HFSS User Guide With Examples

Ansoft HFSS User Guide
Chapter 1 - Introduction
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Ansoft HFSS for SI User Guide
Training Manual
Inventory Number: 002704

3rd Edition
HFSS Release: 11.1
Published Date: February 20, 2009
Registered Trademarks:
ANSYS is a registered trademark of SAS IP Inc.
All other product names mentioned in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective manufacturers.
Disclaimer Notice:
This document has been reviewed and approved in accordance with the ANSYS, Inc.
Documentation Review and Approval Procedures. This ANSYS Inc. software product (the
Program) and program documentation (Documentation) are furnished by ANSYS, Inc. under an
ANSYS Software License Agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying,
length and nature of use, warranties, disclaimers and remedies, and other provisions. The
Program and Documentation may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that
License Agreement.
Copyright 2008 SAS IP, Inc.

Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.
All Rights Reserved.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Table of Contents
Welcome to Ansoft HFSS
Getting Help
Ansoft Desktop
Simulation Overview
Simulation Basics
Training Manual
1-1
6.
1-3
1-4
1-7
1-9
1-18
3.
Boundary Conditions
3-1
4.
Appendix Boundary Conditions
4-1
UHF Probe
Conical Horn
Probe Fed Patch
Slot Coupled Patch
Endfire Waveguide Array

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Examples Filters
Bandpass Filter
8.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
9.
LVDS Differential Pair

Segmented Return Path
Non-ideal Planes
Return Path
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Examples On-Chip
Spiral Inductor
1-3
7.1
Examples Signal Integrity
Examples Antenna
Magic T
Coax Connector
180 Ring Hybrid
Coax Stub
Microstrip Wave Port
Ferrite Circulator
2-1
7.
5.
Examples Microwave
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Welcome to Ansoft HFSS
Training Manual
What is HFSS?
HFSS is a high-performance full-wave electromagnetic(EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device
modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation,
visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems
are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method(FEM), adaptive meshing, and
brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be
used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical uses include:
Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

PCB Board Modeling Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes
Silicon/GaAs - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
EMC/EMI Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
Antennas/Mobile Communications Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific
Absorption Rate(SAR), Infinite Arrays, Radar Cross Section(RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces(FSS)
Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric
HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron. This allows you to solve any
arbitrary 3D geometry, especially those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take using
other techniques.
The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Ansoft pioneered the use of the Finite Element
Method(FEM) for EM simulation by developing/implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite elements,
adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lanczos-Pade Sweep(ALPS). Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with
innovations such as Modes-to-Nodes and Full-Wave Spice.
Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS
is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Installing the Ansoft HFSS software
Training Manual
System Requirements
For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide
Installing the Ansoft HFSS Software

For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide
Starting Ansoft HFSS

1. Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11.
2. Or Double click on the HFSS 11 icon on the Windows Desktop
NOTE: You should make backup copies of all HFSS projects created
created with a
previous version of the software before opening them in HFSS v11

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Web Update
Training Manual
WebUpdate
This feature allows you to update any existing Ansoft software from the WebUpdate window. This feature automatically
scans your system to find any Ansoft software, and then allows you to download any updates if they are available.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Getting Help
Training Manual
Getting Help
If you have any questions while you are using Ansoft HFSS you can find answers in several ways:
Ansoft HFSS Online Help provides assistance while you are working.
To get help about a specific, active dialog box, click the Help button in the dialog box or press the F1 key.
Select the menu item Help > Contents to access the online help system.
Tooltips are available to provide information about tools on the toolbars or dialog boxes. When you hold the
pointer over a tool for a brief time, a tooltip appears to display the name of the tool.
As you move the pointer over a tool or click a menu item, the Status Bar at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS
window provides a brief description of the function of the tool or menu item.
The Ansoft HFSS Getting Started guide provides detailed information about using HFSS to create and solve
3D EM projects.
Ansoft Technical Support
To contact Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area, please log on to the Ansoft corporate
website, www.ansoft.com and select Contact.
Your Ansoft sales engineer may also be contacted in order to obtain this information.
Visiting the Ansoft Web Site

If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can visit the Ansoft Web site to learn more about the Ansoft company
and products.
From the Ansoft Desktop
Select the menu item Help > Ansoft Corporate Website to access the Online Technical Support (OTS)
system.
From your Internet browser
Visit www.ansoft.com

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Getting Help
Training Manual
For Technical Support

The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional
documentation, training, and application notes.
Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm
Technical Support:
9-4 EST:
Pittsburgh, PA
(412) 261-3200 x0 Ask for Technical Support
Burlington, MA
9-4 PST:
San Jose, CA
Portland, OR
(503) 906-7944
Irvine, CA
(714) 417-9311 x6

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Ansoft Desktop Terms
Training Manual

The Ansoft HFSS Desktop has several optional panels:
A Project Manager which contains a design tree which lists the structure of the project.
A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur before you begin a simulation.
A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or attributes.
A Progress Window that displays solution progress.
A 3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active design.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Ansoft HFSS Desktop
Training Manual
Menu
bar
Toolbars
3D Modeler
Window
Project
Manager
with project
tree
Progress
Window
Message
Manager
Status
bar
Property Window
Coordinate Entry Fields

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Project Manager
Project Manager Window
Project
Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
Parametric
Parametric
Optimization
Optimization
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Statistical
Statistical

Design Results
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Property Window
Property Window
Property
buttons
Property
table
Property tabs

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
3D Modeler Window
Ansoft 3D Modeler
Graphics
area
3D Modeler
design tree
Edge
Vertex
Model
Coordinate System (CS)
Context menu
Plane
Origin
Face
Model
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
3D Modeler Design Tree
Material
Object
Object Command
History
Object View
Grouped by Material

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Design Windows
Training Manual
Design Windows
In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each design is displayed in a separate
window.
You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time. Also, you can have multiple views of the
same design visible at the same time.
To arrange the windows, you can drag them by the title bar, and resize them by dragging a corner or border. Also, you
can select one of the following menu options: Window >Cascade, Window >Tile Vertically, or Window > Tile
Horizontally.
To organize your Ansoft HFSS window, you can iconize open designs. Click the Iconize ** symbol in the upper right
corner of the document border. An icon appears in the lower part of the Ansoft HFSS window. If the icon is not visible,
it may be behind another open document. Resize any open documents as necessary. Select the menu item Window
> Arrange Icons to arrange them at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window.
Select the menu item Window > Close All to close all open design. You are prompted to Save unsaved designs.
Iconize
Symbol
Design icons

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Toolbars
Training Manual
Toolbars
The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands. Most of the available toolbars are displayed in this
illustration of the Ansoft HFSS initial screen, but your Ansoft HFSS window probably will not be arranged this way. You
can customize your toolbar display in a way that is convenient for you.
Some toolbars are always displayed; other toolbars display automatically when you select a document of the related
type. For example, when you select a 2D report from the project tree, the 2D report toolbar displays.
To display or hide individual toolbars:

Right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame.
A list of all the toolbars is displayed. The toolbars with a check mark beside them are visible; the toolbars without
a check mark are hidden. Click the toolbar name to turn its display on or off
To make changes to the toolbars, select the menu item Tools > Customize. See Customize and Arrange Toolbars
on the next page.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Toolbars
Training Manual
Customize and Arrange Toolbars

To customize toolbars:
Select the menu item Tools > Customize, or right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame and click Customize at
the bottom of the toolbar list.
In the Customize dialog, you can do the following:
View a Description of the toolbar commands
1.Select an item from the Component pull-down list
2.Select an item from the Category list
3.Using the mouse click on the Buttons to display the Description
4.Click the Close button when you are finished
Toggle the visibility of toolbars
1.From the Toolbar list, toggle the check boxes to control the visibility of the toolbars
2.Click the Close button when you are finished

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Overview
Training Manual
Ansoft HFSS Desktop

The Ansoft HFSS Desktop provides an intuitive, easy-to-use interface for developing passive RF device models.
Creating designs, involves the following:
1. Parametric Model Generation creating the geometry, boundaries and excitations
2. Analysis Setup defining solution setup and frequency sweeps
3. Results creating 2D reports and field plots
4. Solve Loop - the solution process is fully automated
To understand how these processes co-exist, examine the illustration shown on the next page.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Overview
Training Manual
Design
Solution Type
Boundaries
Parametric Model
Geometry/Materials
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
Analysis
Solution Setup
Frequency Sweep
Mesh
Refinement
Analyze
Solve
Results
2D Reports
Fields
NO
Converged
Solve Loop
YES
Update

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Opening a Design
Training Manual
Opening a HFSS project

This section describes how to open a new or existing project.
Opening a New project
To open a new project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > New.
2. Select the menu Project > Insert HFSS Design.
Opening an Existing HFSS project
To open an existing project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window,
select the menu File > Open.
Use the Open dialog to select
the project.
2. Click Open to open the project
Opening an Existing Project from Explorer
You can open a project directly from the Microsoft Windows Explorer.
To open a project from Windows Explorer, do one of the following:
Double-click on the name of the project in Windows Explorer.
Right-click the name of the project in Windows Explorer and select Open from the shortcut menu.

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Set Solution Type
Training Manual
Set Solution Type

This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the type of results, how the excitations
are defined, and the convergence. The following Solution Types are available:
1. Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of
the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.
2. Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The Smatrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.
3. Eignemode calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant
frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
Convergence
Driven Modal Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method available for Driven
Solutions in previous versions.
Driven Terminal Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.
Eigenmode - Delta F
To set the solution type:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
2. Solution Type Window:
1. Choose one of the following:
1.Driven Modal
2.Driven Terminal
3.Eigenmode
2. Click the OK button

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Converting older files
Training Manual
Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS v11

Because of changes to the HFSS files with the development of HFSS v11, opening a HFSS document from an earlier
release may take more time than you are used to experiencing. However, once the file has been opened and saved,
subsequent opening time will return to normal
Ansoft HFSS v11 provides a way for you to automatically convert your HFSS projects from an earlier version to the
HFSS v11 format.
To access HFSS projects in an earlier version.
From HFSS v11,
1. Select the menu item File > Open
2. Open dialog
1.Files of Type: Ansoft HFSS Project Files (.hfss)
2.Browse to the existing project and select the .hfss file
3.Click the Open button

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Ansoft HFSS - User Guide
Chapter 2 Simulation Basics

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
What is HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)?

HFSS is the industry-standard software for S-parameter, full-wave SPICE extraction and
electromagnetic simulation of high-frequency and high-speed components. HFSS is widely used for
the design of on-chip embedded passives, PCB interconnects, antennas, RF/microwave components,
and high-frequency IC packages.
HFSS improves engineering productivity, reduces development time, and better assures first-pass
design success. The latest release of HFSS delivers significant productivity gains to Microwave/RF
engineers and expands electromagnetic co-design to a new segment of engineers working in the
areas of RF/analog IC and multi-gigabit designs as well as EMI/EMC.

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
GUI
Mesh

Solver
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
HFSS Methodology
Training Manual
HFSS uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve Maxwells equations.
The primary advantage of the FEM for solving partial differential equations lies in the ability of the basic building blocks
used to discretize the model to confrom to arbitrary geometry.
The arbitrary shape of the basic building block (tetrahedron) also allows HFSS to generate a coarse mesh where fewer
cells are needed to yield an accuate solution, while creating a finely discretized mesh where the field is rapidly varying
or higher accuaracy is needed to obtain an accurate global solution.
The FEM has been a standard for solving electromagnetic problems since the
inception of HFSS in 1990.
The FEM has been a standard for solving problems in structure mechanics since the mid 1950s.
Tetrahedron

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
HFSS - Technology
Training Manual
Tangential Vector Finite Elements

Vertex: Explicitly
Solved
Edge: Explicitly
Solved
Face:
Interpolated
Transfinite Element Method
Adaptive Meshing
Converged
Initial

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
HFSS Automated solution process
Training Manual
The Solve
Start
Create Initial
Mesh
Solve fields using the

Finite Element Method
Max(|
S|)<goal?
Generate New Mesh
no
Calculate local
Solution error
yes
Calculate broad band
s-parameters (if desired)

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
1D FEM Example
Training Manual
The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the

unknown curve F(x).
w2
w0
F(x)
w3 w4
w5
w6
x
6
w1
0
1
The model is discretized into 6 individual cells. w0 w6 are the

piecewise linear basis functions from which the approximate
solution will be built.
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
1D FEM Example
Training Manual
In the FEM, the unknown function is expressed as a weighted sum of the

piecewise continuous basis functions.
F(x)=
ai wi
F(x)
1
Node 1
x
6
The approximate solution resulting from the FEM

calculation is F(x) shown as a dotted line.

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
1D FEM Example
Training Manual
A key feature of the FEM, as it is implemented in HFSS, is the ability to locally

determine the error. Recall that F(x) is not known, but the ERROR can be
determined1.
Error!
F(x)=
ai wi
F(x)
Node 1
x
6
1 D.
K. Sun, Z. Cendes, J.-Fa Lee, Adaptive Mesh Refinement, h-Version, for Solving Multiport
Microwave Devices in Three Dimensions, IEEE Trans Magnetics, pp 1596-1599, Vol. 36, N.4, July 2000

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
1D FEM Example
Training Manual
The mesh density is increased where the error is largest. Hence, the final
(and computationally most expensive) solution will have a mesh that yields
the greatest accuracy with the fewest possible mesh cells.
F(x)=
ai wi
F(x)
1
Node 1
1-10
2-10
4 5
x
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
The key to success
Training Manual
Finite elements and adaptive meshing

Optimal, geometrically conformal mesh created automatically by the
software
Remove requirements for meshing expertise
Vertex: Explicitly Solved
Edge: Explicitly Solved
Face: Interpolated

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Adaptive Meshing - Example
Training Manual
Example
11.5GHz patch antenna
Mesh elements concentrate at the perimeter of the patch
Optimal mesh automatically generated by HFSS

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Quick Start
Training Manual
Quick Example Coax Tee
HFSS High Frequency Structure

Simulator
Full-Wave 3D field solver
Solves for the fields in an arbitrary volume
Coax Center Pin
Coax Dielectric
Outer Boundary
Coax Shield

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
HFSS Start to Finish

The Process
Training Manual
Design
Solution Type
Boundaries
Parametric Model
Geometry/Materials
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
Analysis
Solution Setup
Frequency Sweep
Mesh
Refinement
Analyze
Solve
Results
2D Reports
Fields
NO
Converged
Solve Loop
YES
Update

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Starting HFSS
Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select Ansoft > HFSS 11 > HFSS 11
Or Double click on the HFSS 11 icon on the Windows Desktop
Adding a Design
When you first start HFSS a new project with a new design will be automatically added to the Project Tree.
Toolbar: Insert HFSS Design
To include additional designs into an existing project, select the menu item Project > Insert HFSS Design
Alternatively to open a new project with a new design manually, select the menu item File > New.

