UNIT 2 NETWORK THEOREMS

Network Theorems

Structure
2.1

Introduction
Objectives

2.2

2.3

Networks
2.2.1

Sign Convention

2.2.2

Active and Passive Elements

2.2.3

Unilateral/Bilateral Elements

2.2.4

Lumped and Distributed Networks

2.2.5

Linear and Non-Linear Elements

Superposition Theorem
2.3.1

Statement

2.3.2

Explanation of the Theorem

2.4

Thevenins Theorem

2.5

Nortons Theorem

2.6

2.7

2.5.1

Statement

2.5.2

Explanation of the Theorem

Reciprocity Theorem
2.6.1

Statement and Explanation

2.6.2

Explanation of the Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (MPTT)

2.7.1

Statement

2.7.2

Proof of the Theorem

2.7.3

Limitation of MPTT

2.8

Star and Delta Transformation

2.9

Theorems in AC Circuits

2.10 Summary
2.11 Answers to SAQs

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, you have studied about various circuit elements and circuit
simplification methods. In this unit, you will learn different terms and definitions which are
useful in network analysis. We will discuss different types of network theorem and their
applicability in networks. At the end, we will consider the star and delta transformation.
The objective of analyzing a particular circuit is to determine the various responses such
as current, voltage etc. which are produced in the circuit by the presence of active
elements.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to

give the elementary description of network terms and definitions,

explain the superposition theorem, reciprocating theorem and maximum

power transfer theorem,

describe the Thevenins and Nortons theorems, and

explain star delta transformation.

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Electrical Technology

2.2 NETWORKS
We can define a network as a complex form or an electric circuit which consist of a
number of inter-connected single circuit elements. A network consists of different
elements. The elements are represented by network branches and the different junctions
can be treated as nodes.
In Figure 2.1, there is a network which consists of four nodes and three branches
containing different elements like resistances, inductance, etc.
R1

R2

L1

Figure 2.1 : A Typical Network

In electrical circuits, we can classify the elements in two parts : elements like resistor,
inductor and capacitor as passive elements and voltage & current source as active
elements.
These circuits will generally contain at least one voltage or current source. The
arrangement of elements result in a new set of constraints between the current and
voltages.

2.2.1 Sign Convention

An electrical element having two terminal P and Q, known as a two-terminal element, is
shown in Figure 2.2. Current I flows in the direction shown from P to Q. In a passive
element Voltage V drops from P to Q, i.e. P is at higher potential than Q. Hence P is
marked positive (+) and Q is negative ().
+

Figure 2.2 : Sign Convention

We can define the various terms of a network.

2.2.2 Active and Passive Elements

Elements which supply the energy to the circuit are known as active elements. A network
which contains active elements are known as active networks. Elements which absorb the
energy are known as passive elements. A network containing only passive elements is
known as passive network.

2.2.3 Unilateral/Bilateral Elements

Elements, like semiconductor diode, which allow the current to pass through them only in
one direction are known as unilateral elements. Passive elements that allow the current to
pass through them in both directions are known as bilateral elements.

2.2.4 Lumped and Distributed Networks

Networks consisting of physically separated elements are known as lumped networks.
Networks, like transmission lines, having inseparable elements are known as distributed
networks.

2.2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Elements

26

The output and input relation of linear element always follows superposition and
homogeneity principles. The element that which does not follow these is known as a nonlinear element.

Network Theorems

2.3 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

It states that in an active, linear, bilateral network consisting of active and passive
elements with more than one source, the overall response (voltage or current) is equal to
the sum of the responses due to each of the sources acting independently.

2.3.1 Statement
In any linear network, if a number of voltage or current sources are acting simultaneously,
the voltage across or the current through any branch can be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents caused by each independent source
acting alone, with all other independent voltage sources replaced by short circuits and all
other independent current sources replaced by open circuit.

