-nausea
felbamate-aplastic anem, sever hepatitis
fenfluramine-ECG abnorm, valvular def, pulm HTN, sudden death
brate-GB stone, pancreatitis, myopathy
ngolimod-HR, 1AV node block
5FU-diarrh(MC), myelosuppress, hand foot synd
fluoxetine-nausea, vomiting(MC), delayed orgasm, insomnia, anxiety, sweating,
diarrh, urinary retention
furosemide-hypomagnesemia
Gatifloxacin-dysGlycemia
GnRH agonist-hist release, hot flush, flare up after 12h, nausea, headache, libido,
hypercholesterolem, osteoporosis, depression
griseofulvin-disulram rxn
halothane-hepatic necrosis, jaundice
hCG-ovarian hyperstimulat synd(VEGF)
heparin
A-Alopecia
B-Blding
O-Osteoporosis
U-Urticaria
T-Thrombocytopenia
HEpaRin-HypERkalemia
hydralazine-reflex HR
hydrochlorothiazide-photosensitivity
ifosfamide-neurotox, RTA
IL2, permetrexed-hand foot synd
imipenem, loracarbef, procaine penicillin-sz
ipratropium-dry mouth(MC), bad taste, scratch in trachea, urine retention
INH-periph neuropathy, neuropsychosis, SLE, hepatotox, shoulder hand synd, RA,
gynecomastia
ivabradine-luminous phen(object app bright)

lamotrigine-SJS
l asparaginase-hypercoagulation, hgic pancreatitis
latanoprost-iris pigmentation, conjunct hyperemia, periocular dermatitis, lth
eyelash(hypertrichosis), inflammation
levodopa-visual nonthreatening hallucination, chorea, mydriasis
Li-hypothy, nephrogenic DI like nephropathy, bn&coarse tremor
lignocaine-sz, nystagmus, cardiotox, HSR
linezolid-PLT, neutropenia
melphalan-sec ca
metformin-vitB12 def
methicillin-interstitial nephritis
mtx-periph neuropathy, oligospermia/defect oogenesis, acidic urine, hepatotox,
myelosuppression
methyldopa-hemolysis in mother
methysergide-retrolental/orbital brosis, retroperit brosis, pulm brosis
mexiletine-nausea, tremor
MianSerin-sz, Myelosuppress
minocycline-blue black pigmentation nail
minoxidil-hirsutism, fluid retention
Misoprostol-shivering, hyperpyrexia, hyperstimulat, Moebius synd(CNVI,VII palsy)
Mitomycin-Myelosuppress, HUS, delay bronchospasm
mitoxantrone-cardiomyopathy
molindone-wt loss
montelukast, zarlukast-headache, eosinophilia, vasculitis
mycophenolate mofetil-diarrh, vomiting
Nacillin-Neutropenia
naloxone-HTN, pulm edema, ventr dysrrhythmia
naproxen-pseudoporphyria
nitrate-throbbing headache, hypotension, tolerance(Monday morning headache),
MethHbemia, rash
nitrofurantoin-nausea, vomiting, coffee colour urine, disulram rxn, pulm brosis
nitrosourea-delayed myelosuppress
octreotide-GB stone, vitB12 def
olanzapine-stroke, sedation, wt gain(max), DM
omeprazole-carcinoid tm in rat
ondansetron-headache
IA antiarrhythmic-diarrh(35%), PLT
oxacillin-hepatitis
oxaliplatin-neuropathy, laryngopharyngeal paraesthesia
OxytOcin-hypOtension
paracetamol-RCC, phototox, metab acidosis
paroxetine-teratogenic(CVS anomal), wt gain
pentaerythritol tetraNO3-skin rash