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Ansoft Desktop
Training Manual
Menu
bar
Toolbars
Project
Manager
with project
tree
3D Modeler
Window
Property
Window
Progress
Window
Message
Manager
Status
bar

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Project Manager
Training Manual
Ansoft Desktop Project Manager

Multiple Designs per Project
Multiple Projects per Desktop
Integrated Optimetrics Setup
Requires License for Analysis
Project Manager Window
Project
Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
Parametric
Parametric
Optimization
Optimization
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Statistical
Statistical

Design Results
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
3D Modeler
Training Manual
Modeler Window
Graphics
area
Model
Context menu
Modeler
design tree
Edge
Vertex
Coordinate System (CS)

Plane
Origin
Face
Model
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HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Set Solution Type

Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
Solution Type Window:
Choose Driven Terminal
Click the OK button
HFSS - Solution Types

Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the
incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.
Generalized S-parameters
Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The S-matrix
solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.
Eigenmode calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant
frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
Convergence
Driven Modal Delta S for modal S-Parameters.
Driven Terminal Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.
Eigenmode - Delta F

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HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Set Model Units

To set the units:
Select the menu item Modeler > Units
Set Model Units:
Select Units: mm
Click the OK button
Set Default Material

To set the default material:
Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
Select Definition Window:
Type pec in the Search by Name field
Click the OK button

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
3D Modeler Create a Primitive
Training Manual
Point 1
Point 1
Grid Plane
Point 3
Base Rectangle
Point 2
Point 2

Point 3
The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values.
Examples: 2*5, 2+6+8, 2*cos(10*(pi/180)).
Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field
Note:
Note Trig functions are in radians

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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
3D Modeler Object Properties
Training Manual
Attributes
Commands
Commands
Attributes

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HFSS User Guide
3D Modeler - Attributes

Training Manual
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Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

To set the Grid Plane:
Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Create Coax Pin

To create the coax pin:
Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
dX: 0.0, dY: 0.86, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
dX: 6.0, dY: 0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Continued on Next Page

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Introduction
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HFSS User Guide
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Create Coax Pin (Continued)

To Parameterize the Height
Select the Command tab from the Properties window
Height: H
Press the Tab key
Add Variable Window
Value: 6mm
Click the OK button
To set the name:
Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
For the Value of Name type: Coax_Pin
To set the color:
Click the Edit button
To set the transparency:
Click the OK button
To finish editing the object properties
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

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Modeler - Views
View > Modify Attributes >
Orientation Predefined/Custom View Angles
Lighting Control angle, intensity, and color of light
Projection Control camera and perspective
Background Color Control color of 3D Modeler background
View > Active View Visibility - Controls the display of: 3D Modeler
Objects, Color Keys, Boundaries, Excitations, Field Plots
View > Options Stereo Mode, Drag Optimization, Color Key Defaults,
Default Rotation
View > Render > Wire Frame or Smooth Shaded (Default)
View > Coordinate System > Hide or Small (Large)
View > Grid Setting Controls the grid display
Toolbar: Toggle Grid Visibility

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Changing the View
Training Manual
Rotate Around
Current Axis
Zoom In/Out
Fit Selected
Predefined View Angles
Pan
Top
Rotate Around
Rotate Around Screen Center
Model Center
Fit All
Dynamic Zoom
Context Menu
Right
Left
Bottom
Shortcuts
Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut keys exist. Press the appropriate
keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed:
ALT + Drag Rotate

In addition, there are 9 pre-defined view angles that can be selected by holding the ALT key and double clicking on the
locations shown on the next page.
Shift + Drag - Pan

ALT + Shift + Drag Dynamic Zoom
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Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Coax
To create the coax:
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
dX: 0.0, dY: 2.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
dX: 6.0, dY: 0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
To Parameterize the Height:
Select the Command tab from the Properties window
Height: H
Click the OK button
To set the name:
For the Value of Name type: Coax
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

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Create Excitation
Face Selection
Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the top face of the Coax object
Click the left mouse button to select the face
Assign Excitation
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
Reference Conductors for Terminals
Conducting Objects: Coax_pin
Press OK
Note: Reference conductors are not shown because we are using Outer boundary condition as the
reference conductor. Port properties can be accessed by double clicking on Waveport1 in Project tree

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Automatic Terminal Assignment

Step 1: Assign Port
Training Manual
Step 2: Choose Conductors/Reference

Note: Dialog Remembers Reference Conductors
Finished

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Duplicate boundaries with geometry

Works with all boundaries and excitations
Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options
HFSS Options Window:
Click the General tab
Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries: Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry: Checked
Click the OK button
Example:
Assign an Excitation to the face of an object
Duplicate the object around an axis three times
The Excitation is automatically duplicated

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Set Object Selection

Set select to objects
Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects
Create Tee
To create Tee:
Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key.
Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
Axis: Z
Angle: 90
Total Number: 3
Click the OK button
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.

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Unite Conductors
Select Conductors
Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
Select Object Dialog,
Select the objects named: Coax_Pin, Coax_Pin_1, Coax_Pin_2
Click the OK button
Unite
Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite
Unite Coax
Select Coax
Select the objects named: Coax, Coax_1, Coax_2
Click the OK button
Unite
Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite

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Solution Setup
Training Manual
Creating an Analysis Setup

To create an analysis setup:
Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Solution Setup Window:
Click the General tab:
Solution Frequency: 10.0 GHz
Click the OK button
Add Solution Setup
Adapt Frequency

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Adding a Frequency Sweep

To add a frequency sweep:
Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep
Select Solution Setup: Setup1
Click the OK button
Edit Sweep Window:
Sweep Type: Fast
Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step
Start: 1.0 GHz
Stop: 10.0 GHz
Step: 0.1 GHz
Save Fields: Checked
Click the OK button
Add Sweep
HFSS Frequency Sweep

Discrete Solves using adaptive mesh at every frequency
Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep
Fast - ALPS
Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep
Interpolating Adaptively determines discrete solve
points using the adaptive mesh
Matrix Data at every frequency in sweeps
Fields at last adaptive solution

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Training Manual
Interpolating Sweep
The calculation of wide-band s-parameters in HFSS is achieved using the interpolating sweep. This method fits sparameter data to a rational polynomial transfer function using a minimum number of discrete finite element method
(FEM) solutions.
The interpolating sweep yields the poles and zeros of the transfer function. This information can be directly used in the
Laplace Element from which a Full-Wave SPICE model can be generated (HSPICE, Spectre RF, PSPICE).
q (s zq )(s zq1 )...(s z1 )

S=
q (s pq )(s pq1 )...(s p1 )
Rational Polynomial:
See: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 46, No. 9, Sept. 1998
Example: Interpolating Sweep
S11 (dB)
5 cm microstrip transmission line

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DONE!
S11 (dB)
Adaptive Frequency

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Save Project
To save the project:
In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_coax_tee
Click the Save button
Analyze
Validate
Model Validation
Analyze All
To validate the model:

Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
Click the Close button
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.
Analyze
To start the solution process:
Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

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Create Reports
To create a report:
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
New Report Window:
Solution: Setup1: Sweep1
Domain: Sweep
Category: Terminal S Parameter
Quantity: St(coax_pin_T1, coax_pin_T1), St(coax_pin_T1, coax_pin_T2), St(coax_pin_T2,
coax_pin_T3) Note: Hold Ctrl key to select multiple traces
Function: db
Click New Report button
Click Close button

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Field Overlays
To create a field plot:
Select an object to overlay fields
Select the objects named: Coax
Click the OK button
Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Fields > E > Mag_E
Create Field Plot Window
Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Quantity: Mag_E
In Volume: All
Click the Done button
To modify the attributes of a field plot:
Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes
Select Plot Folder Window:
Select: E Field
Click the OK button
E-Field Window:
Click the Scale tab
Scale: Log
Click the Plot tab
IsoValType: IsoValSurface
Click the Apply button.
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Core Technology
HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator
Arbitrary 3D Volumetric Full-Wave Field Solver
Ansoft Desktop
Advanced ACIS based Modeling
True Parametric Technology Dynamic Editing
Powerful Report Generation
Dynamic Field Visualization
Design Flow Automation
Optimetrics/Ansoft Designer/AnsoftLinks
Advanced Material Types
Frequency Dependent Materials
Non-linear Materials
Anisotropic Materials
Advanced Boundary Conditions
Radiation and Perfectly Matched Layers
Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite Planes, RLC, and Layered Impedance
Master/Slave Unit Cells
Advanced Solver Technology
Automatic Conformal Mesh Generation
Adaptive Mesh Generation
Internal/External Excitations Includes Loss
ALPS Fast Frequency Sweep
Eigenmode
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Common HFSS Applications

Antenna
Planar Antennas - Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Spirals
Waveguide Circular/Square Horns
Wire Dipole, Helix
Arrays - Infinite Arrays, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) & Photonic Band Gaps (PBG)
Radar Cross Section (RCS)
Microwave
Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric

EMC/EMI Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
Silicon/GaSa - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
Signal Integrity/High-Speed Digital
Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

PCB Board Modeling Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes
Connectors SFP/XFP, VHDM, GBX, NexLev, Coax
Transitions Differential/Single-ended Vias

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HFSS - Results
Training Manual
Matrix Data
Modal/Terminal/Differential
S-, Y-, and Z-Parameters
VSWR
Excitations
Complex Propagation Constant (Gamma)
Zo
Full-Wave Spice
Full-Wave Spice Broadband Model
Lumped RLC Low Frequency Model
Partial Fraction - Matlab
Export Formats HSPICE, PSPICE, Cadence Spectre, and Maxwell SPICE
Common Display Formats:
Rectangular, Polar
Smith Chart
Data Tables
Common Output Formats:
Neutral Models Files (NMF) (Optimetrics only)
Parametric Results
Touchstone, Data Tables, Matlab,
Citifile
Graphics Windows Clipboard

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HFSS - Results
Training Manual
Fields
Modal/Terminal/Differential
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Current (Volume/Surface)
Power
Specific Absorption Rate
Radiation
2D/3D Far-/Near-Fields
Arrays Regular and Custom Setups
RCS
Field Calculator
User Defined Field Calculations
Common Display Formats
Volume
Surface
Vector
2D Reports Rectangular, Polar, Radiation Patterns
Common Output Formats:
Animations AVI, GIF
Data Tables
Graphics Windows Clipboard, BMP, GIF, JPG, TIFF, VRML

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Modeler Model Tree

Select menu item Modeler > Group by Material
Material
Object
Object Command
History
Object View
Grouped by Material

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Modeler Commands
Parametric Technology
Dynamic Edits - Change Dimensions
Add Variables
Project Variables (Global) or Design Variables (Local)
Animate Geometry
Include Units Default Unit is meters
Supports mixed Units

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Modeler Primitives
2D Draw Objects
The following 2D Draw objects are available:
Line, Spline, Arc, Equation Based Curve,
Rectangle, Ellipse, Circle, Regular Polygon,
Equation Based Surface
3D Draw Objects
The following 3D Draw objects are available:
Box, Cylinder, Regular Polyhedron, Cone,
Sphere, Torus, Helix, Spiral, Bond Wire
Toolbar: 2D Objects

Toolbar: 3D Objects
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Modeler Boolean Operations/Transformations

Modeler > Boolean >
Unite combine multiple primitives
Unite disjoint objects (Separate Bodies to separate)
Subtract remove part of a primitive from another
Intersect keep only the parts of primitives that overlap
Split break primitives into multiple parts along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ)
Split Crossing Objects splits objects along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ) only where they intersect
Separate Bodies separates objects which are united but not physically connected into individual objects
Toolbar: Boolean
Modeler > Surfaces > Move Faces Resize or Reposition an objects face along a normal or vector.
Edit > Arrange >
Move Translates the structure along a vector
Rotate Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle
Mirror Mirrors the shape around a specified plane
Offset Performs a uniform scale in x, y, and z.
Toolbar: Arrange
Edit > Duplicate >

Along Line Create multiple copies of an object along a vector
Around Axis Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x, y, or z axis
Mirror - Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates a duplicate
Toolbar: Duplicate
Edit > Scale Allows non-uniform scaling in the x, y, or z direction

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Modeler - Selection
Selection Types
Object (Default)
Face
Edge
Vertex
Selection Modes
All Objects
All Visible Object
By Name
Highlight Selection Dynamically By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically
highlight the object for selection. To select the object simply click the left mouse button.
Multiple Object Selection Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects
Next Behind To select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b key to get
the next behind. Note: The mouse pointer must be located such that the next behind object is under the mouse
pointer.
To Disable: Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options
From the Display Tab, uncheck Highlight selection dynamically
Selected
Dynamically Highlighted
(Only frame of object)

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Modeler Moving Around
Step 1: Start Point
Step 2: Hold X key and select vertex point
Edge Center Snap
Toolbar: Snap Mode
Step 3: CTRL+Enter Keys set a local reference

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Step 4: Hold Z key and set height

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Modeler Coordinate System
Can be Parameterized
Working Coordinate System
Currently selected CS. This can be a local or global CS
Global CS
The default fixed coordinate system
Relative CS
User defined local coordinate system.
Offset
Rotated
Toolbar: Coordinate System
Both
Face CS (setting available to automatically switch to face coordinate system in the 3D Modeler Options)
Step 1: Select Face
Step 2: Select Origin
Cone created with Face CS
Step 3: Set XX-Axis

Change Box Size and Cone is

automatically positioned with
the top face of the box
New Working CS
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Overlapping Geometry
Definition: When an object occupies volume in multiple 3D objects. This does not apply to sheet objects
Solution:
Metal Overlapping Dielectrics
Resolution: Set Material Override
Menu item: HFSS > Set Material Override
Dielectrics Overlapping Dielectrics
Resolution: Correct the Overlap
Split the overlapping object into multiple pieces
Subtract the overlapping geometries
(Overlap between two cylinders)

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HFSS User Guide
Automatic Feature Removal
Training Manual
Blends
Holes
Step 1: Enter Feature Detection Options

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HFSS User Guide
Automatic Feature Removal
Training Manual
Step 2: Select Features to Remove
Removed
Note: There are two modes of operation for the feature removal: Healing
and Model Analysis. Model Analysis was used here and allows the user to
manually select which geometry features are removed. For healing, all
features that meet the user defined criteria are automatically removed.
Both options are found in the menu item Modeler > Model Analysis

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HFSS Matrix Data

HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Export
NMF, Touchstone, Data Tables, Citifile, MATLAB (*.m)
NOTE: Make sure the Simulation is set to a Sweep before exporting. The Adaptive Passes will only export a
single frequency point.
Equivalent Circuit Export
HSPICE, PSPICE, Spectre, Maxwell SPICE

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Results Data Management

HFSS > Results > Browse Solutions
Solved model variations are retained.
Unless otherwise notified by HFSS.
HFSS > Results > Clean Up Solutions
HFSS > Results > Import Solutions

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Results Create Reports

HFSS > Results > Create Report
Output Variables
User Defined Equations

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Fields
Select Object Volume, Surface, or Line to display fields

HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields >
Modify Plot Solution/Frequency/Qty
Plot Attributes
Edit Sources Change Excitation

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Mesh Display
Field Overlay
Select an object
Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Mesh

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Measure
Modeler > Measure >
Position Points and Distance

Length Edge Length
Area Surface Area
Volume Object Volume

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Solver Technology
Mesh
Operations
Mesh
Refinement
Solve
NO
Converged
Solve Loop
YES
Finished

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Higher-Order Basis Functions
Training Manual
Solver - Higher-Order Basis Functions

Basis functions are hierarchical
Increased Accuracy with less elements
Convergence is a function of basis order
H0(curl)
elements
H1(curl)
elements
H2(curl)
elements
2nd Order
1st Order

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Iterative Solver
Training Manual
How does it work?

The Iterative Matrix Solver works by guessing a solution to the matrix of unknowns, and then
recursively updating the guess until an error tolerance has been reached
What is the advantage?

Reduced RAM and Simulation Time
Where do you control the Iterative Solver?

Options Tab from Solution Setup dialog
Initial guess
Preconditioner
Update solution and search

direction
no
Converges ?
yes

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Example Basis Functions & Iterative Solver
Training Manual
How many passes on computer w/8GB RAM?

Direct: 3 Passes
Iterative: 11 Passes
Increased Capacity (4x)

Volume: 447cubic wavelengths
4x Capacity on Same Machine
Copper Wall
Direct
Iterative
2x Unknowns 2x Memory

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Iterative
Iterative and Direct

Converge in 3 Passes
Direct
3.2x Less RAM
Iterative
Direct
6.4x Faster

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Options General
Tools > Options > General Options
Temp Directory Location used during solution process
Make sure it is at least 512MB free disk.
Options - HFSS
Tools > Options > HFSS Options > Solver
Number of Processors Requires additional license
Desired RAM Limit leave it unchecked for auto-detect
Maximum RAM Limit leave it unchecked for auto-detect
Process Priority set the simulation priority from Critical
(highest) to Idle (lowest)

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Project Files
Everything regarding the project is stored in an ascii file
File: <project_name>.hfss
Double click from Windows Explorer will open and launch HFSS v11
Results and Mesh are stored in a folder named <project_name>.hfssresults
Lock file: <project_name>.lock.hfss
Created when a project is opened
Auto Save File: <project_name>.hfss.auto
When recovering, software only checks date
If an error occurred when saving the auto file, the date will be newer then the original
Look at file size (provided in recover dialog)
Converting Older HFSS Projects HFSS v9 and HFSS v10 to HFSS v11
From HFSS v11.0,
Select the menu item File > Open
Open dialog
Files of Type: Ansoft HFSS Project Files (.hfss)
Browse to the existing project and select the .hfss file
Click the Open button
Legacy License
The v11 license allows users to run HFSS v9.2.1, v10.1.3 or 11.x.
NOTE: Once a project is saved in v11 it can no longer be opened in previous versions
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Recommended Service Packs (SP) PC only

Microsoft Windows XP - SP2 or higher
Memory allocation 32-bit Windows

Since the release of HFSS v9.2 you can access sup to 3GB of Ram on a 32-bit PC
All about 3GB switch, supported OS
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;291988
How to use /3GB switch
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/ddtools/hh/ddtools/bootini_1fcj.asp
Possible problems
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;328269
Increasing Memory allocation HFSS v11

Since the release of HFSS v10, the solver in HFSS is 64bit and can access a large memory footprint.
Linux Operating Systems
Red Hat Enterprise 3 and 4

SUSE Linux Enterprise 9.x
Note: Requires OpenGL
Note: Please perform required OS updates outlined in readme file on the CD

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Distributed Solve Option
Training Manual
Distributed Analysis
Automated parser management and reassembly of data

Parametric tables and studies
Frequency sweeps for discrete, fast, and interpolating
Per license, distributed analysis allows up to 10 parallel simulations on remote machines, providing
near-linear reduction of simulation run times

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Scripts
Default Script recorded in v11
Visual Basic Script
Distributed/Remote Solve
Tools > Options > General Options > Analysis Options
Uses Windows DCOM
Local

Remote
Distributed
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For Technical Support

The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional
documentation, training, and application notes. Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm
Application Engineers for North America

The names and numbers in this list may change without notice
9-4 EST:
Pittsburgh, PA
Burlington, MA
9-4 PST:
San Jose, CA
Portland, OR
(503) 906-7947
Irvine, CA
(714) 417-9311 x6

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Chapter 3 Boundary
Conditions

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Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Why are They Critical?