2.3.2 Explanation of the Theorem

In other words, if there are a number of voltages and current sources in a circuit, the
current flowing through (or the voltage across) a resistor, is equal to the resultant
(algebraic sum) of the current contributions in that particular branch by each of the source
acting alone with all other sources suppressed.
An ideal voltage source is replaced by a short circuit. An ideal current source is replaced
with an open circuit. If the sources are non-ideal ones, their effective resistances or
impedances are placed instead.
Figure 2.3 illustrated the property of homogenity.
x1

System

y1
x1
System

y = y1 + y2

x2

x2

System

y2

Figure 2.3 : Illustration of Properly of Homogeneity

Important Points

This theorem is not applicable to power

if

V = V1 + V2

I = I1 + I2

VI V1 I1 + V2 I2

This theorem is equally applicable to DC and AC.

This theorem doesnt hold good when we have just dependent sources.

While applying, dependent sources will neither be changed to short or open

circuit.

Example 2.1
Prove superposition theorem by finding currents through branch R.

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R1

Electrical Technology

R2

E1

E2

Figure 2.4

Case 1
When E1 is the active source and E2 is short circuited. Let I 1 be the current through
R1 in this case. (Figure 2.5(a))
I 1 =

The current

I =

I=

I1 '

E1
RR 2
R1 +
R+R
2

(R + R2 ) E1
R1 R + R1 R 2 + RR 2

R2

I
R + R2 1
R 2 E1

(2.1)

RR1 + R1 R 2 + RR 2
R1

R2
I

E1

Figure 2.5(a)
R1

RR2/R1 + R2

E1

Figure 2.5(b)

Case 2
When E2 source is active in the network and E1 is short circuited.
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R1

R2

I1''

Network Theorems

I2'

I'

E2

Figure 2.6(a)
R2

RR1

E2

R + R1

Figure 2.6(b)

I =

R1

(R1 + R )
E2

I 2 =

R2 +

I 2 =
I =

I 2

RR1
R + R1

(R + R1 ) E 2
RR 2 + R1 R 2 + RR1
E2 R1
RR2 + R1R2 + RR1

I and I are in same direction, so they get added up

I = I + I =

Voltage = IR =

R 2 E1 + E 2 R1
RR 2 + RR1 + R1 R 2

R R2 E1 + E2 R1
R2 E1 + E2 R1
=
R1 R2
R R2 + R R1 + R1 R2

R2 + R1 + R

Use Mesh Analysis

R1

E1

I1

R2

I2

E2

Figure 2.7

Using the mesh analysis

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 R + R1

Electrical Technology

R + R2

R + R1
=
R

I 1 E1
=

I 2 E 2

R
E
1 = 1
R + R2
E2

R + R1
2 =

R
R + R2

E1

E2

= (R + R1 ) (R + R2 ) R 2

= R 2 + R R2 + R R1 + R1 R2 R 2 = R R1 + R R2 + R1 R2
1 = E1 (R + R2 ) E2 R

= R (E1 E2 ) + E1R2
2 = E2 ( R + R1 ) + E1 R

2
I = I1 I 2 = 1

[By substituting I1 =
or I =

, I2 = 2

E1 R2 + E2 R1
, which is same as calculated by superposition theorem also.
RR1 + RR2 + R1 R2

SAQ 1
(a)

Find the current through 10 resistor using superposition theorem.

5

10

25

15

2A

Figure 2.8

(b)

Find VL in the circuit of Figure 2.9 using superposition theorem.

2

5A

+
+

2V

5A

VL

Figure 2.9

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2.4 THEVENINS THEOREM

Network Theorems

2.4.1 Statement and Explanation

In a linear, bilateral, active network consisting of active sources, passive elements and a
load resistor, RL, the current through the load can be calculated directly by the expression
Vth
I=
where Vth (Thevenins voltage) is the open circuit voltage, across the
Rth + RL
terminals where load RL is connected, after removal of the load and Rth (Thevenin
resistance) is equal to the equivalent resistance looking back into the network after
rendering all the sources as passive (i.e. by replacing independent voltage sources by short
circuit and current sources by open circuit). Thus, if there is a network with above
characteristics one can find its Thevenin equivalent network. It is the series combination of
Thevenin voltage (Vth) and Thevenin resistance (Rth).
Rth

A
N

RL

RL

Vth

B
B

Figure 2.10 : Thevenins Equivalent Network

This theorem is most extensively used in the network systems.