pentazocin, pethidine-angina
pergolide-cardiac valvular brosis
phenylbutazone-agranulocytosis
pHenytoin-Hypersensitivity, Hyperglycem, Hyperplasia gum(MC, collagen
accumulat), Hirsutism, Hepatitis, Hypotension, osteomalacia, megaloblast anem,
gynecomastia, ataxia
Pilocarpine-cataract, Pseudomyopia, headache
pioGlitazone-Na,H2O retent, wt Gain
plicamYCin-hypoglYCemia
procainamide-lupus, arthritis
procarbazine-disulram rxn, sec ca
propafenone-asthma, PVD, hypoglycem
pyrazinamid-hepatotox, hyperuricemia
quetIAPIne-cataract, prIAPIsm
quinidine-VT, nausea, vomiting, diarrh, ataxia, tinnitus, vertigo
quinine-optic neuritis, PLT, hemolysis
reserpine-suicidal depression
retinoid-dryness of skin& mucosa
Rifampicin-AI PLT, flu like syndR, red orange urine, contact lens staining, hepatotox,
purpura, jaundice, resp synd
rimonabant-psychiatric ds, wt loss
risperidone, rofecoxib, SibuTRamine, tegaserod, valdecoxib-MI, STRoke
RopiniroLE-RestLEss LEg synd
rosiglitazone-CHF
rotigotine-impulsibe behav, shopping, sexual desire
sildenal-blue vision defect(PDE6 enz in retina), flushing, hypotension, headache
Na nitrOprusside-hypOthy
soFosbuvir-Fatigue, headache
sotalol-torsade de pointes
steroid-glaucOma(tOpical), post subcapsular CataraCt(systemiC), behav worsen
child, osteoporosis, avasc necrosis fem neck
streptogRAmin-arthRAlgia
sulfonamide-acidic urine(crystaluria)
surfactant-pulm hge(MC)
tamoxifen-ca endom, cataract, hotflush, thromboembolism
tamsulosin-floppy iris synd
taxane-myelosuppress, periph neuropathy
teriparatide-osteogenic sarcoma
tetrazepam-skin rxn
thalidomide-constipation, periph neuropathy
thiazide-impotence, PLT
thioridazin-pigm retinopathy, arrhythmia
thiothixene-neuroleptic malign synd

timolol-epith toxicity, allergic conjunctivitis

tocainamide-agranulocytosis
tOlcapOne-rhabdOmyOlysis, diarrhOea, hepatOtOx, yellOwish Orange urine
topiramate-wt loss, ren stone
trazodone-sedation, priapism
trimethadione-day blindness, nephrotox
valproate-hepatotox, PLT, GI irritat, wt gain, transient alopecia, hyperammonemia,
pancreatitis, coagulat disord, ataxia, sedation, tremor
vancomycin-red man synd(hist release), nephrotox, ototoxic
varenicillin-suicidal tendency
verapamil-constipation(max), HR, AV node block, ankle edema
vinbLastin-myeLosuppress
vincristine-periph neuropathy, SIADH
vitB3-acanthosis nigricans
voriconazole-drug-drug interact, hepatotox, photosensitivity
warfarin
A-Alopecia
B-Blding, purple toe synd, dermal vasc necrosis
O-Oral GI tolerance
U-Dermatitis
T-Teratogenic
ximelagatran-liver failure
yohimbine-postural hypotension, depression, sexual stimulat
zileuton-hepatitis
ziprasidone-cardiotoxic
DRUG-MOA
actinomycinD-DNA dep RNA synth
aldesleukin-IL2 agonist
alkylating agent-abnorm base pairing, DNA strand breakage
aminoglycoside-bind 30S ribosome misreading mRNA
amphetamine-cellular release catecholamine
amphotericinB-bind ergosterol pore in cell memb
anagrelide-PLT maturat
bacitracin-dephosphorylation of bactoprenol cell wall synth
barbiturat-bind subunit at -interface
bedaquiline-myocobact ATP synthase
BDZ-bind subunit at -interface
lactam antibiotic-transpeptidase cross link peptide chain cell wall
bleomycin-DNA break, free radicle formation
bortezomib, cartilzomib-proteosome
bremelanotide-cyclic heptapeptide lactam analog, MCR3,4
buprenorphine-partial agonist

chloramphenicol-bind 50S ribosome transfer of peptide chain fr P A site

clofazimine-template fn DNA
cocaine-reuptake of 5HT,NE,D
colchicine-bind Microtubule of Mitotic spindle Metaphase arrest Mitotic arrest
cycloserine-Ala ligase N acetyl muramic acid cell wall synth
cyclosporine, voclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus-calcineurin NFATc
does not move fr cytoplasm to nucleus transcript IL2 act on MTOR recept
daunorubicin, doxorubicin-topoisomerase I&II
Disulram-alDehyde DH>alcohol DH
ecallanitide-kallikrien
echinocandin-1,3glucan synthase
ethambutol-arabinogalactan
ezetimibe-cholesterol absorpt intest
fasudil-Rho kinase
5fluorocytosine-attack fungal nucleus
GABA-bind subunit
glucarpidase-mtx adjuvant
griseofUlvin-microtUbUle
hemicholinium-choline cotransporter
heparin-antithrombin III
hydroxyurea-Sphase ribonucleoside diP reductase DNA synth
icatibant-bradykinin antag
INH-INHA gene mycolic acid synth
Pb-ALA synthase, ALA dehydratase, ferrochelatase
leflunomide-dihydroorotate DH
levosimendon-Ca sensitiser, open ATP sensit Kch
lincosamide, macrolide, streptogramin-bind 50s ribosome translocation of
elongated peptide chain fr A P site
linezolid-23S,50S ribosome prot synth
mtx-DHFR
metyrosine-methyl paraTyr
mitoxantrone-break DNA strand, DNA&RNA synth
mycophenolate mofetil-IMP DH
nikkomycin-chitin synth
nitisone-urine excretion homogentisic acid
nitrate-bind SH-cysteine NO release soluble guanyl cyclase cGMP
(Ca)(phosphorylat MLCK) sm m relax
panobinostat, vorinostat, romidepsin-histone deacetylase
pegvisomant-GH antag
pentostatin-adenosine deaminase
Piperazine citrate-flaccid Paralysis worm
protC-fact V,VIII
pyrazinamide-mycolic acid