For most practical problems, the solution to Maxwells equations requires a
rigorous matrix approach such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) which
is used by Ansoft HFSS.
The wave equation solved by Ansoft HFSS is derived from the
differential form of Maxwells equations.
For these expressions to be valid, it is assumed that the field vectors are:
single-valued,
bounded, and have a
continuous distribution (along with their derivatives)

Along boundaries of media or at sources,
Field vectors are discontinuous
Derivatives of the field vectors have no meaning
B
E=
t
D
H = J +
t
D=
B=0
discontinuous
us boundaries
Boundary Conditions define the field behavior across discontinuo

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Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Why do I Care?
They Force the fields to align with the definition of the boundary condition
As a user I should be asking
What assumptions, about the fields, do the boundary conditions make?
Are these assumptions appropriate for the structure being simulated?
Model Scope
To reduce the infinite space of the real world to a finite volume, Ansoft HFSS automatically
applies a boundary to the surface surrounding the geometric model
Outer boundary
Default Boundary: Perfect E
Model Complexity
To reduce the complexity of a model, the boundary conditions can be used to improve the:
Solution Time
Computer Resources
inconsistent
nt results
Failure to understand boundary conditions may lead to inconsiste

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Training Manual
What are Common Ansoft HFSS Boundary Conditions?

Excitations
Wave Ports (External)
Lumped Ports (Internal)
Surface Approximations
Perfect E or Perfect H Surface
Finite Conductivity Surface
Impedance Surface
Layered Impedance Surface
Lumped RLC
Symmetry Planes
Radiation Surface
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
Strictly not a surface approximation
Master/ Slave
Material Properties
Boundary between two dielectrics
Finite Conductivity of a conductor

Largely the users responsibility
Transparent to the user
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Perfect E Forces the electric field perpendicular to the surface

Outer Surface Default Boundary
PEC/Perfect Conductor Material Property
Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor loss
Perfect E Surface
Perfect H Forces the electric field tangent to the surface

Perfect H Surface
Finite Conductivity Lossy electric conductor.

Forces the tangential electric field at the surface to: Zs(n x Htan).
The surface impedance (Zs) is equal to, (1+j)/(
),
Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor thickness
Impedance Surface Represent surfaces of a known impedance

Forces the tangential electric field at the surface to: Zs(n x Htan).
The surface impedance (Zs) is equal to, Rs + jXs (Ohms/Square)
Layered Impedance Models multiple thin layers in a structure as an Impedance Surface
Lumped RLC Parallel combination

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Training Manual
Symmetry Planes Enable you to model only part of a structure

Perfect E or Perfect H Symmetry Planes
Must be exposed to the outer surface
Must be on a planar surface
Remember! Mechanical Symmetry does not Equal Electrical Symmetry
Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating part of the solution volume
Perfect E Symmetry
Full Model
Perfect H Symmetry

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Training Manual
Radiation Surface Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.

The boundary absorbs wave at the radiation surface
Can be placed on arbitrary surfaces
Accuracy depends on
The distance between the boundary and the radiating object
The radiation boundary should be located at least one-quarter of a wavelength from a radiating structure. If
you are simulating a structure that does not radiate, the boundary can be located less then one-quarter of a
wave length (The validity of this assumption will require your engineering judgment).
The incident angle
The radiation boundary will reflect varying amounts of energy depending on the incidence angle. The best
performance is achieved at normal incidence. Avoid angles greater then ~30degrees. In addition, the
radiation boundary must remain convex relative to the wave.
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.
Not a Boundary Condition.
Fictitious materials that fully absorb the electromagnetic fields impinging upon them.
These materials are complex anisotropic.
Types
Free Space Termination or Reflection Free Termination
Can only be placed on planar surface
Model complexity: They do not suffer from the distance or incident angle issues, but should be place at least
one-tenth of a wave length from strong radiators

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Training Manual
Infinite Ground Planes Simulate the effects of an infinite ground plane

Only affects the calculation of near- or far-field radiation during post processing
Types: Perfect E, Finite Conductivity, or Impedance Surface
Frequency Dependent Boundary Conditions

The following boundary parameters can be assigned an expression that includes Freq:
Finite Conductivity
Impedance
Lumped RLC
Layered Impedance
Supported Frequency Sweeps
Single Frequency
Discrete Sweep
Interpolating Sweep

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Excitations
Training Manual
Ports
Unique type of boundary condition
Allow energy to flow into and out of a structure.
Defined on 2D planar surface
Arbitrary port solver calculates the natural field patterns or modes
Assumes semi-infinitely long waveguide
Same cross-section and material properties as port surface
2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for the full 3D problem
Port 1
Excitation Types
Wave Port (Waveguide) External
Recommended only for surfaces exposed to the background
Supports multiple modes (Example: Coupled Lines) and deembedding
Compute Generalized S-Parameters
Frequency dependent Characteristic Impedance (Zo)
Measurements
Constant Zo
Perfectly matched at every frequency
Port 4
Port 3
Port 2
Lumped Port Internal

Recommended only for surfaces internal to geometric model
Single mode (TEM) and no deembedding
Normalized to a constant user defined Zo

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Excitations
Training Manual
Wave Equation
The field pattern of a traveling wave inside a waveguide can be determined by solving Maxwells equations. The
following equation that is solved by the 2D solver is derived directly from Maxwells equation.
E ( x, y ) k02 r E ( x, y ) = 0
r
where:
E(x,y) is a phasor representing an oscillating electric field.
k0 is the free space wave number,
r is the complex relative permeability.
r is the complex relative permittivity.
To solve this equation, the 2D solver obtains an excitation field pattern in the form of a phasor solution, E(x,y). These
phasor solutions are independent of z and t; only after being multiplied by e-z do they become traveling waves.
Also note that the excitation field pattern computed is valid only at a single frequency. A different excitation field pattern
is computed for each frequency point of interest.

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Excitations
Training Manual
Modes, Reflections, and Propagation

It is also possible for a 3D field solution generated by an excitation signal of one specific mode to contain reflections of
higher-order modes which arise due to discontinuities in a high frequency structure.
If these higher-order modes are reflected back to the excitation port or transmitted onto another port, the S-parameters
associated with these modes should be calculated.
If the higher-order mode decays before reaching any porteither because of attenuation due to losses or because it is
a non-propagating evanescent modethere is no need to obtain the S-parameters for that mode.
Wave Ports Require a Length of Uniform Cross Section

Ansoft HFSS assumes that each port you define is connected to a semi-infinitely long waveguide that has the same
cross section as the Wave Port
uniform cross section

added for each Wave Port
no uniform cross section

at Wave Ports

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Excitations
Training Manual
Wave Port Boundary Conditions

Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
Default: All outer edges are Perfect E boundary.
Port is defined within a waveguide.
Easy for enclosed transmission lines: Coax or Waveguide
Challenging for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines: Microstrip, CPW, Slotline, etc.
Symmetry or Impedance
Recognized at the port edges
Radiation
Default interface is a Perfect E boundary

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Excitations
Training Manual
Lumped Port Boundary Conditions

Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
Any port edge that interfaces with a conductor or another port edge
Perfect H
All remaining port edges
Perfect E
Perfect H
Perfect H
Perfect E

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Excitations
Training Manual
Excitation Calibration
Ports must be calibrated to ensure consistent results. Determines:
Direction and polarity of fields
Voltage/ Current calculations.
Solution Type: Driven Modal

Expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of the waveguide modes.
Definition not desirable for problems having several propagating quasi-TEM modes
Coupled/Multi-Coupled Transmission Lines
Always used by the solver
Calibration: Integration Line
Phase between Ports
Modal voltage integration path: Zpi, Zpv, Zvi
Solution Type: Driven Terminal

Linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for the Wave Port.
Equivalent transformation performed from Modal Solution
Calibration: Terminal Assignments
Polarity
Nodal current integration path

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Excitations
Training Manual
Example Solution Types:

Mode 1
(Even Mode)
Integration Line
Mode 2
(Odd Mode)
Integration Line
Port1
Modal
Port2
2 Modes
2 Modes
Modes to Nodes
Transformation
T1
T2
T1
Port1
SPICE
Differential Pairs
T1
T2
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Terminal
Port2
T2
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Training Manual
Application of Boundary Conditions - Case 1

Emulate laboratory measurements
Verification/Validation before production
Picture courtesy of Tektronix
Picture courtesy of Delphi

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Boundary Conditions Application
Training Manual
Application of Boundary Conditions - Case 2

Isolate part of a structure (i.e. Exciting arbitrary transmission lines)
Not physically possible to measure in the laboratory
Full-Wave analysis not required for total system
Or total system too complex
Design work/Component level optimization
Post production problem solving
Total System
Isolated Component Via Transition

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Coax to Stripline Example
Training Manual
Example Structure
Coax to Stripline
LAYER 1 (TOP SIDE)

LAYER 2 (SIGNAL)
LAYER 3 (BOTTOM SIDE)

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Material Properties
All 3D (Solid) objects have material definitions
To complete the model shown previously we must include the air
that surrounds the structure.
air
Note: Substrate/Air boundary

included in structure

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Remember! Material Boundary conditions are transparent to the user

They are not visible in the Project Tree
Example Material Boundary: Conductors Surface Approximations
Perfect Conductors Perfect E Boundary (Boundary Name: smetal)
Forces E-Field perpendicular to surface
Lossy Conductors Finite Conductivity Boundary
Forces tangential E-Field to ((1+j)/(
))(n
x Htan).
Assumes one skin depth User must manually force Ansoft HFSS to
solve inside lossy conductors that are a skin depth
smetal

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Surface Approximations
Background or Outer Boundary
Not visible in the Project Tree
Any object surface that touches it Perfect E Boundary
Default boundary applied to the region surrounding the geometric model
Model is encased in a thin metal layer that no fields propagate through
outer
Override with
Radiation Boundary

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What Port Type Should I Use?

Example is easy decision
Port touches background (External)
Cross Section is Coax (Enclosed Transmission Line)
Wave Port
Solution Type: Driven Terminal
SPICE Output
Identify Port Type &

Cross Section
Assign Excitation &

Calibrate Port
Define Default
Post Processing
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Training Manual
Is it Really that Simple?

Yes, but the geometric model was setup with several considerations
1.Only the face of the coax dielectric was selected for the port face
Port Boundary conditions define outer conductor
Material Definitions define inner conductor
2.Uniform port cross-section

Only supports a single mode
Higher-order modes caused by reflections would attenuate before port
Modes attenuate as a function of e-z, assuming propagation in the z-direction.
Required distance (uniform port length) depends on modes propagation constant.
Uniform crosscross-section
Rule of Thumb: 5x
Critical Distance
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How often is the Setup that Simple?

If you are emulating laboratory measurements? [Case 1 ]
Most of the time!
Laboratory equipment does not directly connect to arbitrary transmission
lines
Exceptions
Emulating Complex Probes with a Port Understanding of Probe
If you are isolating part of a structure? [Case 2 ]
For real designs - usually only by dumb luck!
User Must Understand and/or Implement Correctly:
1.Port Boundary conditions and impact of boundary condition
2.Fields within the structure
3.Assumptions made by port solver
4.Return path

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Side Note: Problems Associated with Correlating Results [Case 2]

Can be broken into two categories of problems
1.Complex Structure
BGA, Backplane, Antenna Feed, Waveguide Plumbing, etc
Most common problems result from
Measurement setup Test fixtures, deembedding, etc.
Failing to understand the fields in the structure Boundary Problem
Return path problems Model truncation
2.Simple Structures
Uniform transmission lines
Equations or Circuit Elements
Most common problems result from
Improper use of default or excitation boundary conditions
Failure to understand the assumptions used by correct results
(Equations or Circuit Elements)

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Why are they critical?

Any current injected into a system must return to the source
DC
Chooses path of least resistance
AC
Chooses path of least inductance
A signal propagates between the signal trace and its reference plane
Reference plane is just as important as signal trace!
Why do I care?
Many real designs have nonideal return paths
These effects are only captured by full-wave simulators
Isolating parts of a structure
Failure to maintain the correct return path will
Limit correlation to measurements
Mask or create design problems
Port and Boundary setup is the most common source of error in model setup

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No Return Path
Port2
Training Manual
Port3
No DC
Return Path
Port1
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DC Return Path
Port2
Training Manual
Port3
DC
Return Path
Port1
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DC/AC Return Path
Training Manual
DC & RF
Return Path
S21
S31
S11

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Isolate part of structure - Case 2

Isolate Transition
Deembed
Recombine using Ansoft Designer - Circuit
Wave Port

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Ansoft Designer - Circuit

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Training Manual
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What went wrong?

Isolate Port from Discontinuity?
Yes
Uniform Cross-Section?
NO The cross section of the port (including its boundaries) is not maintained
Maintain Return Path?
NO Boundary on port shorts the planes together at edges
Identical to placing vias at port edge!
All Modes Accounted for?
NO Did not consider Parallel Plate mode
Even if we did, the via (port edge) cuts off mode Reason vias are used!

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2 Terminals
Parallel
Plate
Ansoft Designer - Circuit

Stripline
Wave Port
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Lumped Port
Port Influences
Results
No DC
Return Path
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Training Manual
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Signal
GND
Power
SIDE
T2
T1
T3
Lumped Gap Port
GND
Power
Terminal Line
TOP
BOTTOM
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Lumped Gap Port

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Differential Lumped Gap Ports

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Port

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Chapter 4 Appendix:
Boundary Conditions

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Excitations and Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Majority of HFSS errors are related to improper usage of excitations and boundary conditions
Boundary conditions are important because they significantly impact electromagnetic solution
Determine model scope
To truncate infinite space to finite volume, HFSS applies PEC boundary to surface surrounding
geometric model
Can reduce model complexity

Boundary conditions can be used to reduce solution time and computing resource demands
e
tE
ec Plan
f
r
Pe etry
mm
Sy
TE10 Cavity
Resonator

Sy Perf
mm ec
etr t H
yP
lan
e
Pyramidal
Horn
Antenna
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User-Defined Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Surface approximations
Perfect E surface
Perfect H surface
Finite conductivity surface
Impedance surface
Layered impedance
Lumped RLC boundary
Symmetry planes
Radiation (absorbing) boundary surface
Perfectly matched layer (PML)
Strictly not boundary condition, but effectively behaves like one
Excitations
Wave ports (external)
Lumped ports (internal)

B
t
D
H = J +
t
D =
B =0
E =
Master/slave (linked or periodic) boundaries

Screening impedance
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Perfect E and Perfect H Boundaries
Training Manual
Perfect E is perfect electrical conductor (PEC)

Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
Represents metal surfaces, ground planes, ideal cavity walls, etc.
Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in post-processing radiated fields
Perfect H is perfect magnetic conductor (PMC)
Forces H-field perpendicular to surface and E-field tangential

Does not exist in real world
Useful boundary constraint for electromagnetic models
Represents openings in metal surfaces, etc.
Parameters
None
E-field Perpendicular to surface

E-field Parallel to surface
Perfect E Boundary
Perfect H Boundary
When you define a solid object as a

perf_conductor, a Perfect E boundary
condition is applied to its exterior surfaces.