Example 2.2
Find the current through the load resistor for RL = 2 , 5 , 10 , 14 , 20 ,
25 and 30 . Find also the power through the load in each case.
R1 = 5

R2 = 10

R3 = 20

100V

RL

Figure 2.11

Solution
Step 1
Calculate Vth.
Remove RL and redraw the circuit.

VOC = 4 20 = 80 V
5

10
A

100V

4A

Voc = Vth

20

B
Figure 2.12(a)

Step 2
Calculation of Rth Replace the voltage source by a short circuit.

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R1 = 5

R2 = 10

10
A

20 5
=4
20 + 5

R3 = 20
Rth

Figure 2.12(b)

Rth = 10 + 4 = 14 .
Step 3
Thevenins equivalent circuit.
Rth = 14

80 V

RL

Figure 2.12(c)

IL =

Vth
Rth + R L

I1 =

80
80
=
= 5A
14 + 2 16

I2 =

80
80
=
14 + 5 19

I3 =

80
A
24

I4 =

80
A
28

80
A
34
80
I6 =
A
39
80
I7 =
A
44
I5 =

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

32

RL
2
5
10
14
20
25
30

Rth + RL
16
19
24
28
34
39
44

IL
5A
4.21 A
3.33 A
2.86 A
2.35 A
2.05 A
1.8 A

Power = I2 RL
50 W
88.6 W
110.9 W
114.5 W
110.45
105.06 W
99.37 W

Network Theorems

SAQ 2
Find Thevenins voltage across a-b terminal in the circuit of Figure 2.13. Also find
the internal resistance across the open circuit a-b terminal. This find V2 such that
current through r is zero.
R1

R2
a
r

V1

+ +V
2

V1 = 10V
R 2 = 4
I = 2A

R1 = 5
r = 1
V= ?

Figure 2.13

2.5 NORTONS THEOREM

2.5.1 Statement
In a linear, active, bilateral network consisting of active sources, passive elements and a
load resistor RL, the circuit can be replaced by a single current source of magnitude IN and
a resistor RN parallel to the load, where IN is the short circuit current through the points
where the load is connected and RN is the equivalent resistance as seen from the terminal
where the load is connected.

2.5.2 Explanation of the Theorem

Nortons equivalent is a parallel combination of Nortons current source IN is parallel with
Nortons resistance RN as shown below.
Example 2.3
Determine Nortons equivalent circuit at terminals AB for the following circuit.
A
A
N

RL

RN

RL

I
N

B
B

Figure 2.14 : Nortons Equivalent Circuit

Solution
The complete circuit can be replaced by a current source parallel with a single
resistor, where IN is the current passing through the short circuit output terminals
AB and RN is the resistance as seen into the output terminals.
10

10

A
20V

20V

IN

RN

(a)

(b)
Figure 2.15(a)

Since resistance at terminals AB is a parallel combination of 10 & 10

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Electrical Technology

RN =

10 10 100
=
= 5
10 + 10 20

Nortons equivalent circuit is as given in Figure 2.16.

10

10
A
A

2A

20V

IN

2A

20V

4A

B
B

Figure 2.16

2.6 RECIPROCITY THEOREM

2.6.1 Statement and Explanation
The ratio of excitation to response remains invariant in a reciprocal network with respect
to an interchange between the points of application of excitation and measurement of
response.

2.6.2 Explanation of the Theorem

Example 2.4
Verify reciprocity theorem for the T-circuit.
Z1

Z2

Z3

Figure 2.17

Case 1
Let us find response I2 of voltage source E in the position shown in Figure
2.18.
Z eff = ( Z 2 Z 3 ) + Z 1

Z 2Z3
Z2 + Z3

+ Z1

Z Z + Z1 Z 2 + Z 3 Z1
= 2 3
Z2 + Z3
I1 =

34

E
Z eff

Z3
E Z3
I 2 = I1 .
=
Z 2 + Z 3 Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1

Z1

I1

I2

Z2

Network Theorems

Z3

I2

Figure 2.18

Case 2
When positions of source, i.e. E, and response, i.e. I are interchanged as
shown in Figure 2.19.