pyrimidine antimetab-thiamidylate synthase

racecadotril-encephalinase
rifampicin-DNA dep RNA polymerase initiat RNA synth
riluzole-NMDA
riuonest-hrC1 esterase
ruxolitinib-JAK
sulfonamide-dihydropteroate(folate) synthase competitively
taxane-depolymerisat mitotic spindle
teicoplanin,vancomycin-elongat peptide chain cell wall
terbinane-squalene epoxide cell memb
tetrabenazine-D depleter
tetracycline-bind 30S ribosome block AA deposition
theophylline-phosphodiesterase, ade nosine, histone deacetylation
trilostane-3OHsteroidDH
ulinastatin-trypsin
vesamicol-ACh tpt synaptic vesicle
vinka alkaloid-microtubule polymerisation mitotic spindle
warfarin-epoxide reductase
black widow spider toxin-ACh release& depletion
botulinum toxin-close presynapt Ca ch ACh release NM transm flaccid
paralysis
choler tox-ADP ribosylat Gs adenyl cyclase GI epith cAMP
Cl difcle
toxinA(enterotoxin)-neutrophil chemoattractant, GTP binding prot glycosylat
toxinB(cytotoxin)-cytoskeleton disrupt
diphtheria toxin-ADP ribosylat AA(diphthamide) on elongat fact2 translocation
rRNA prot synth
EHEC verocytotoxin/shigalike toxin-ribosome prot synth
ETEC heat labile toxin-adenyl cyclase cAMP
ETEC stable toxin-guanylyl cyclase cGMP
pertussis toxin-modif (i) fail to inh adenyl cyclase ADP ribosylat Gprot fn
adenyl cyclase, phospholipase, ion ch
Pseudomonas exotoxinA-ADP ribosylation elongat fact2 prot synth
shiga toxin-28sRNA prot synth
tetanospasmin-bind periph motor neuron enter axon retrograde tpt to cell body
in brain&spinal cord presynaptic block release of Gly&GABA
DRUG-USE
ACEI-CHF, HTN+DM, HTN+proteinuria, scleroderma crisis
acetazolamide-periodic paralysis, abs sz, catamenial epilepsy(menstruation)
aldesleukin-malign melanoma, RCC
alosetron-diarrh dominant IBS fem

alprostadil-erectile dysfn, maintain PDA patency

amifostine-radioprotector, cisplatin induced nephrotox
anagrelide-essential thrombocytosis
apafant, lexipafant-pancreatitis
BCG, mitomycinC-ca UB
bleomycin-GCT, capillary hemangioma
bortezomib-multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma
botulinum toxA-wrinkle, blepharospasm, cosmetic Sx, strabismus, dystonia
botulinum toxB-SMR, cervical dystonia
bremelanotide-erectile dysfn
bretylium-hypothermia induced VT, bupivacaine induced VT
bromocryptine, cabergoline, quinagolide (D2agonist)-galactorrhoea, hepat coma,
cyclic mastalgia, Parkinson ds, acromegaly, T2DM
carboprost-PPH
carmustine-brain tm
cephalosporine
I-G+ve bact
II-Pseudomonas, B fragilis
III-Pseudomonas
V-MRSA
cisplatin-ca cx, ca ovary
clonidine-HTN, secretory diarrh
cycloserine-TB
cytarabine, doxorubicin-AML
dapsone-acne, leprosy, pemph vulgaris, SLE, subcorneal pustule
dalfampridin(4aminopyridin)-walking ability multiple sclerosis pt, Lambert Eaton
synd
denileukin deftitox(IL2+diphtheria tox)-cutan Tcell lymphoma
dexmedetomidine-sedation in ICU pt
diazoxide-HTN, insulinoma
digoxin-CHF, disopyramide induced HR
ecallanitide, riunest-heredit angioedema
echinocandin-Candida, Aspergillus
epoprostenol-dialysis, CABG, store PLT, maintain PDA
fasudil-angina, SAH
felypressin-lignocaine action, esoph varices
5FU-ca colon, keratosis, superf BCC
fludarabine-CLL, hairy cell leukemia
flutamide-ca prostate
fosfomycin-UTI
ganaxolone-abs sz, catamenial sz
GCSF-neutropenia
gemcitabine-radiosensitiser