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Four Surface Loss Modeling Methods
Training Manual
All methods utilize an equivalent surface impedance applied to the field as it travels across
the surface
Impedance
Finite Conductivity
Zs =
t >>
1+ j
Zs specified as /sq
Layered Impedance
500 in Nickel
Lumped RLC
500 in Gold
Parallel RLC Circuit
0.7mil Copper
Zs,Au
LAu
Zs,Ni
LNi
Zs,Cu
LCu
Zs,input
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Finite Conductivity Boundary
Training Manual
Lossy electrical conductor

Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
Surface impedance includes resistive and reactive surface losses
Used for non-ideal conductor analysis

Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in postprocessing radiated fields
Parameters
t >>
Conductivity (S/m)
Relative permeability (unitless)
Good conductor in
skin depth regime
When you define a solid object as a nonideal metal (e.g. copper or aluminum), and it
is set to Solve Surface, a finite conductivity
boundary is applied to its exterior faces.
Skin Depth

Zs =
1+ j
Surface Impedance
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Field Relationship
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Impedance Boundary
Training Manual
User-defined surface impedance

Represents thin film resistors or reactive loads
Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite surface in post-processing

radiated fields
Calculate required impedance from desired lumped value, width, and length
Length (in direction of current flow) width = number of squares
Impedance per square = desired lumped impedance number of squares
Parameters:
Resistance (/square)
Reactance (/square)
Example: Resistor in Wilkinson Power Divider
Resistor is 3.5 mils long (in direction of flow) and
4 mils wide. Desired lumped value is 35 .
3. 5
= 0.875
4
R
35
= 40 / square
Rsheet = lumped =
N
0.875
N=

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Layered Impedance Boundary
Training Manual
Models multiple thin layers in a structure as single impedance surface

Effect is same as impedance boundary, except that HFSS calculates surface impedance based on
data entered for layered structure
Surface roughness can be included
Plating layers can be modeled by using an equivalent surface impedance
Not available for fast frequency sweeps

Parameters
Layer thicknesses
Material properties
Surface roughness (optional)
500 in Nickel
Zs,Au
LAu
500 in Gold
Zs,Cu
LCu
Zs,input
Impedance of the layered structure is calculated by

recursively calling the impedance calculation
formulation from transmission line theory
0.7mil Copper

Zs,Ni
LNi
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Lumped RLC Boundary
Training Manual
Represents any combination of parallel-connected lumped RLC elements on surfaces

in terms of circuit definition
Supply values for R, L, and C
HFSS determines impedance per square of lumped RLC boundary at any frequency
Fast frequency sweeps are supported

Parameters
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Line for current flow

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Symmetry Plane
Training Manual
Allows for modeling portion of entire structure

For Driven Modal solutions
Two symmetry options are available
Use perfect E when electric field is perpendicular to symmetry plane
Use perfect H when electric field is tangential to symmetry plane
Involve further implications to boundary manager and fields post-processing

May need to specify impedance multiplier
Existence of symmetry boundary allows for near- and far-field calculation of entire structure
Parameters
Type
Impedance multiplier
Conductive edges on
all four sides

Waveguide contains symmetric propagating

mode which could be modeled using half the
volume vertically or horizontally.
Perfect H Symmetry
(left side)
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Perfect E Symmetry
(bottom)
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Symmetry Plane Impedance Multiplier
Training Manual
When symmetry is used, Zpi and impedance line-dependent Zpv and Zvi calculations
will be incorrect since entire port aperture is not represented
Impedance is halved for model with Perfect E symmetry plane
Impedance is doubled for model with Perfect H symmetry plane
Port impedance multiplier is renormalizing factor used to obtain correct impedance

Value applied to all ports
Global parameter set during assignment of any port
Rectangular WG
(No Symmetry)
Half Rectangular WG
(Perfect H Symmetry)
Impedance Multiplier = 0.5
1-11
4-11
Half Rectangular WG
(Perfect E Symmetry)
Impedance Multiplier = 2
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Symmetry Plane Mode Implications
Training Manual
Geometric symmetry does not necessarily imply field symmetry for higher-order
modes
Symmetry boundaries can act as mode filters
Next higher propagating waveguide mode is not symmetric about vertical center plane of waveguide
Therefore one symmetry case is valid while the other is not
Use caution when using symmetry planes to assure that real behavior is not filtered
out by boundary conditions
Perfect H Symmetry
(right side)
Perfect E Symmetry (top)
TE20 mode in full model

Properly represented
with Perfect E symmetry
1-12
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Mode cannot occur

with Perfect H
symmetry
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Radiation Boundary
Training Manual
Mimics continued propagation beyond boundary plane
Absorption achieved via 2nd order radiation boundary

Place at least /4 from strongly radiating structure
Place at least /10 from weakly radiating structure
Absorbs best when incident energy flow is normal to surface
Must be concave to all incident fields from within modeled space
Parameters
Advanced options used for incident wave and HFSS DataLink problems
Boundary is /4 away from

horn aperture in all directions

Radiation boundary functions

well for incident angles less
than 25-30
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
Training Manual
Fictitious lossy anisotropic material which fully absorbs electromagnetic fields

Two types of PML applications
PML objects accept free radiation if PML terminates free space
PML objects continue guided waves if PML terminates transmission line
Guidelines for assigning PML boundaries

Use PML setup wizard for most cases
Manually create a PML when base object is curved or inhomogeneous
Parameters
Uniform thickness
Minimum frequency
Minimum radiating distance (between PML and antenna)
PML functions well for

incident angles less
than 65-70

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Radiation Boundary vs PML
Training Manual
Radiation Boundary
PML
Type
2D
3D
(occupies volume)
Incident angle from normal
< ~30
< ~70
Distance from radiator
> /4
> /10
Setup complexity
Low
Medium

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Master/Slave Boundaries
Training Manual
Used to model unit cell of periodic structure

Also referred to as linked or periodic boundaries
PML (top)
Master and slave boundaries are always paired

Fields on master surface are mapped to slave surface with a phase shift
Phase shift specified either as absolute phase value or using scan angle
Constraints
Master and slave surfaces must be identical in shape and size
Coordinate systems must be created to identify point-to-point
correspondence
Slave
Boundary
Master
Boundary
Parameters
Master/slave pairing
UV coordinate systems
Phase shift method
Vaxis
Ground Plane
U-axis
WG Port
(bottom)
Unit Cell Model of Waveguide Array

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Screening Impedance Boundary
Training Manual
Used to efficiently represent periodic screens or grids with impedance boundary

condition
Can be anisotropic (different values in x and y directions)
Can be frequency-dependent
Periodic grid characterized by unit cell

Dynamic link support to import impedance values from unit cell
Includes effects of polarization
Parameters
Resistance and reactance (/square)
Coordinate system if anisotropic
HFSS design for dynamic link

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Default Outer Boundary
Training Manual
Any exterior face of modeled geometry not given user-defined boundary condition is
assumed to be Perfect E boundary
Default boundary called outer
Imagine entire model buried in solid metal unless HFSS is instructed otherwise
Use HFSS Boundary Display to view all boundary assignments
Graphical window shows both user and auto-assigned boundaries

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Excitations
Training Manual
Provide means for energy to enter and exit model

Types of excitations
Ports
Wave ports
Lumped ports
Floquet ports
Voltage sources
Current sources
Magnetic biases
Incident waves
Plane waves
Hertzian dipole
Cylindrical wave
Gaussian beam
Linear antenna wave
Far-field wave
Near-field wave
Only ports provide S-parameters

This presentation will focus on this type of excitation

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Driven Modal vs Driven Terminal Solutions
Training Manual
Driven modal
S-matrix solution expressed in terms of incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes
Always used by wave solver
Integration lines set phase between ports and modal voltage integration path (Zpv and Zvi)
Use for modal-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency structures such as microstrips,
waveguides, and transmission lines
Driven terminal
S-matrix solution expressed in terms of linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for wave
port
Equivalent modes-to-nodes transformation performed from modal solution
Use for terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports (with several quasiTEM modes, etc.)

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Ports
Training Manual
Ports are unique type of boundary condition

Allow energy to flow into and out of structure
Defined on 2D planar surface
2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for full 3D problem
Incorrect port setup will produce incorrect results

If port fields are incorrect, then solution will be incorrect
Assumed boundary condition on port edges should always be considered
Initial
Mesh
Seeding and
Lambda Refinement
(Single Frequency)
Port Solution
(Adaptive)
Full
Volumetric
Solution

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Ports
Training Manual
External port type

Arbitrary port solver calculates natural waveguide field patterns (modes)
Assumes semi-infinitely long waveguide with same cross-section and material properties as port
surface
Recommended only for surfaces exposed to background object

Supports multiple modes, de-embedding, and re-normalization
Computes generalized S-parameters
Frequency-dependent characteristic impedance
Perfectly matched at every frequency
Port 1
Port 4
Port 3
Port 2

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Port Solver
Training Manual
Wave port solver solves two-dimensional wave equation

Field pattern of traveling wave inside waveguide can be determined by solving
Maxwells equations
Wave equation is derived directly from Maxwells equations
1
E ( x, y ) k02 r E ( x, y ) = 0
r
where
E(x,y) is phasor representing oscillating electric field

k0 is free space wave number
r is complex relative permeability
r is complex relative permittivity
2D solver obtains excitation field pattern in form of phasor solution E(x,y)

Phasor solutions are independent of z and time
Only after being multiplied by e-z do they become traveling waves
Different excitation field pattern is computed for each frequency point of interest

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Port Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
All outer edges are assigned Perfect E boundary by default

Port is defined within waveguide
Simple setup for enclosed transmission lines (coax, waveguide, etc.)
Challenging setup for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines (microstrip, CPW, slotline, etc.)
Symmetry or impedance boundaries also recognized at port edges

For port on same surface as radiation boundary, default interface is Perfect E
boundary
Can set option to use radiation boundary on port edges during port solution
Creating port edges too close to current-carrying lines will allow coupling from trace to
port walls
Causes incorrect modal solution which will suffer immediate discontinuity as energy is injected past
port into model
Port too narrow

(fields coupled to sidewalls)
Correct port size

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Port Sizing Guidelines
Training Manual
Microstrip port height between 6h and

10h
Extend stripline port height from upper

to lower groundplane (h)
Stripline port width
Tend towards upper limit as dielectric

constant drops and fringing fields increase
Make bottom edge of port co-planar with
upper face of ground plane
8w for w h
5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
Can also make side walls of port Perfect

H boundaries
Microstrip port width

10w for w h
5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
8w, w h
or
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
10w, w h
or
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
w
h
6h to
10h
w
h

Port sizing guidelines are not inviolable rules. If meeting height

and width requirements result in rectangular aperture larger than
/2 in one dimension, the substrate and trace may be ignored in
favor of a waveguide mode. When in doubt, run a ports-only
solution to determine which modes are propagating.
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Port Sizing Guidelines
Training Manual
Slotline port height at least 4h or 4g

(whichever is larger)
Coplanar waveguide port height at least

4h or 4g (whichever is larger)
Include air above and below substrate

If ground plane is present, port should
terminate at ground plane
Include air above and below substrate

If ground plane is present, port should
terminate at ground plane
Port width should contain at least 3g to

either side of slot or 7g total minimum
Port width should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of

side grounds (whichever is larger)
Port boundary must intersect both side

ground planes or they will float and become
signal conductors
Total width ~10g or ~10s

Port outline must intersect both side grounds
or they will float and become signal
conductors
Approx 7g minimum
Larger of approx. 10g or 10s

Larger of 4h or 4g
Larger of 4h or 4g
s
h
h
For Driven Modal solutions, use

Zpv for impedance calculation

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Port Implications
Training Manual
Modes, reflections, and propagation

It is possible for 3D field solution generated by excitation signal of one specific mode to contain
reflections of higher-order modes which arise due to discontinuities
If higher-order mode is reflected back to excitation port or transmitted onto another port, its Sparameters should be calculated
If higher-order mode decays before reaching any port (because of attenuation or because it is a nonpropagating evanescent mode), there is no need to obtain its S-parameters
Wave ports require a length of uniform cross-section

HFSS assumes that each port is connected to semi-infinitely long waveguide with same cross-section
as wave port
No uniform cross section

at wave ports

Uniform crosscross-section
added for each wave port
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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Internal Wave Ports
Training Manual
Wave ports can be placed internal to model by providing boundary condition normally
seen by external wave port
Create PEC cap to back the wave port and enable excitation in proper direction
Example coax feed within solution volume
Coaxial antenna feed

with coaxial wave port
capped by PEC object

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Integration Lines
Training Manual
Applicable to driven modal solution types

Port vector which can serve several purposes
Calibration line which specifies direction of excitation electric field pattern at port
Define separate integration line for each mode on multi-mode ports
Impedance line along which to compute Zpv or Zvi port impedance

Select two points with maximum voltage differential
Slotline
Microstrip line
Waveguide

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Lumped Ports
Training Manual
Recommended only for surfaces internal to model

Single TEM mode with no de-embedding
Uniform electric field on port surface
Normalized to constant user-defined Z0
Lumped port boundary conditions

Perfect E or finite conductivity boundary for port edges which interface
with conductor or another port edge
Perfect H for all remaining port edges
Dipole element
with lumped port
Zo
Uniform electric field

User-defined Zo

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Introduction
Ansoft
HFSS User Guide
Wave Ports vs Lumped Ports
Training Manual
Wave port
Lumped port
External Faces
Internal to Model
Higher order modes
Yes
No
De-embedding
Yes
No
Re-normalization
Yes
Yes
Setup complexity
Moderate
Low
Accessibility

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
The Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Probe

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a
UHF probe, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Ansoft HFSS Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment are used to
create this passive device model
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Boxes
Boolean Operations: Unite, Subtract
Boundaries/Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Fast Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Field Overlays:
3D Far Field Plots

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Getting Started
Launching Ansoft HFSS
1.
To access Ansoft HFSS, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs and select
the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11.
11
Setting Tool Options

To set the tool options:
Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the
following tool options are set :
1. Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options
2. HFSS Options Window:
1. Click the General tab
Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries::
Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry:: Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
Options
4. Modeler Options Window:
1. Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines:: Checked
2. Click the Drawing tab
Edit property of new primitives:: Checked

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Training Manual
Opening a New Project

1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, click the On the Standard toolbar, or select
the menu item File > New.
2. From the Project menu, select Insert HFSS Design.
Set Solution Type

1. Choose Driven Terminal

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Creating the 3D Model

Set Model Units
To set the units:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Units
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in (inches)

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
2. Select Definition Window:
1. Type copper in the Search by Name field

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Creating Annular Rings

Creating a ring is accomplished by creating a cylinder that represents the outer
radius and a cylinder that represents the inner radius. By performing a Boolean
subtraction, the resulting geometry is a ring.
For this model, two sets of rings are necessary. Instead of manually creating
both rings, we will create one ring, copy it, and edit the dimensions of the copy.
Create Ring 1
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the cylinder position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press the Enter key
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius:
dX: 0.31,
0.31 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
2. For the Value of Name type: ring_inner
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D
key

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Training Manual
Creating Annular Rings (Continued)

Create Ring 1 (Continued)
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.37,
0.37 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: ring_1
To select objects to be subtracted:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2. Select Object Dialog,
1. Select the objects named: ring_1, ring_inner
To subtract:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: ring_1
Tool Parts: ring_inner
Clone tool objects before subtract: Unchecked
Click the OK button

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Creating Annular Rings (Continued)

Create Ring 2
1. Select the objects named: ring_1
3. Select the menu item Edit > Copy
4. Select the menu item Edit > Paste
Change the dimensions of Ring 2
1. To change the dimensions of ring_2, expand the model tree as shown
below. It should be noted that order of the editing is important. If you make
the inner radius > then the outer radius, a invalid object will result and it will
be removed from the model.
2. Using the mouse, double click the left mouse button on the CreateCylinder
command for ring_2
3.
Properties dialog
1. Change the radius to: 0.5 in
4. Using the mouse, double click the left mouse button on the CreateCylinder
command for the ring_inner1
5.
Properties dialog
1. Change the radius to: 0.435 in