Z eff = ( Z1 Z 3 ) + Z 2
Z Z + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
= 1 2
Z1 + Z 3
I 2 =

E
Z eff
Z3
E Z3
I 1 = I 2
=
Z1 + Z 3 Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z1

Z2

I1'

I1'

Z3

I2'

Figure 2.19

From the above, it can be seen that I 2 = I1 . Hence theorem is verified. The ratio
E I 2 or E I 1 is called the transfer impedance and is given by
Z Z + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
ZT = 1 2
Z3
Z Z
= Z1 + Z 2 + 1 2
Z
3

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Electrical Technology

SAQ 3
Verify the reciprocity theorem for the network shown in Figure 2.20 with source
and response positions being ab and cd. Also find transfer impedence of these two
positions.
2

20 V

Figure 2.20

2.7 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

(MPTT)
2.7.1 Statement
MPTT theorem which states that in an active, linear, bilateral network, maximum power is
delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance looking
back into the network from the terminals where the load is connected. The value of
V2
maximum power is given by
. In simpler terms, maximum power is delivered from a
4 RL
source to a load when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance, assuming that
the load resistance is a variable.
Applications
There are many examples of this kind of circuits which use the concept of maximum
power transfer theorem like speakers, a microphone, pre-amplifiers.

2.7.2 Proof of the Theorem

Let a variable load resistance RL be connected across the terminals ab of a voltage source
with internal series resistance RS.
a
Rs

Vs

RL

Figure 2.21

36

Current in the circuit is I =

Network Theorems

VS
( RS + RL )

Power delivered to the

RL is P = I 2 RL = VS2 RL

(RS + RL )2

For determining the maximum power, we differentiate power with respect to RL:

VS2
dP
d

=
RL
2
dRL dRL ( R + R )

L
S
S ( RS + RL ) 2 (2 RL ) ( RS + RL )
= VS2

( RS + RL ) 4

and equate this derivative to zero

( R S + R L ) 2 2R L ( R S + R L ) = 0
R S2 + R L2 + 2 R S R L 2 R L2 2 R S R L = 0

This gives
RS = RL

Thus, maximum power will be transferred when load resistance = source resistance and
maximum power is
Pm = Vs2

RL
( RL + RL ) 2

Vs2
V2
= s
4 RL
4 RS

2.7.3 Limitation of MPTT

MPTT though provides the condition for maximum power through the load, the amount of
loss which takes place in the internal resistance of the network under conditions of
maximum power is considerable. Half of the power is actually wasted in the resistance and
efficiency is reduced to 50%.
Therefore, we cannot use this theorem for any practical determination of load in a circuit.

SAQ 4
Determine the maximum power delivered to the load in the circuit shown in Figure
2.22.
5

3V

RL

Figure 2.22

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2.8 STAR AND DELTA TRANSFORMATION

In reduction of networks, sometimes we have difficulty to solve the network in exact form.
There is a need to transform the network in another shape. A three terminal network can be
represented as T (Star) or (Delta). Using different values of network elements the
equivalent of star in delta or vice-versa can be found by using this technique.
A

A
RA
R1

RB

RC

(Star)

R2

R3
(Delta)

Figure 2.23 : Star-Delta Network

The equivalent resistance of above two circuits from the terminals AB, BC and CA are
equal.
For Star

For Delta

RAB = RA + RB

R ( R + R3 )
R AB = R1 ( R 2 + R3 ) = 1 2
R1 + R 2 + R3

RBC = RB + RC

R ( R + R2 )
R BC = R3 ( R1 + R 2 ) = 3 1
R1 + R 2 + R3

RCA = RC + RA

RCA = R 2 ( R1 + R3 ) =

R 2 ( R1 + R3 )
R1 + R 2 + R3

If we equate these resistances, then

R A + RB =

R1 ( R 2 + R3 )
R1 + R 2 + R3

R ( R + R2 )
R B + RC = 3 1
R1 + R 2 + R3
RC + R A =

R 2 ( R1 + R3 )
R1 + R 2 + R3

. . . (A)