hydroxyurea-polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, CML, psoriasis, sickle cell

anem
icatibant-dry cough
interferon -HBV, HCV, Hairy cell leukemia
interferon 1A,B-multiple sclerosis
interferon Gam-c/c Granulomatous ds
irinotecan-ca colon
IVIg-Kawasaki ds, GBS, myasth gravis, ITP
ixabepilone-locally adv ca breast
L asparaginase-ALL
lenalidomide-multiple myeloma, MDS, mantle cell lymphoma, sickle cell anem
levamisole-antihelminthic
mecasermin-impaired growth d/t GH def
metyrosin-pheochromocytoma
mexiletine-VT, DM neuropathy, phantom limb
midodrine-supine hypotension synd
minoxidil-HTN, angina
misoprostol-MTP, NSAID peptic ulcer
mithramycin(plicamycin)-hypercalcemia
mitoxantrone-AML,ca prostate
mivabagran-overactive UB
modanil-narcolepsy, shift worker, obstr sleep apnea, multiple sclerosis
montelukast, zarlukast-asthma prophylaxis, Churg Strauss synd
mtx(CANCErPO)-Chorioca, Abortion, NHL, Crohn ds, Ectopic preg, Psoriasis,
Osteosarcoma
nimodipine-SAH
nitisone-alkaptonuria, tyrosinemia I
nitrosourea-brain tm
octreotide-carcinoid tm
onabotulinum tox-prophylaxis c/c migraine
ospemine-dyspareunia
ozurdex(0.7%dexamethasone)-CRVO
paclitaxel-prevent stent reject
palifermin-mucositis
pentostatin-hairy cell leukemia
perMEtrexed, triMEtrexed-MEsothelioma
phentolamine-cheese rxn, pheochromocytoma, oxime induced HTN, Phentolamine
Induced Penile Erection(PIPE) therapy
phenytoin-AED, digoxin induced VT
pitolisant, tiprolisant-schizophrenia, PD, narcolepsy
rifaximin-pseudomemb enterocolitis, IBS, hep encephalopathy, ETEC
riluzole-amyotroph lat sclerosis
sirolimus, everolimus-prevent stent rejection

streptograMin-Enterococcus faeciuM
tamsulosin-ureteric stone
temozolomide-glioblastoma multiforma, malign melanoma
tezosentan-a/c heart failure
thalidomide(R)-multiple myeloma, lepra rxn2, aphthous ulcer, SLE
topiramate-anticraving for both smoking &alcohol
topotecan-ca ovary
ulinastatin-pancreatitis, sepsis
valrubin-BCG resist ca UB
vancomycin-inf endocarditis
voclosporin-inf uveitis(LUMINATE)
DRUG-RESISTANCE
ceftriaxone-horizont tranfer plasmid coated AmpC lactamase
ethambutol-embB gene
fluoroquinolone-pt mutat DNA gyrase gene gyrA,B
INH-katG gene mutat(katG catalase peroxidase activat INH), mycobact inh A,
kasA gen mutat, cross resist-ethionamide
mtx-DHFR overexpression, efflux by P glycoprot
rifampicin-rpoB gene
pyrazinamide-pncA gene
streptomycin-16S rRNA, ribosom prot S12 gene
zidovudine-alter reverse transcriptase
PRODRUG-ACTIVE FORM
methyldopa-methylNE
bacampicillin-ampicillin
bambuterol-terbutaline
capecitabine-5FU
canrenone-spironolactone
cyclophosphamide-phosphoramide mustard, aldophosphamide
dabigatran
dipivefrine-epinephrine
dipyridamole-adenosine
enalapril-enalaprilat
5fluorocytosine-5fluorouracil
fluoxetine
fosphenytoin-phenytoin
heroin-morphine
hydralazine MAOI-hydrazide derivative
isoniazid
levodopa-dopamine
lovastatin&simvastatin-OH derivative

melagatran-ximelagatran
mercaptopurine-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide
minoxidil-minoxidil SO4
mycophenolate mofetil
nitazoxanide
omeprazole
phenacetin-acetaminophen
prednisone-prednisolone
proguanil-proguanil triazine
psylocybin-psylocin
sertraline
sulfasalazine-5ASA
sulindac-sulde metabolite
valaciclovir-aciclovir
Abbreviations
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume
w-week, wt-weight
Xr-X ray
y-year
#-fracture
-degree
-(N.B.-THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP
TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE
HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS. FOR ANY
FEEDBACK/QUERY PLEASE CONTACT- ankit.yadavendra@facebook.com or
dr.ankityadavendra@gmail.com )