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create Arm_1
To create Arm_1
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position
X: -0.1,
0.1 Y: -0.31,
0.31 Z: 5.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base
rectangle:
dX: 0.2,
0.2 dY: -4.69,
4.69 dZ: -0.065,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm_1
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D
key.
Group Conductors
To group the conductors:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key
2. Select the menu item, Modeler > Boolean > Unite

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Training Manual
Create the Center pin

To create the center pin
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.1,
0.1 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: center_pin

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Training Manual
Create Arm_2
To create Arm_2
X: -0.1,
0.1 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 5.1,
rectangle:
dX: 0.2,
0.2 dY: 5.0,
5.0 dZ: -0.065,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm_2
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create the Grounding Pin

To create the grounding pin
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX: 0.0625,
0.0625 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: pin
Group Conductors
1. Select the objects named: Arm_2, center_pin, pin
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple
objects

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create the Wave port

To create a circle that represents the port:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Circle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the circle:
dX: 0.31,
0.31 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: p1

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual

Create Air
To create Air
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -10.0,
rectangle:
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 20.0,
20.0 dZ: 12.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Air
3. Set the Display Wireframe option to Checked
To fit the view:
To deselect all objects:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All.
Create Radiation Boundary

To create a radiation boundary
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
2. While holding the CTRL key, select all of the faces of the Air vacuum
object except the face on the XY plane. Use the rotate button in between
selections to access the back side faces.
3. Once the 5 faces are selected, go to the menu item HFSS > Boundaries
>Assign> Radiation
4.
Radiation Boundary window

1. Name: Rad1

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create Wave Port Excitation 1 (Continued)

To select the object p1:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects
1. Select the objects named: p1
To assign wave port excitation
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
2. Place Arm_2 in the Conducting Object list and Arm_1 in the Reference
Conductor list
Rename the Wave Port and Terminal

1. Double click on WavePort1 under Excitations in the project tree.
2. Rename the port to p1
4. Double click on the terminal named Arm_2_T1
5. Rename the terminal to T1
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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create Infinite Ground Plane

To create an Infinite ground
2. Graphically select the face of the Air object at Z=0
3. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Finite Conductivity
4. Finite Conductivity Boundary window
1. Name: gnd_plane
2. Use Material: Checked
3. Click the vacuum button
1. Type copper in the Search
by Name field
5. Infinite Ground Plane: Checked
Create a Radiation Setup

To define the radiation setup
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
2.
Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog

1. Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d
2. Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 90, Step Size: 90)
3. Theta: (Start: -180, Stop: 180, Step Size: 2)

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Add Length Based Mesh Operation to the Radiation Boundary

Far fields are calculated by integrating the fields on the radiation
radiation surface. To
obtain accurate far fields for antenna problems, the integration surface should be
forced to have a /6 to /8 maximum tetrahedra length.
To create a length based seed on the radiation boundary:
Switch back to object selection by selecting the menu item Edit > Select
Objects
Select the Air object by left clicking it in the drawing window
While the Air object is selected, move the mouse to the project tree and
right click on Mesh Operations > Assign > On Selection > Length Based
Name: LengthOnRadiation
Maximum Length of Elements: 3.5in (this is about /6 at 0.55GHz)
0.55GHz
Click the OK button

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Analysis Setup
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
2. Solution Setup Window:
1. Click the General tab::
Solution Frequency:: 0.55 GHz
Maximum Number of Passes: 10
Maximum Delta S per Pass: 0.02
2. Click the Options tab:
Enable Iterative Solver: Checked
3. Maximum Click the OK button

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
1. Select Solution Setup: Setup1
2. Edit Sweep Window:
1. Sweep Type:: Fast
2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Count
Start: 0.35GHz
Stop:: 0.75GHz
Count:: 401

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_uhf_probe
3. Click the Save button
Model Validation
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
2. Click the Close button
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message
Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
To view the Profile:
1. Click the Profile Tab.
To view the Convergence:
1. Click the Convergence Tab
Note: The default view is for convergence is Table.
Table Select
the Plot radio button to view a graphical representations of
the convergence data.
To view the Matrix Data:
1. Click the Matrix Data Tab
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data, set the
Simulation to Setup1, Last Adaptive
To view the Mesh Statistics:
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab.

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot - Magnitude
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data
Report > Rectangular Plot

Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: Sweep1
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Terminal S Parameter
4. Quantity: St(T1,T1)
5. Function: dB
6. Click the New Report button
Change the xx-axis label settings:
1. Double click on the numbers on the plots x-axis to bring up the properties
window
2. Change the Number Format from Auto to Decimal
3. Change the Field Precision from 2 to 0
2.

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Example UHF Probe
Training Manual
Far Field Overlays

Create Far Field Overlay
To create a 2D polar far field plot :
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report >
Radiation Pattern
2.
Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: LastAdaptive
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Trace tab
1. Category: Gain
2. Quantity: GainTotal
3. Function: dB

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Example Conical Horn
Training Manual
Dual Mode Conical Horn

waveguide horn antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

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Training Manual

create this passive device model:
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders
Boolean: Union, Subtract, Connect
Excitations: Wave Ports
Boundaries: Radiation
Results
Plotting: Radiation Pattern

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Training Manual
Design Review
Port Size/Type
Since the port is external to the model we could use a Wave Port. The size
of the port is determined by the physical dimensions of the waveguide.
Because the waveguide is circular, we must Polarize the E-Field for the
port definition.
Free Space
Since we are evaluating a radiating structure, we need to create a free
space environment for the device to operate in. This can be achieved by
using the Radiation Boundary condition or a Perfectly Matched Layer
(PML). We will use a Radiation Boundary since the surface will be
cylindrical.
The Radiation Boundary needs to be placed at least /4 from radiating
devices. For our example we will assume that ~/4 (0.6in)

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and
select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries::
Checked
Options
4. 3D Modeler Options Window:

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Training Manual

1. In the Ansoft HFSS desktop, a new project is automatically inserted.
2. When a new project is automatically opened, a new HFSS Design is also
automatically inserted into the project.
Set Solution Type

1. Choose Driven Modal

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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in

Create Circular Waveguide

Create waveguide
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX: 0.838,
0.838 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Waveguide
To fit the view:
Or press the CTRL+D key

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Training Manual
Create Offset Coordinate System

Create CS
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Create > Relative
CS > Offset
2.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the origin

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create Transition Region

Create waveguide transition
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cone
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the lower radius:
dX: 0.838,
0.838 dY: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the upper radius:
dX: 0.709,
0.709 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Taper

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Training Manual

Create CS
CS > Offset
2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create the Throat

Create Throat
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
dX: 1.547,
1.547 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Throat
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Group Objects
To group the objects:
Rename group
To rename the group of objects:
1. From the Model tree, select the only object shown
2. Click the Properties button
1. For the Value of Name type: Horn_Air
3. Click the Done button
Set Working Coordinate System

To set the working coordinate system:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Set Working CS
2. Select Coordinate System Window,
1. From the list, select the CS: Global
2. Click the Select button

1. Type pec in the Search by Name field

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Training Manual
Create the Horn Wall

Create horn
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
dX: 1.647,
1.647 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Horn
To fit the view:
Complete the Horn

To select the object
Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key
To complete the horn:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Horn
Tool Parts: Horn_Air
Click the OK button

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Training Manual

Create Air
Create Air
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX:: 2.2,
2.2 dY:: 0.0,
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

1. Select the objects named: Air
3. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Radiation
4. Radiation Boundary window
1. Name: Rad1

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Training Manual

X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: 0.0,
dX:: 0.838,
0.838 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:

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Training Manual

2. Wave Port : General
1. Name: p1
2. Click the Next button
3. Wave Port : Modes
1. Number of Modes: 2
2. For Mode 1,
1 click the None under Integration Line column and select
New Line
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X:: -0.838,
0.838 Y:: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX:: 1.676,
1.676 dY:: 0.0,
5. Polarize E Field: Checked
4. Wave Port : Post Processing
5. Click the Finish button

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Training Manual

Create CS
CS > Offset
2.

X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: 0.0,

Sphere
2.

Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d
1. Coordinate System Tab
1. Select Use local coordinate system
2. Choose RelativeCS3

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Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_chorn
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual
Far Field Overlays

Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources
2. Edit Sources window
1. Source: p1:1
1. Scaling Factor: 1
2. Offset: 0
2. Source: p1:2
1. Scaling Factor: 1
2. OffsetPhase: 90

Radiation Pattern
2.
Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. Category: Gain
4. Quantity: GainLHCP, GainRHCP
5. Function: dB

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Training Manual
Radiation Pattern 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0
-30
30
6.00
-8.00
60
-60
-22.00
Curve Info
dB(GainLHCP)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainLHCP)
dB(GainRHCP)
dB(GainRHCP)
-36.00
-90
90
-120
120
-150
150
-180

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Example Probe Feed Patch Antenna
Training Manual
The Probe Feed Patch Antenna

probe feed patch antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Patch (Signal)
Sub1 (Dielectric)
0.32cm
Infinite Ground

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11.
11

Checked
Options

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Training Manual

Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Type Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) in the Search by Name field

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Training Manual
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.32,
To set the Attribute
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub1
3. Set Transparent level to 0.7
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D key

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Training Manual
Create Infinite Ground

To create the infinite ground:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the rectangle position
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the rectangle:
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Inf_GND
To fit the view:
Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Infinite Ground

To select the trace:
1. Select the objects named: Inf_GND
To assign the Perfect E boundary
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Perfect E
2. Perfect E Boundary window
1. Name: PerfE_Inf_GND
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Checked

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Training Manual
Create Infinite Ground Cut Out

To create the cut out:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.16,
0.16 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Cut_Out
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View
Complete the Infinite Ground

To select the objects Inf_GND & Cut_Out:
1. Select the objects named: Inf_GND, Cut_Out
To complete the ring:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Inf_GnD
Tool Parts: Cut_Out
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create Patch
To create the patch:
X: -2.0,
2.0 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: 0.32,
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 3.0,
3.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Patch
To fit the view:
Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Trace

1. Select the objects named: Patch
1. Name: PerfE_Patch

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Training Manual

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create the Coax

To create the coax:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.16,
0.16 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5 Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Coax
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Create the Coax Pin

To create the coax pin:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.07,
0.07 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5 Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Coax_Pin
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

X:: -0.5,
0.5 Y:: 0.0,
0.0 Z:: -0.5 Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.16,
0.16 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Port1
To select the object Port1:
1. Select the objects named: Port1
2. In the pop up Reference Conductors for Terminals window, leave Pin in
Conducting Objects. Click OK

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Training Manual
Create the Probe

To create the probe:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.07,
0.07 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Probe
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Create Air
To create the air:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 3.32,
To set the Atttribute:
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Picking the faces:
2. Graphically select all of the faces of the Air object except the face at Z=0.0cm
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Radiation
1. Name: Rad1

Sphere
2.

1. Select the Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d

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Training Manual
Analysis Setup
2. Click the Option tab:

Solution Operations/ Order of Basis Functions: Second Order

Enable Iterative Solver Checked

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep
Start: 1.0GHz
Stop:: 3.5GHz
Count:: 201

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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_probepatch
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select
To view the Mesh Statistics
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab

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Training Manual
Create Reports
To create a report:
Report> Rectangular Plot

Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Click the Trace tab
2. Quantity: St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1) Function: dB
Mark all traces
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All
2. Select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Add Minimum
3. When you are finished, select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Clear
All to remove the marker.
2.
XY Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
-5.00
dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))
Name
m1
X
2.3625
Curve Info
dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Y
-21.4575
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
m1
-25.00
1.00
1.50

2.00
Freq [GHz]
5.3-18
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3.00
3.50
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Training Manual
Far Field Overlays

Radiation Pattern
2.
Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Families tab, change the frequency to 2.3625GHz
4. In the Trace tab
1. Primary Sweep: Theta
2. Category: Gain
3. Quantity: GainTotal
4. Function: dB
Radiation Pattern 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0
-30
Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='90deg'
30
4.00
-2.00
-60
60
-8.00
-14.00
-90
90
-120
120
-150
150
-180

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Example Slot Coupled Patch Antenna
Training Manual
The Slot Coupled Patch Antenna

probe feed patch antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Patch (Signal)
Sub1 (Dielectric)
0.16cm
Slot (Plane)
Sub2 (Dielectric)
0.16cm
Feed (Signal)
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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries::
Checked
Options

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Training Manual

Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Type Rogers in the Search by Name field and select the row for
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm)

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Training Manual
Create Substrate
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.32,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub1
3. Change the Color to Light Gray
4. Change the Trasparency to 0.6
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Create the Feed

To create the feed:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.2475,
0.2475 Z: 0.0,
dX: 7.0,
7.0 dY: 0.495,
0.495 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Feed
3. Change the Color to Bright Blue
To fit the view:
Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Feed

To select the feed:
1. Select the objects named: Feed
1. Name: PerfE_Feed
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Unchecked

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Training Manual
Create Ground
To create the ground:
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.16,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Ground
3. Change the Color to Red
4. Change the Transparency to 0.8
To fit the view:
Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Ground

To select the ground:
1. Select the objects named: Ground
1. Name: PerfE_Ground
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Unchecked

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Training Manual
Create Slot Cut Out

To create the cut out:
X: -0.0775,
0.0775 Y: -0.7,
0.7 Z: 0.16,
dX: 0.155,
0.155 dY: 1.4,
1.4 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Slot
To fit the view:
Complete the Ground

To select the objects ground & slot
1. Select the objects named: Ground, Slot
To perform the boolean subtraction:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground
Tool Parts: Slot
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create Patch
To create the patch:
X: -2.0,
2.0 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: 0.32,
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 3.0,
3.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Patch
3. Change the Color to Orange
4. Change the Transparency to 0.4
To fit the view:

To select the patch:
1. Select the objects named: Patch
1. Name: PerfE_Patch

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Training Manual

Create Air
To create the air:
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: -2.0,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 4.32,
To set the name:
3. Change the Color to Black
4. Change Display Wireframe to Checked
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Picking the faces:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Radiation
1. Name: Rad1

Sphere
2.

1. Select the Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d

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Training Manual
Add Length Based Mesh Operation to the Radiation Boundary

Far fields are calculated by integrating the fields on the radiation
radiation surface. To
obtain accurate far fields for antenna problems, the integration surface should be
forced to have a /6 to /8 maximum tetrahedra length.
To create a length based seed on the radiation boundary:
1. Select the Air object by left clicking it in the drawing window
2. While the Air object is selected, move the mouse to the project tree and
right click on Mesh Operations > Assign > On Selection > Length Based
3. Name: LengthOnRadiation
4. Maximum Length of Elements: 2cm (this is about /6 at 2.3GHz)
2.3GHz

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Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

To set the grid plane:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.2475,
0.2475 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.495,
0.495 dZ: 0.16,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Source
3. Change the Color to Bright Green
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the objects named: Source
Note:
Note You can also select the object from the Model
Tree
To assign lumped port excitation
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port
2. Place Feed in the Conducting Object list and Ground in the Reference
Conductor list
Rename the Lumped Port and Terminal

1. Double click on LumpPort1 under Excitations in the project tree.
2. Rename the port to p1
4. Double click on the terminal named Feed_T1
5. Rename the terminal to T1
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Training Manual
Analysis Setup
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution
Setup
2.

Maximum Delta S: 0.02
2. Click the Options tab:
Enable Iterative Solver: Checked

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency
Sweep
Select Solution Setup: Setup1
Edit Sweep Window:
Start: 1.0GHz
Stop:: 3.5GHz
Count:: 201
1.
2.

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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_slotpatch
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select
To view the Mesh Statistics:
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab.

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Training Manual
Create Reports
To create a report:

2.
3.
Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
4. Quantity: St(T1,T1),
5. Function: dB
Add a minimum marker to the trace
1. Select the trace by left clicking on it
2. Go to Report2D > Marker > Add Minimum
Ansoft Corporation
XY Plot 1
HFSSModel1
0.00
-2.00
Curve Info
dB(St(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name
m1
dB(St(p1,p1))
-4.00
X
2.2875
Y
-10.1263
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
m1
-12.00
1.00
1.50

2.00
Freq [GHz]
5.4-18
2.50
3.00
3.50
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Training Manual
Far Field Overlays

Radiation Pattern
2.
Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Families tab, change the frequency to 2.2875GHz
4. In the Trace tab
1. Category: Gain
2. Quantity: GainPhi, GainTheta
3. Function: dB
Radiation Pattern 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSModel1
0
-30
Curve Info
dB(GainPhi)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.2875GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainPhi)
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(GainTheta)
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(GainTheta)
Setup1 : Sweep1
30
0.00
-20.00
-60
60
-40.00
-60.00
-90
90
-120
120
-150
150
-180

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Example Waveguide Array Example
Training Manual
The Waveguide Array

Waveguide array antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment
A WavePort will be used for the waveguide feed excitation
A Floquet Port will be used for the phased arrays free space excitation and
termination
Master/Slave boundary conditions will be used to create the arrays unit cell
Reference:
[1] N. Amitay, V. Galindo and C. Wu, Theory and Analysis of Phased Array Antennas, Wiley-Interscience,
1972, ISBN 0-471-02553-4, section5.2.1.