. . . (B)

. . . (C)

Subtracting Eq. (B) from (A) and adding with (C), we get

RA =
RB =
and

38

RC =

R1 R 2
R1 + R2 + R3
R1 R3
R1 + R2 + R3
R 2 R3
R1 + R2 + R3

. . . (D)

. . . (E)

. . . (F)

So the delta connection of R1, R2 and R3 can be replaced in star of RA, RB and RC. Add the
multiple of DE, EF and FD, we get

Network Theorems

R12 R 2 R3 + R32 R1 R2 + R22 R1 R3

R A R B + R B RC + RC R A =
(R1 + R2 + R3 )2
R A RB + RB RC + RC RA =

or

R1 R2 R3
( R1 + R2 + R3 )

. . . (G)

Divide Eq. (G) by D, E and F using LHS and RHS, we get

R1 =

R A R B + R B RC + RC R A
RC

R2 =

R A R B + R B RC + RC R A
RB

R3 =

and

R A R B + R B RC + RC R A
RA

Using above relation, a star with RA, RB and RC can be transformed in delta of R1, R2
and R3.

Example 2.5
Find delta equivalent circuit of the Figure 2.24
A

RA = 1

RC

=1

RCA

RAB

RB = 1
C

B
RBC

Figure 2.24

From equations, the numerator of delta equivalent values is sum of multiple of RA

RB, RB RC and RC RA. The denominator is resistance in star opposite to delta branch.
R AB =

1+1+1
= 3
1

R BC =

1+1+1
= 3
1

RCA =

1+1+1
= 3
1

Example 2.6
Find star equivalent circuit of the delta circuit, in Figure 2.25.

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Electrical Technology
A

R1
2

2
R2
R3

Figure 2.25

From equations, the denominator gives the sum of all delta resistances and
numerator is multiple of two resistances of delta in between of them the star branch
exists.

and

R1 =

22
4 2
= =
2+2+2 6 3

R2 =

R3 =

2
.
3

SAQ 5
In a network, shown in Figure 2.26, find the resistance between the points A
and B.
C

3.25

4.75

5
2.

5
1.

1
E

Figure 2.26

40

11.5

Network Theorems

2.9 THEOREMS IN AC CIRCUITS

In the previous section, the network theorems have been explained in terms of the DC
circuits. Here, we explain the importance of network theorems in AC circuits. The
elements in the AC circuits are Resistance (R), inductance (L) and capacitance (C) which
affect the circuit when a sinusoidal emf is applied. Complex quantities of AC circuits can
be reduced into simpler quantities using the network theorems. All the theorems explained
in the previous section are also applicable in AC circuits.

Example 2.7
Calculate current in Impedance Z3 using superposition theorem.

200

1 + j1

1 j1

Z1

Z2

V1

Z3

V2

1 + j2

2060

Figure 2.27

Solution
Step 1
First consider V1 alone, replacing V2 by short circuit.
Z1

Z2

I1
I3

+
V1

20 0

Z3

Figure 2.28

Z2 and Z3 are parallel and in series with Z1.

Then

Z eq = ( Z 2 Z 3 ) + Z1
=

(1 j1) (1 + j 2)
+ 1 + j1
2 + j1

Z eq = 2.4 + j 0.8
I1 =

20 + j 0
V
=
= 7.5 j 2.5
Z eq 2.4 + j 0.8

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Electrical Technology

Now current in Z3
I 3 =

I1 Z 2
Z2 + Z3

(7.5 j 2.5) (1 j1)

2 + j1

I 3 = j5 A.

Step 2

Consider V2 alone
I2
I3

Z1

Z2

Z3

V2

20 60

Figure 2.29

Now Z1 is in parallel with Z3 and Z2 is in series with that combination.