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Training Manual
Design Review
Instead of modeling the entire array, we will make use of the master/slave
boundaries and only model a unit cell.
A Floquet Port will be used to excite and terminate the model from free space.
This port works in conjunction with the Master/Slave boundaries to enforce the
arrays periodicity and allow for a changing scan angle.

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Ports: Wave Ports, Floquet Ports
Boundaries: Master/Slave
Analysis
Sweep: Interpolating
Results
Cartesian plotting
Optimetrics
Parametric sweep

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Training Manual

To access Ansoft HFSS, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and
select the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

HFSS Options Window:
Click the General tab
Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries:
Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry: Checked
Click the OK button
Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
3D Modeler Options Window:
Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines: Checked
Click the Drawing tab
Edit properties of new primitives: Checked
Click the OK button

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When Ansoft HFSS opens it should automatically open a new project.
Set Solution Type

Choose Driven Modal
Click the OK button

Set Model Units
To set the units:
Set Model Units:
Select Units: in
Click the OK button

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, make sure that vacuum is the
default material

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Training Manual
Create Waveguide
To create the waveguide:
Select the menu item Draw > Box
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position
X: -12.28,
12.28 Y: -12.28,
12.28 Z: -55,
55 Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 24.56,
24.56 dY:: 24.56,
24.56 dZ: 55,
To set the name:
For the Value of Name type: waveguide
Click on the Value of Transparent and change the Value to 0.8
Click the OK button to accept the transparency changes
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View or press the CTRL+D
keys

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Training Manual
Create Airbox
To create the airbox:
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 0.0,
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 26.492,
26.492 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 55.0,
To set the name:
For the Value of Name type: Airbox
Click on the Value of Transparent and change the Value to 0.8
Click the OK button to accept the transparency changes
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View or press the CTRL+D
keys
To deselect all object:
Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All

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Training Manual
Create First Master Boundary

To select the Master boundary face
Select Face dialog: Select the object Airbox from the left column
Select different FaceIDs until the side face located on the
positive xx-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Master Boundary
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Master
Complete Master Boundary dialog window
Name: Master1
Coordinate System: U Vector:
Vector Click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the start position
X:13.246
13.246,
0.0,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the stop position of the
vector
dX: 0, dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0, Press the Enter key
For the V vector,
vector check the Reverse Direction: Checked
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create Second Master Boundary

To select the Master boundary face
Select different FaceIDs
FaceID until the side face located on the
positive yy-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Master Boundary
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Master
Complete Master Boundary dialog window
Name: Master2
Vecto click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
X:13.246
13.246,
0.0,
13.246 Y: 13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
vector
dX: -26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
For the V vector,
vector check the Reverse Direction: Checked
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create First Slave Boundary

To select the Slave boundary face
FaceID until the side face located on the
negative xx-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Slave Boundary
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave
Complete General Data Tab
Name: Slave1
Master Boundary: click on Undefined pulldown and select: Master1
Vecto click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
X: -13.246,
0.0,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
vector
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0.0,
Click the Next button
Continued on next page

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Training Manual
To create the Slave Boundary (Continued)

Complete Phase Delay Tab
Make sure that Use Scan Angles To Calculate Phase Delay is
checked
For Phi,
Phi enter a variable name phi_scan
For Theta,
Theta enter a variable name theta_scan
Click the Finish button
For the Add Variable dialog corresponding to phi_scan,
phi_scan
Enter 90deg
Click the OK button
For the Add Variable dialog corresponding to theta_scan,
theta_scan
Enter 0deg
Click the OK button
Create Second Slave Boundary

To select the Slave boundary face
FaceID until the side face located on the negative
y-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create Second Slave Boundary (continued)

To create Slave boundary
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave
Complete General Data Tab
Name: Slave2
Master Boundary: click on Undefined pulldown and select: Master2
Vector click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
X: 13.246,
13.246 Y:: -13.246,
vector
dX: -26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
checked
For Phi,
For Theta,

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Training Manual
Create WavePort
To select the Waveport face
Select the object waveguide from the left column
FaceID until the bottom face of the
waveguide is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create WavePort:
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > WavePort
Complete the General Tab
Name: p1
Click Next
Complete the Modes Tab
Number of Modes: 2
Mode 1:
1 click on the None pulldown located under the Integration
Line Column and select New Line
X: -12.28,
12.28 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -55.0,
vector
dX: 24.56,
24.56 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,

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Training Manual
To create WavePort (continued):

Complete Mode Tab (continued)
Mode 2: click on the None pulldown located under the Integration
Line Column and select New Line
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -12.28,
12.28 Z: -55,
vector
dX:0.0
0.0,
0.0 dY: 24.56,
24.56 dZ: 0.0,
Polarize E Field: Checked
Checking Polarize E Field will cause HFSS to use the
analytical waveguide mode solutions to properly polarize the
electric field in the port. The analytical solution is only
invoked for canonical waveguide structures like rectangular
waveguide, circular waveguide and coaxial waveguide. For
all other port geometries HFSS will enforce the polarization
with out the analytical solution. HFSS still performs a
numerical solution of the ports modes, but will orient the field
polarizations through its knowledge of the analytical solution.
Complete the Post Processing Tab
Click Finish

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Training Manual
Create FloquetPort
To select the FloquetPort face
Select the object Airbox from the left column
FaceID until the top face of the AirBox is
highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create FloquetPort:
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > Floquet Port
Complete the General Tab
Name: FP1
A Direction Lattice Coordinate: click on the Undefined pulldown
located and select New Vector
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 55,
vector
dX: 26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
B Direction Lattice Coordinate: click on the Undefined pulldown
located and select New Vector
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 55,
vector
dX:0.0
0.0,
0.0 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0.0,
Click Next

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Training Manual
To create FloquetPort (continued):

checked
For Phi,
For Theta,
Click the Modes Calculator button
Complete the Modes Setup Tab
Number of Modes: 10
Frequency: 299.79 MHz
checked
Phi: 90 deg
Theta: 90 deg
Click the OK button
HFSS
has a Modes Calculator to help determine the number of modes that should
be included in the Floquet Port. Any mode that is not defined in the Modes Setup
Tab will be short circuited at the port and reflected back toward the array. For
accurate results all modes that have a significant amount of energy at the port
must be included in the Modes Setup Tab.
The Floquet Mode calculator is going to request the number of modes that should
be evaluated, a frequency and a scan angle to calculate each modes attenuation
constant. The modes with the least attenuation are going to occur at the highest
simulation frequency and at locations in the scan volume that are close to grating
lobes. Therefore, we are going to set these conditions in the Modes Calculator to
determine the attenuation in dB/length for each mode. We will then restrict the
number of modes to only include the modes with a significant contribution to the
arrays performance

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Training Manual
Notice
that the first 4 modes have an attenuation of 0.00 dB/length. This indicates that they
are propagating modes. The TE00 and TM00 modes correspond to the main beams of the x
and y polarized patterns. respectively. The TE0-1 and TM0-1 modes correspond to the
grating lobes of x and y polarized patterns.
Modes 5 through 10 have attenuation of 1.67 dB/length or 2.06 dB/length depending the
mode. The length portion of this attenuation is calculated in the models unit (inches for this
example). To calculate a modes total attenuation from the array to the Floquet Port, the
attenuation value displayed in the Modes Setup Tab needs to be multiplied by the distance
between the array face and the Floquet Port.
For
this example this distance is 55in. Therefore the TE-1-1 mode experiences 1.67*55 =
91.85dB of attenuation as it propagates from the array face to the Floquet Port.
Likewise the TE10 mode experience 2.06*55 = 113.3dB of attenuation across this same
distance.
It
therefore is safe to only include the first 4 modes in the Floquet Port definition.

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Training Manual
To create FloquetPort (continued):

Change the Number of Modes:
Modes 4
Complete the 3D Refinement Tab
Complete the Post Processing Tab
For
this example we only included the modes that propagate at the highest simulated
frequency for the largest scan angle in the plane corresponding the closest grating
lobe. Although these modes are propagating for this instance, they may not be
propagating for other cases where the frequency is lower or the scan angle as
extreme. The cases where any of these modes are heavily attenuated can cause an
unusually dense mesh concentrated at the port. This will significantly decrease the
simulation efficiency and in many phased array cases there is more interest in
terminating these modes than exciting them. To improve the simulations efficiency
HFSS allows you to determine which Floquet Modes are excited for the purposes of
refining the mesh during the adaptive meshing process. Which modes affect the
adaptive meshing process is controlled by checking the box under the Affects
Refinement column on the 3D Refinement Tab. This exercise is only interested in
exciting the problem from the waveguide side. Therefore none of the Floquet Modes
are going to be excited in the adaptive mesh refinement

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Training Manual

Solution Frequency: 299.79 MHz
Click the Options tab:
Minimum Number of Passes: 5
Click the OK button
Creating a Frequency Sweep:

Select the menu item HFSS> Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
Choose Setup1 from pop-up window and click the OK button
Edit Sweep Window
Sweep Type: Interpolating
Frequency Setup Type: LinearStep
Start: 200MHz
Stop: 300MHz
Step: 0.1MHz
Click the OK button

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_array
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Click the Profile Tab.
Click the Convergence Tab
Note:
Note The default view for convergence is Table. Select the
Plot radio button to view a graphical representations of the
convergence data.
Click the Matrix Data Tab
Note:
Note To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data, set the
Simulation to Setup1, Last Adaptive during solution.
Click the Close button when done viewing or simulation
complete.

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Training Manual
Create Floquet Mode Plot vs Frequency

To create a Rectangular plot :
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data

New Report New Traces Window:
Category: S-Parameter
Quantity: S(FP1:3,P1:1), S(FP1:4,P1:1), S(P1:1,P1:1)
Function: dB
Click the New Report button
This
plot shows how the X-Polarized Waveguide mode couples into the TE00 and TM00
modes at boresight as frequency is swept from 200MHz to 300MHz.
Notice that just above 240MHz the return loss spikes to 0dB and the coupling to both the TE00
and TM00 modes show a sharp discontinuity. This is caused by the TE10 waveguide mode
transitioning out from being cutoff.

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Training Manual
Optimetrics Setup
For this array design, we want to see the effect of scan angle on the input match
of the antenna. To do this, we must sweep the scan angle with a parametric
sweep.
Add a Second Solution Setup

Create an analysis setup:
Setup Name: Setup2
Solution Frequency: 299.79 MHz
Minimum Number of Passes: 2
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Add a Parametric Sweep

To create a parametric setup
Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametric
Setup Sweep Analysis Window:
Click the Sweep Definitions tab:
Click the Add button
Add/Edit Sweep Dialog
Select Variable: theta_scan
Select Linear Step
Start: 0deg
Stop: 90deg
Step: 10deg
Click the Add >> button
Click the OK button
Click the OK button
Uncheck Setup1 Include
Check Save Fields and Meshes
Check Copy geometrically equivalent meshes
Click OK to accept the Parametric Sweep settings
Note:
The plots shown for the parametric sweep contain

an additional sweep for theta_scan to improve the plot
resolution:
Type: Linear Step
Start: 27.1deg
Stop: 27.9deg
Step: 0.1deg

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Training Manual
Save Project
In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze Parametric Sweep

Expand the Project Tree to display the items listed under Optimetrics
Right-click the mouse on ParametricSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
To view the Optimetrics Results:
Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
Select the Profile Tab to view the solution progress for each setup.
Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

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Training Manual
Create Propagation Constant Plot

To create a report:

Traces Window:
Solution: Setup2: LastAdaptive
X: Switch to theta_scan
Category: Gamma
Quantity: Select All Quantities
Function: Im
Notice
that Floquet Modes 1 and 2 do not start propagating until the array is scanned to 29deg.
These mode are the TE0-1 and TM0-1 modes respectively and represent the grating lobes
associated with the E-phi and E-theta patterns respectively. The main beams (TE00 and
TM00) are the 3rd and 4th Floquet Modes. These modes propagate to the edge of real space.

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Training Manual
Create S-Parameter Plot

To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data

2.
Traces Window::
2. X: Switch to theta_scan
3. Category: S Parameter
4. Quantity: S(FP1:2,p1:2), S(FP1:4,p1:2), S(p1:2,p1:2)
5. Function: mag
XY Plot 5
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
1.00
Curve Info
mag(S(FP1:2,p1:1))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
mag(S(FP1:4,p1:1))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
mag(S(p1:1,p1:1))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
0.90
0.80
0.70
Y1
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
theta_scan [deg]
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Notice
the transmission for the 1st Floquet Mode is not significant until just below 30deg scan.
This mode corresponds to the TM0-1 mode which doesnt propagate until 29deg scan. At this
same scan angle a scan blindness is observed in the return loss and the transmission for the
4th Floquet Mode (TM00) drops sharply.

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Training Manual
Create Active Element Pattern

To create a report:

Traces Window:
Solution: Setup2: LastAdaptive
X: Switch to theta_scan
Y:
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*mag(S(p1:2,FP1:4))^2*cos(theta_scan))
701.8 is the unit cell area in square inches
39.361inches is the wavelength in free space
Double click on the Y-axis of the plot
Click the Scale tab:
Specify Min: Checked
Min: -60
Spacing: 10
XY Plot 6
Ansoft Corporation
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*m ag(S(p1:1,FP1:4))^2*cos (theta_s can))
20.00
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*mag(S(p1:1,FP1:4))^2*cos(theta_scan))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
10.00
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
0.00
10.00
20.00

30.00
40.00
50.00
theta_scan [deg]
5.5-27
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70.00
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Example Magic T
Training Manual
The Magic T
Magic T, which is a commonly used microwave device, using the Ansoft HFSS
Design Environment.
Length
Height
Width
Port1
Nominal Design:
Waveguide:
Width = 50.0 mm
Port2
Height = 20.0 mm
Length = 75.0 mm
Port3

Port4
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Example Magic T
Training Manual

The following features of the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment are used to create
this passive device model
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate
Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Interpolating Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
3D Field Plots, Animations

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11
Checked
Options

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Example Magic T
Training Manual

By default, when HFSS first starts up, a new project will be opened.
opened.
If you have been working in HFSS and need to open a new project:
2. Expand the folder and review the sub-folders in the Project Manager
Set Solution Type


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Example Magic T
Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm
1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Top Arm
To create arm 1:
2.
Press the Tab key to move the cursor to the coordinate entry fields
fields

X: -25.0,
25.0 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 50.0,
50.0 dY: 20.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm
To fit the view:
3.

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Create Wave Port Excitation 1

Picking the port face:
2. Graphically select (click on) the top face of the arm at Z=75mm
1. Name: p1
Top face
Wave Port Face

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Example Magic T
Training Manual

Create Arm 2
To create arm 2:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key.
2. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 90
3. Total Number: 2
5. Click OK in the Properties dialog
To fit the view:
Create Arm 3 & 4
To select the object Arm_1:
1. Select the objects named: Arm_1
To create arm 3 & 4:
1. Axis: Z
2. Angle: 90
3. Total Number: 3
5. Click OK in the Properties dialog
To fit the view:

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Group the Arms

To group the arms:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All. Or press the CTRL+SHIFT+A key
3. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite
4. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All. Or press the CTRL+SHIFT+A
key
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display (Solver View)
2. From the Solver View of Boundaries, toggle the Visibility check box for the
boundaries you wish to display.
Note: The background (Perfect Conductor) is displayed as the outer
boundary.
Note: The Perfect Conductors are displayed as the smetal boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Active View Visibility to hide all
of the geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary
conditions.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Solution Frequency:: 4.0GHz
2. Click the Options Tab
1. Minimum Converged Passes: 3
1. Sweep Type:: Interpolating
Start: 3.4GHz
Stop:: 4.0GHz
Count:: 1001

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_magic_t
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data during
analysis, open this dialog and set the Simulation to Setup1,
Last Adaptive

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Modal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Adaptive Pass
Note: If this report is created prior or during the solution process, a real-time
update of the results are displayed
To create a report:

2.
Report Dialog::
1. Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3), S(p1,p4) (Note: Hold
down the Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB
A n s o f t C o r p o r a ti o n
X Y P lo t 2
H F S S D e s ig n 1
0 .0 0
-1 0 .0 0
C u r ve In fo
d B (S (p 1 , p 1 ))
S e t u p 1 : A d a p t i ve P a s s
F r e q = '4 G H z '
d B (S (p 1 , p 2 ))
F r e q = '4 G H z '
d B (S (p 1 , p 3 ))
F r e q = '4 G H z '
d B (S (p 1 , p 4 ))
-2 0 .0 0
Y1
-3 0 .0 0
-4 0 .0 0
-5 0 .0 0
-6 0 .0 0
-7 0 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .5 0

2 .0 0
2 .5 0
P as s
6.1-12
3 .0 0
3 .5 0
4 .0 0
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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Create Modal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Freq

To create a report:

2.
Report Dialog::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3), S(p1,p4) (Hold down
the Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB

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Example Magic T
Training Manual
Create Field Overlay

To select an object:
1. Select menu item Windows > hfss_magic_Thfss_magic_T-HFSSDesign1HFSSDesign1-Modeler
1. Select the objects named: Arm
4. Select the menu Edit > Properties
1. Select Attribute Tab
2. Click on the Transparency button
3. Set Transparency to aprox .75
4. Click OK button
5. Click OK button to exit properties window
5. Press CtrlCtrl-A to ensure waveguide is selected.
6. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag_E
7. Create Field Plot Window
1. Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All Objects
Field Animations
To Animate a Magnitude field plot:
1. Select the menu item View > Animate
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept the defaults settings:
1. Swept variable: Phase
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
3. Click OK

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Example Coaxial Connector
Training Manual
The Coaxial Connector

coaxial connector, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

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Training Manual

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Polylines,
Polylines, Circles
Boolean Operations: Unite, Subtract, and Sweep
Ports: Wave Ports and Terminal Lines
Analysis
Results
Cartesian plotting
Field Overlays:
3D Field Plots, Animations, CutCut-Planes

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options.
Options

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Training Manual

opened.
Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Using the Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select

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Training Manual
Create the Conductor 1

To create the conductor
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius:

dX: 0.152,
0.152 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
4.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height:

dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 1.448,
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Conductor1
To fit the view:

To create an offset Coordinate System:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Create >
Relative CS > Offset

2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create a Section
To section the conductor
2. Select the menu item Modeler > Surface > Section
3. Section Window
Section Plane: XY
Click the OK button
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Training Manual
Rename the Section

To set the name:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > List
2. From the Model tab, select the object named Conductor1_Section1
3. Click the Properties button in the bottom
1. For the Value of Name type: Bend
Set Grid Plane

Create Conductor Bend

To create the bend:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Arc > Center Point
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex point:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,
0.4 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radial point:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the sweep arc length:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,
0.4 Z: 0.4,
5. Using the mouse, right-click and select Done
6. Click the OK button when the Properties dialog appears
Sweep Bend:
1. Select the objects named: Bend, Polyline1
3. Select the menu item Draw > Sweep > Along Path
4. Sweep along path Window
Angle of twist: 0
Draft Angle: 0
Draft Type: Round
Click the OK button
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Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ


2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.152,
0.152 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.436,
0.436 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System >
Create > Relative CS > Offset

2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.436,
0.436 Z: 0.0,

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X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.225,
0.225 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.3,
1.3 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:
Group the Conductors

Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Select the menu item, 3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite
To fit the view:


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Training Manual
Create the Female End

To create the female end:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.3,
1.3 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Female
To fit the view:
Create the Female Bend

To create the bend:
dX:
dX: 0.351, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: -1.236, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: FemaleBend
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create the Male End

To create the male end:
dX:
dX: 0.351, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Male
To fit the view:

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Group the Vacuum Objects

To unite the objects Female, FemaleBend and Male:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All
1. Select the objects named: Female, FemaleBend,
FemaleBend, Male
To fit the view:
Add New Material

To add a new material:
2. From the Select Definition window, click the Add Material button
3. View/Edit Material Window:
1. For the Material Name type: My_Ring
2. For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 3

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Training Manual
Create the Ring

To create the ring:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.736,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.236,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Ring
To fit the view:
Complete the Ring

To select the objects Ring and Male:
1. Select the objects named: Ring, Female
To complete the ring:
1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ring
Tool Parts: Female
Clone tool objects before subtract: Checked
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Add New Material

1. For the Material Name type: My_Teflon
2. For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 2.1
Create the Male Teflon

To create the teflon:
teflon:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.46,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.788,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: MaleTeflon
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Note: To simplify the instructions, a 2D object will be created to represent the
port. This is not a requirement for defining ports. Graphical face selection can
be used as an alternative.
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.351,
0.351 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
Note:
Note You can also select the object from the Model Tree

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2. Reference Conductors for Terminals window
1. Conducting Objects: Conductor1
2. Reference Conductors: blank
3. Rename port and terminal names
1. Highlight WavePort1 under the project tree, right click mouse, and
click rename, type p1,
p1 and press Enter key
2. Same steps apply to Conductor1_T1, and rename it to T1

1. From the list, select the CS: RelativeCS3
Set Grid Plane


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Training Manual

Note: To simplify the instructions, a 2D object will be created to represent the
port. This is not a requirement for defining ports. Graphical face selection can
be used as an alternative.
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 1.3,
1.3 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. Reference Conductors for Terminals window
1. Conducting Objects: Conductor1
2. Reference Conductors: blank
3. Rename port and terminal names
1. Highlight WavePort1 under the project tree, right click mouse, and
click rename, type p2,
p2 and press Enter key
2. Same steps apply to Conductor1_T2, and rename it to T2

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Training Manual
Create the Female Teflon

To create the Teflon:
dX:
dX: 0.511, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: -0.236, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: FemaleTeflon
To fit the view:
Complete the Vacuum Object

To select the objects Female, MaleTeflon,
MaleTeflon, FemaleTeflon
1. Select the objects named: Female, MaleTeflon,
To complete the vacumm objects:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Female
Tool Parts: MaleTeflon,
Click the OK button

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Complete the Model

To complete the model:
1. Select the objects named: Conductor1, Female, MaleTeflon,
MaleTeflon,
FemaleTeflon
4. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Female, FemaleTeflon,
FemaleTeflon, MaleTeflon
Tool Parts: Conductor1
Click the OK button
Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Visibility to hide all of the
geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary

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Analysis Setup
3. Click the Options tab::
Minimum Converged Passes: 2

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 8.1GHz
Count:: 801

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_coax
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze

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Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Adaptive Pass
Note: If this report is created prior to or during the solution process, a
real-time update of the results are displayed
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal
Solution Data Report > Rectangular Plot

2.
Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: Adaptive
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Pass
3. Click the Y tab
2. Quantity: St(T1,T1), St(T1,T2),
3. Function: dB

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To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Freq
3. Click the Y tab
3. Function: dB

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Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot - Phase

To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Freq
3. Click the Y tab
3. Function: ang_deg

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Training Manual
Field Overlays
Select the menu item Window > hfss_coax HFSSDesign1 - Modeler

1. Select the Global YZ Plane
1. Using the Model Tree, expand Planes
2. Select Global:YZ
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All Objects
To modify a Magnitude field plot:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes
2. Select Plot Folder Window:
1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
1. Click the Scale tab
1. Select Use Limits
2. Min: 1.0
3. Max: 1000.0
4. Scale: Log

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Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
2. Select T2 from the Edit Sources window
Check the Terminated box
To Select the Electric Field plot:
1. Expand the Project tree
2. Expand the Field Overlays
3. Click on the E Field or Mag_E1 to
display the field plot
Field Animations
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept defaults settings:
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
5. Click: OK

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Example 180 Ring Hybrid
Training Manual
The 180 Ring Hybrid

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a ring
hybrid, using Ansoft HFSS.

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Getting Started
1.
Programs and
select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11.
11

Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports:: Checked
Options

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Set Solution Type


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Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm

1. Using the Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose Select
1. Click the Add Material button
1. For the Material Name type: My_Sub
3. For the Value of Dielectric Loss Tangent type: 4.29e4.29e-4

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Create Substrate
1. Select the menu item Draw > Regular Polyhedron
2. Press the Tab key to move the cursor to the coordinate entry fields
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.143,
dX: 22.345mm/cos(30*pi/180), dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
5. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height
dX: 0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 2.286,
6. Segment Number Window
Number of Segments: 6
Click the OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Substrate
To change the transparency of the substrate object:
1. Click the button labeled 0 next to the Transparent attribute.
2. Change the value to 0.8
3. Click OK to dismiss the Transparency
4. Click OK
To fit the view:

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Create Trace
To create the trace:
X: -0.89154,
0.89154 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.78308,
1.78308 dY: 22.345,
22.345 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Trace
To fit the view:

1. Select the objects named: Trace
1. Name: PerfE_Trace

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Note: This structure requires 4 ports with 1 terminal lines per port. We could use
face selection to select the ends of the substrate that represent the port, define
terminal lines, assign excitation, and repeat for port2-4. Since we can duplicate
port definitions, it is more efficient to define a rectangle with the appropriate port
definition and copy it to the location of ports 2-4. The second method is
described here:
To set grid plane
To set the view
Select the menu item View > Modify Attributes > Orientation
Select Viewing Direction form the List Window
1. From the list select the view name: Right
2. Click the Apply button
To create the rectangle graphically:
2. Using the mouse, position the active position indicator such that it snaps to
the vertex of the lower left corner of the substrate face. The shape of the
active position indicator will change to a square when it snaps to the vertex
3. Click the left mouse button to select this point as the start position.
4. Continued on next page

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Training Manual

4.
5.
Using the mouse, position the active position indicator such that it snaps to
the vertex of the upper right corner of the substrate face. The shape of the
active position indicator will change to a square when it snaps to the vertex
Click the left mouse button to set the opposite corner of the rectangle.
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Port
To fit the view:

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1. Select the objects named: Port
4. Reference Conductors Dialog
1. Conducting Objects: Trace
2. Reference Conductors: <Empty>
Wave
Port Face

Trace
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Create the remaining Traces and Wave Ports

To select objects:
1. Select the objects named: Trace, Port
To duplicate the objects:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
2. Duplicate Around Axis Window
1. Axis: Z
2. Angle: 60deg
3. Total Number: 4
Create Outer Ring

To set grid plane
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
To create the ring:
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 11.795,
11.795 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Outer
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing.

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Training Manual
Group the Conductors

1. Deselect all objects by selecting the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Using the model tree, while holding down the Ctrl key, select the following
objects in this order: Trace, Trace_1, Trace_2, Trace_3, Outer
1. The Trace object needs to be selected first as the Boolean
operations are order dependent, and the Perfect E boundary should
propagate to the other objects.
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing.
Create Inner Ring

To create the ring:
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 10.795,
10.795 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Inner
Select objects:
1. Deselect all objects by selecting the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Using the model tree, while holding down the Ctrl key, select the following
objects in this order: Trace, Inner
3. Select the menu item, Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
4. Subtract Window
1. Blank Parts: Trace
2. Tool Parts: Inner
3. Clone tool objects before subtracting:: Unchecked
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing. Or press the CTRL+D key
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Analysis Setup

2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Step
Start: 2.0 GHz
Stop:: 7.0 GHz
Step:: 0.05 GHz

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Create Reports
To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2),
St(Trace_T1,Trace_T3), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T4) (hold down
the Ctrl key to select multiple quantities)
4. Function: dB

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To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2),
St(Trace_T1,Trace_T3), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T4) (hold down
the Ctrl key to select multiple quantities)
4. Function: dB

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_ringhybrid
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual
Terminal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Adaptive Pass
Terminal SS-Parameter Plot - Magnitude

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Example Coax Stub Resonator
Training Manual
The Coaxial Stub Resonator

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and optimize a
coaxial stub resonator, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

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Training Manual

create this passive device model:
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders
Boolean: Unite
Duplicate: Around Axis
Excitations: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep: Fast Frequency
Optimization
Parametrics Setup
Optimetrics Setup
Results
Data: Tabular
Plotting: Cartesian

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Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Options

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Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


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Set Grid Plane


X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.86,
0.86 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -6.0,
6.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window
2. For the Value of Name type: Conductor
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Create the Stub

To create the stub
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.86,
0.86 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 4.75,
4.75 dZ: 0.0,
To parameterize the object:
1. Select the Command tab from the Properties window
2. For Height,
Height type: L, Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable L: 4.75mm,
4.75mm Click the OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Stub
To fit the view:


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Training Manual
Create the Body

To create the body
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 2.0,
2.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -6.0,
6.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Body

To select surface for Wave Port 1
1. Press the F key on keyboard ( Select Faces mode)
2. Click on the end surface of Body as shown
To assign reference conductors for Terminals
1. Select the menu item HFSS>Excitations>Assign>Wave Port
2. In the pop up Reference Conductors for Terminals window, leave
Conductor in Conducting Objects. Click OK

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Training Manual
Create Port 2 Arm

To select the objects Conductor & Body
1. Select the objects named: Body, Conductor
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple objects
To create the port 2 arm:
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: -90
90
3. Total Number: 2
To fit the view:
Create Stub Body

Duplicate boundaries with geometry:: Unchecked
To select the objects Body:
1. Select the objects named: Body

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Training Manual
To create the stub body:

1. Select the menu Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 180
3. Total Number: 2
To fit the view:
Group the Body Objects

To select the objects Body, Body_1, Body_2:
1. Select the objects named: Body, Body_1, Body_2
To fit the view:
Group the Conductor & Stub Objects

To select the objects Conductor, Conductor_1, Stub:
1. Select the objects named: Conductor, Conductor_1, Stub
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Boundary Display
boundary.
Mesh Operations
To select the object Body
1. Select the objects named: Body
To create a mesh operation:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Mesh Operations > Assign > Inside
Selection > Length based

2.
Element Length Based Refinement Window:

1. Name:: Body_Mesh
2. Restrict Length of Elements:: Unchecked
3. Restrict the Number of Elements: Checked
1. Maximum Number of Elements: 2000

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Training Manual
Analysis Setup

2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Step
Start: 5.0 GHz
Stop:: 20.0 GHz
Step:: 0.01 GHz

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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_stub_resonator
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze all

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual

To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
2. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T1),
St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
3. Function: dB
Data Markers
Mark All Traces
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All
2. Select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Add Minimum
3. When you are finished, select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Clear
All to remove the marker.

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Training Manual
Optimetrics Setup Parametric Sweep

During the design of a microwave device, it is common practice to develop
design trends based on swept parameters. Ansoft HFSS with Optimetrics
Parametric Sweep can automatically create these design curves.