Then

Z eq = ( Z 1 Z 3 ) + Z 2
=

(1 + j1) (1 + j 2)
+ 1 j1
2 + j3

= 1.54 j 0.31

Now current I 2 =

V
20 60o
=
Zeq 1.54 j 0.31

= 8.42 j 9.5
I 3 =

I 2 Z1
(8.42 j 9.55) (1 + j 1)
=
Z1 + Z 3
2 + j3

I 3 = 2.50 j 4.32
Thus, current in Z3 is
I 3 = I 3 + I 3
= j 5 + 2.5 j 4.32
= 2.5 j 9.32
I 3 = 9.65 75
Example 2.8

Find current in Z3 using Thevenins theorem in above network.

Solution

Remove Z3 and find VTh across terminals AB.

42

Z1

Z2

V1

Network Theorems

200

V2

2060

Figure 2.30

Now

V V2 20 20 60
I= 1
=
Z1 + Z 2
1 + j1 + 1 j1
=

Now

20 10 + j17.32
2

= 1060

V AB = V1 IZ1
= 20 0 10 60o

2 45

= 20 + 3.66 j13.64 = 27.30 30

VTh = VAB = 27.32 30
Now ZTh can be calculated by replacing V1 and V2 by short circuits
A

Z1

Z2

Figure 2.31

so

Z Th = Z1 Z 2

Z Th =

245 2 45
2+

Z Th = 10
Thus, Thevenins equivalent CKT is

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Electrical Technology

Ah
I3

ZTh

VTh

Z3

Bh

Figure 2.32

and

I3 =
=

VTh
Z Th + Z 3
27.32 30
1 + 1 + j2

I 3 = 9.65 75
Example 2.9

Find I3 in above problem using Nortons theorem.

Solution

First we find Nortons current source replacing Z3 by a short circuit.

A
Z1

200o

Z2

I1

I2

Figure 2.33

I N = I SC = I1 + I 2 =
IN =

200o 20 60o
+
Z1
Z2

10 j 17.32
20
+
1 + j1
1 j1

I N = 27.32 30
The Nortons resistance is same as ZTh
Z N = Z Th = 10
so Nortons equivalent CKT is

44

20 60o

27.3 30

Network Theorems

1 0

Z3 = (1 + j2)

Figure 2.34

I3 =
=

I N .Z N
Z N + Z3
27.32 30 10
2 + j2

I 3 = 9.65 75

2.10 SUMMARY
In this unit, network analysis with various new terms and definitions are explained. You
have learnt different network theorems and their applicability in daily life. In particular,
you learnt the
(a)

Superposition theorem and its use to find the current in any branch and
voltage at any node of a network.

(b)

Thevenins theorem to find current in a branch which contains the variable

load. Also, you learnt its dual as Nortons theorem.

(c)

Star and delta transformation and its use in network reduction.

2.11 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1

(a)

With only 25 V source, I = 1A direction ( L R)

with only 2A source, I =

8
A direction ( R L)
15

Applying superposition theorem, I = 1

8
7
=
A direction ( L R)
15 15

(b)
2

5A

+
+

2V

5A

VL

Figure 2.35

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Electrical Technology

With only 2V source and other sources replaced by their internal resistances
the circuit becomes as shown in Figure 2.35(a).

i1 =

2
= 1 A , V1 = 1 1 = 1V
22
+1
2+2
2

1
I1
+

2V

V1

rL = 1

Figure 2.35(a)

With only one 5A source, the circuit reduced to that shown in

Figure 2.35(b).
i2 = ( 5)

1
2
1+1+
3

3
15
= ( 5 ) = A
8
8

[as 2 resistance is effectively in parallel with rL]

5
15 2
15 2
i3 =
= = A
4
8 1+ 2
8 3

5
V 2 = 1V = 5 / 4 V
4
2

Ib

I a A I2

1
B
I3
+
1

5A

V2

rL

Figure 2.35(b)

With only other 5 A source, the circuit reduces to that shown in

Figure 2.35(c).

5
2
i4 =
1
2 +1 +1 3
3

= 5 / 4A
V3 = 5 / 4 1 = 5 / 4 V

46

Network Theorems

V = V1 + V 2 + V3 = 1V
2

5A

1
I4
+
V3

Figure 2.35(c)

SAQ 2
Thevenins theorem
R1 = 5

R2 = 4
a

r=1
+

V1 = 10V

I = 2A

V2 = unknown

Figure 2.36

Let the terminals ab be open circuited. No current flows through r.

5

V1

4
+

R1

R1

R2

a
R2

Vab

Rth

(a)

(b)
Rth
a
r

Vth

V2

(c)

47

Electrical Technology

Figure 2.36

Rth = R1 + R2 = 5 + 4 = 9
Vth = 10 + 5 2 = 10 + 10 = 20V ,

Rth = 9

The current through r is zero when

I =

Vth V2
=0
Rth + r

or

Vth V2 = 0

or

V2 = Vth = 20 r

SAQ 3
Verify reciprocity theorem

Total resistance of the circuit = 2 + 2 {2 + (2 2)}

= 16 / 5
IT =

20
16 / 5

25
A
4

I 3 = IT

2
25 2
=
. = 2.5 A
2 + (2 + 2 || 2)
4 5

I1 = I3 .

I
2
2.5
= 3 =
= 1.25 A
2+2
2
2

IT

I3
c

I1
+

20 V

Figure 2.37

The current in 2 branched is I1 = 1.25 A

Applying the reciprocity theorem by inter-changing the source and response
Total resistance in the circuit = 16/5
Total current drawn by the CKT IT =

25
A
4

Proceeding in the same way as in precious case,

The current in the branch ab is I2 = 1.25 A
Thus, I1 = I2 = 1.25 and the reciprocity theorem is very good.

48

Network Theorems
c

+
20V

Figure 2.38

If we compare the results in both cases, the ratio of input to response is the same
20
=
= 16 , which is the transfer impedance.
1.25
SAQ 4

Let us first find theorems equivalent of the network at terminals ab as shown in

Figure 2.39(b).
5

I1

3V

I2

2
A

Rth

Figure 2.39(a)

Internal resistance = RTh = {(5 5) + 2}

9 2 18
9
5

= + 2 || 2 = || 2 =
=

9
2
3
2

+2
2
I1 =

3
=
5 + 5 || (2 + 2)

I 2 = I1 .

5 29 5
3
=
. =
A
9 65 9 13

Vth = 2 I 2 =

3
27
=
A
54
65
5+
9

6
V
13

Thevenins equivalent of the circuit is

Rth

RL

Vth

13

18
13

Figure 2.39(b)

49

Electrical Technology

6
2

V
1
13
=
Maximum power = m =
W
18
4 RL
26
4
13

SAQ 5

In order to solve this network for the resistance between the points A and B, the
inner delta DEF is first transformed to its equivalent star connection.
Ra =

1.5 2.5
= 0.75
1.5 + 2.5 + 1

Rb =

1.5 1
= 0.3
1.5 + 1 + 2.5

Rc =

1 2.5
= 0.5
1 + 2.5 + 1.5

The inner portion

C

3.25

F
Ra

5.05

0.75

0.3

R1

Re

Rb

5
4.7

0.5

R2

4.5

R3

Reduction of circuit

Figure 2.40

Using star-delta transformation

R1 =

5.05 4 + 4 5 + 5 5.05
= 13.09
5

R2 = 4 + 5 +

45
= 12.96
5.05

R3 = 5 + 5.05 +

5 5.05
= 16.36
4

Replacing this equivalent of inner circuit in main circuit, we get

3.62

6
.9
12

13
.0
9

16.36
B

5
Reduction of the network

50

3.61

3.83

Figure 2.41 : Reduction of the Network

Network Theorems

The above conversion of the given network reduces to the circuit in which the
resistance across a branch are in parallel, hence:
R AC =

5 13.09
= 3.62
5 + 13.09

RBC =

5 12.96
= 3.61
5 + 12.96

R AB =

5 16.36
= 3.83
5 + 16.36

Since RAC and RBC are in series and their series combination is in parallel with RAB
the total resistance across AB is given by
Resistance across AB
R=

(3.62 + 3.61) 3.83

= 2.5
(3.62 + 3.61) + 3.83

Thus, resistance between the two points AB = 2.5 .

51