1.
2.
1. Click the Sweep Definitions tab::
1. Click the Add button
2. Add/Edit Sweep Dialog
1. Select Variable: L
2. Select Linear Count
3. Start: 4.0mm
4. Stop: 5.5mm
5. Count: 5
1. Save Fields and Mesh: Checked
Analyze Parametric Sweep

1. Expand the Project Tree to display the items listed under Optimetrics
2. Right-click the mouse on ParametricSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
2. Select the Profile Tab to view the solution progress for each setup.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

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Training Manual
Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot S12 at each L

To create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Click the Families tab
1. Sweeps: Variable L will Value All
1. Primary Sweep: Freq: All
3. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
4. Function: dB

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Training Manual
Optimetrics Setup Optimization

The Parametric Sweep was useful for generating design curves. For this simple
design with only a single variable we could use the design curves to make
educated guesses at performance targets that are not contained in the
Parametric Sweep. Ansoft HFSS and Optimetrics with Optimization takes the
guess work out of achieving performance targets. To demonstrate this we will
target a minimum S12 at 13GHz. Since this device has a very high Q, we will
consider anything <= -40dB at 13GHz to be a minimum. From the Parametric
Sweep, we can see that the search range can be limited to the range 4.7-5.1mm.
Since we are only interested in obtaining an optimum solution for 13GHz, we will
add an additional Solution Setup that does not include the frequency sweep.
This will reduce the amount of simulation time required to achieve the
performance goal.
Add an Analysis Setup

Define Optimization Design Variables

To Define Optimization Design Variable
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Design Properties
2. Click the Optimization radio button::
1. Name: L
2. Include: Checked
3. Min: 4.0 mm
4. Max: 5.5 mm

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Add Optimization Setup

1.
2.
Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Optimization
Setup Optimization Window:
1. Click the Goals tab:
2. Optimizer: QuasiQuasi-Newton
3. Max. No. of Iterations: 10
4. Click the Setup Calculations button
5. Setup Output Variables dialog:
2. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
3. Function: mag
4. Click the Add Calculation button
6. From the Solution Column, click on the Setup1:Sweep1 and select
Setup2:LastAdaptive from the list of solutions
7. Condition: <=
8. Click on Edit Goal/Weight button
1. Goal Value:0.01
0.01
2. Click on Weight tab,
3. Set All Weight to 1,
4. Click on Set button
5. Click OK button
9. Acceptable Cost: 0
10. Click the Variables tab:
1. Min: 4.7 mm
2. Max: 5.1mm
1. Parametrics Analysis: click on N/A and select Paramatric
Setup1
2. Select Parametric Sweep before Optimization

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Analyze Optimization
2. Right-click the mouse on OptimizationSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
2. Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

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Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot of Optimum Result

Select the menu HFSS> Optimetrics Analysis > Optimerics Results
View: select Table
Select the iteration with optimal result: the lowest cost (cost =0)
Click on Apply button
To analyze the optimum design
1. Right click Setup1 under Analysis in the project tree, and click Analyze
To view the plot
The existing XY Plot 1 will automatically be updated when the solution
completes.
To change to the XY Plot 1 window, select the menu item Window > XY
Plot 1.

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Example Microstrip Wave Port
Training Manual
Microstrip Wave Port

This example is intended to show you how wave port size can influence the
results of any simulation using the Ansoft HFSS Version Design Environment.

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Training Manual
Ansoft Design Environment

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Boxes, Rectangle
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Along Line
Boundary/Excitation
Ports: Wave Ports and Integration Lines
Analysis
Solution: Ports Only
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields Overlays
Port Field Display

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and
11

Checked
Options

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Design Review
Generally speaking when we assign a wave port to a microstrip line, or any
quasi-TEM line, we need to include some area around the actual transmission
line. The big question is, how much area?
Below you will see the cross section of a simple microstrip line with naming
conventions shown.
~10w
~8h
w
h
As a rule of thumb, we typically create a 2D rectangle to represent the wave port

stimulus for this type of structure. The dimensions of the rectangle are roughly
ten times the width of the transmission line by eight times the height of the
substrate.
REMEMBER: These are only guidelines !!!
The height of the port will be affected by the permittivity of the substrate. The
higher the permittivity, the less the fields will propagate in the air, and the shorter
the port can be made.
The
width of the port will affect the port impedance and

propagating modes. The narrower the width (image on
right), the more the fields will couple to the side walls of
the port. This effect may not be physical. The wider the
port, the greater chance that a higher frequency
waveguide mode can propagate.
This
example will explore this last phenomenon.

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Training Manual

1. In the Ansoft HFSS desktop, a new project is automatically inserted.
2. When a new project is automatically opened, a new HFSS Design is also
automatically inserted into the project.
Set Solution Type

Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mil

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Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_Rogers
2. Relative Permittivity: 3.38

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Create Substrate
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box:
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: 8.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


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Create Trace
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -9.25,
9.25 Z: 8.0,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 18.5,
18.5 dZ: 1.4,
To set the name:
To fit the view:
Create Ground
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: -1.4,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

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Training Manual

Create Air
To create the Air:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: -1.4,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: 200.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

To select the object Air:
2. Radiation Boundary Window
Name: Rad1
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

Create the Wave Port

To create a rectangle that represents the port:
X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: -200.0,
200.0 Z:: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 400.0,
400.0 dZ:: 50.0
50 0, Press the Enter key
2. For Position,
Position type: 0mil, -Port_Width/2, 0mil,
0mil Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable Port_Width:
Port_Width 400mil,
400mil Click the OK button
3. For YSize,
YSize type: Port_Width,
Port_Width Click the Tab key to accept
To set the name:

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Training Manual
Assign the Excitation 1

1. Name: p1,
p1
1. Number of Modes: 5
2. For Mode 1, click the None in the Integration Line column and
select New Line
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX:: 0.0, dY: 0.0,
For Mode 1, click the Zpi column and select Zpv

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To duplicate the port:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the first point of the duplicate vector
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the second point of the duplicate
vector
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 0.0,
4. Duplicate Along Line Windows
1. Total Number: 2

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Boundary Display
boundary.

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Analysis Setup
Solution Frequency:: 20GHz
2. Check Solve Ports Only

1. Sweep Type: Interpolating
Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 50.1GHz
Count:: 81

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_waveports
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Solution Data
1. Check the Gamma radio button
2. Uncheck the Zo radio button
3. Click the pulldown that displays Sweep1,
Sweep1 and change to PortOnly

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Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Frequency
To Create a report:

2.
New Traces Window::

2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Gamma
4. Quantity: Gamma(p1:1),Gamma(p1:2), Gamma(p1:3),
Gamma(p1:4), Gamma(p1:5)
5. Function: im
8. See next page for plot and discussion of results

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Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
Given the physical size of the wave port object that we created, the fundamental
mode (p2:1) is a quasi-TEM mode that propagates from DC on up.
This also shows that higher order modes can propagate (>0) at a high enough
frequency. The second modes starts propagating at ~14 GHz.
Therefore, if we only needed to simulate up to 10 GHz, we wouldnt need to size
our port any different, however, if we need to simulate up to 50 GHz, then we
need to resize our port to eliminate the higher order propagating modes.
The last part of the exercise will explore this.

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Training Manual
Field Pattern Plots

Select the menu item Window > hfss_waveports HFSSdesign1 - Modeler
It might be illuminating to look at the field patterns at the port to discover which
modes are excited.
To display the Mode field patterns in the modeler:
1. From within the project manager, expand the section Port Field Display
2. Expand p1,
p1 and select Mode 2
1. The field pattern will be overlaid on the 3D model. From the plot
below, Mode 2 is clearly not a microstrip mode, but a TE10-like
waveguide mode.

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1.
2.
1. Variable: Port_Width
2. Select Linear Step
3. Start: 200mil
4. Stop: 600mil
5. Step: 100mil
6. Click the Add >> button

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Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save.
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Frequency vs. Port_Width
To Create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Gamma
4. Quantity: Gamma(p1:2),
5. Function: im
8. See next page for plot and discussion of results

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Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
This shows that as we decrease the width of the port, the frequency at which the
higher order mode starts to propagate increases.
Therefore, by properly sizing the wave port, you can eliminate any higher order
propagating modes if you believe that they do not exist.
You need to use caution if you are simulating very high frequencies, i.e.,
millimeter wavelengths, as you may not be able to make the ports small enough
to eliminate these modes. You probably shouldnt even try as the higher order
modes might represent real world effects.

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Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Port Width at a fixed frequency
To Create a report:

2.
Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: PortOnly
2. Domain: Sweep
3. X: PortWidth
4. Category: Gamma
5. Quantity: Gamma(p1:2),
6. Function: im

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Create Reports

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Example Ferrite Circulator
Training Manual
The Waveguide Circulator

waveguide ferrite circulator, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment, and
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment.
This example will utilize Maxwell to calculate the magnetic field bias in the ferrite
core, and then HFSS will utilize this non-uniform bias distribution to solve the
microwave circulator.
We will start off by creating the ferrite object and electro-magnet in Maxwell, and
then adding the circulator objects within HFSS.
Nominal Design:
Waveguide:
Width = 0.9 in
Height = 0.4 in
Length = 2 in

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3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate
Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Interpolating Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
3D Field Plots, Animations
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment are used to
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate, Subtract
Excitations
Terminal: Current
Analysis
Magnetostatic
Fields
3D Field Plots

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Training Manual
Getting Started
Launching Ansoft Maxwell
1.
To access Ansoft Maxwell, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs and
select the Ansoft, Maxwell 12 program group. Click Maxwell 12.
12
By default, when Maxwell first starts up, a new project will be opened.
If you have been working in Maxwell and need to open a new project:
project:
1. In an Ansoft Maxwell window, click the On the Standard toolbar, or
select the menu item File > New.
Inserting a New Design
We need to insert a new 3D design for the ferrite bias model.
Select Project > Insert Maxwell 3D Design
Set Solution Type
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Solution Type
1. Choose Magnetostatic

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Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose Select
2. In the material definition dialog, enter steel in the search box, and select
the steel_1010 material from the list.
Create Magnet Core
To create side1:
2.
fields

X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: 0.25,
0.25 Z: 0.25,
rectangle:
dX: -0.5,
0.5, Press the Enter key
0.5 dY: 0.5,
0.5 dZ: -0.5,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core1_a
To fit the view:
3.

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Creating the 3D Model (contd)

Create Magnet Core
To continue side1:
2.
fields

X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: 0.75,
0.75 Z: 0.25,
rectangle:
dX: -0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.5,
0.5 dZ: -1.5, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core1_b
To fit the view:
3.

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Create Magnet Core
To duplicate side1:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible or simply press Ctrl + A
2. Select Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
Axis: Z,
Angle:: 180 degrees
Total Number: 2
Press the OK key

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Create Magnet Core
To create base:
2.
fields

X: -0.25,
0.25 Y: -0.75,
0.75 Z: -1.25 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 1.5,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core_base
To fit the view:
3.

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Create Magnet Core
To unite objects:
2. Select Modeler > Boolean > Unite
2. In the material definition dialog, enter copper in the search box, and select
the copper material from the list.
Create Coil
To create coil:
2.
fields

X: 0.3,
0.3 Y: -0.375,
0.375 Z: -0.7 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: -0.6 dY: 0.75,
0.75 dZ: -0.6, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: coil
To fit the view:
3.

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Create Coil (cont
(contd)
To subtract the core from the coil
3. The object core1_a should be on the Tool parts side
Select object core1_a from the Blank Parts side, and press the
arrow pointing right
4. The object coil should be on the Blank Parts side
Select object coil from the Tool Parts side, and press the arrow
pointing left
5. Select the option to Clone tool objects before subtracting
6. Before pressing OK,
OK make sure the dialog looks as below:
7.
Press the OK button

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2. In the material definition dialog, click on the Add Material button
3. Under the Relative Permeability type column, select Simple,
Simple and then
choose Nonlinear from the pulldown.
4. Click on the B-H Curve button for the Relative Permeability
5. This opens up a new dialog where values describing the B-H curve for the
ferrite will be entered.
6. Using the fields on the left side of the dialog, enter the following values
H: 0, B: 0
H: 150,
150 B: 0.125
H: 160:
160 B: 0.13
H: 10160,
10160 B: 0.1425664
You can use the Tab key and Enter key to cycle through these
values
The units should be:
H: A_per_meter
B: tesla
7. Click OK to accept these changes to the B-H curve
8.
9.
10.
Change the material name to TT1-109

Click OK to accept this material
Click OK to exit material library window

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Create Terminal object
To create terminal current object:
1. From the Drawing Plane toolbar pulldown, select the XYplane
XY
3.
fields
4.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center of the base
X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: -0.375,
0.375 Z: -1 Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the size of the rectangle
dX: 0.05,
0.05 dY: 0.75,
0.75 dZ: 0 Press the Enter key
5.
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: terminal
To fit the view:
Assign the Current bias
To assign the current to the selected object:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Excitations > Assign > Current
2. Enter the value bias_current in the entry for current and press Enter
3. This will bring up a dialog requesting the value of the newly created
variable, bias_current.
bias_current Enter 200A for the variable value, including the unit
factor A
4. Click OK to accept this value.

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Create Ferrite
To create ferrite:
1. From the Drawing Plane toolbar pulldown, select the ZX plane
2. Select the menu item Draw > Regular Polyhedron
3.
fields
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center of the base
X: 0, Y: -0.2,
0.2 Z: -0 Press the Enter key
5. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius
dX: 0, dY: 0, dZ: 0.205 Press the Enter key
6. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter height
dX: 0, dY: 0.4,
0.4 dZ: 0, Press the Enter key
7. Number of segments: 3
8. Click OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: ferrite
4.
Assigning Boundary Conditions

Assign Insulating Boundary condition
To select faces:
3. From the Object Name side of the dialog, select the coil object
4. From the Face ID side of the dialog, hold the Ctrl key and click on only
those face IDs which represent the interior faces of the coil object
1. NOTE: The numbers may be different than those shown below
5. Click OK
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Assigning Boundary Conditions (contd)

Assign Insulating Boundary condition (cont
(contd)
To assign boundary form selected faces:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Boundaries > Assign > Insulating
2. Click OK
Create airbox
Select the menu item Draw > Region
Type 300 into Padding Percentage box
Click OK button
Setup solution
To setup solution for analysis:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
2. Accept all defaults, and click OK
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save
2. Enter the name bias_magnet

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Run Analysis
To run project validation before simulation:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Validation Check
2. If all entries come back with a green checkmark, then the project is ready to
analyze.
To run project:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Analyze All

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Post-Process Field Data

To create a field overlay plot of the static bias field:
1. From the Model history tree, expand the section marked Planes, and select
the plane marked Global:YZ
2.
3.
4.
Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Fields > Fields > H > Mag H
Accept the defaults for the field overlay plot.
By zooming into the ferrite object, we can see the magnitude of the static H
field is around 7000 A/m.

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Copy ferrite to clipboard

To copy an object to the clipboard
1. We want to use the ferrite object in its exact location in the HFSS project.
To accomplish this, we simply copy the object to the clipboard.
2. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Object
4. Select the object ferrite
5. Click OK
6. Select the menu item Edit > Copy
Getting Started
1.
Programs and
11
Checked
Options
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opened.
Set Solution Type


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Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in
Paste the ferrite object from clipboard
To paste the ferrite object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Paste
Change the ferrite material properties
To edit the ferrite material properties
1. The ferrite material as imported from Maxwell 3D is not a valid definition for
an HFSS solution.
2. From the Project Manager,
Manager expand the section marked Definitions
3. Expand the section marked Materials
4. Double-click on the material TT1TT1-109
5. From the material properties dialog, change the values to those shown
below
Permittivity: 11.8
Permeability:
Type: Simple
Value: 1
Magnetic Saturation: 1300 Gauss
Lande G Factor: 1.98
DH: 162 Oe

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Training Manual

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Top Arm

To create arm 1:
2.
fields

X: 0.45 Y: -0.2,
0.2 Z: 2 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: -0.9,
0.9 dY: 0.4,
0.4 dZ: -2, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm
To fit the view:
3.

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2. Graphically select (click on) the top face of the arm at Z=2in
1. Name: p1
Top face

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Create Arm 2 & 3
To select the object Arm:
1. Select the objects named: Arm
To create arm 3 & 4:
1. Axis: Y
2. Angle: 120
3. Total Number: 3
5. Click the OK button to exit property window
To fit the view:

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Group the Arms
To group the arms:
2. In the field below the object list, you can enter a search term. Enter Arm*
and press Enter
3. Click OK
Assigning the Excitations

Select the Ferrite object
3. Select the object ferrite
4. Click OK
Assign the Magnetic bias to the ferrite object
To assign the magnetic bias:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Magnetic Bias
2. In the excitation setup, select the Non-Uniform radio button
3. Click the Setup Link button
4. General Tab
1. Save Source path relative to: This Project
2. Click on
button to browse to location of saved Maxwell
project
5. Parameters Tab
1. In the field that is populated under the heading Value,
Value enter the
variable name bias_current.,
bias_current and press Enter
2. Enter a value of 200A for this variable, and click OK.
OK
3. Even though the Parameter shows bias_current,
bias_current we need to create
an HFSS-specific variable that can change the value in the Maxwell
project.
6. Click OK
7. Click Finish
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Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Active View Visibility to hide all
of the geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary
conditions.

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Analysis Setup
Start: 8GHz
Stop:: 12GHz
Count:: 401

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: ferrite_circulator
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Solution Data
Table Select
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data during
analysis, open this dialog and set the Simulation to Setup1,
Last Adaptive

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Modal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Adaptive Pass
To create a report:

2.
Report Dialog::
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3) (Note: Hold down the
Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB

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Training Manual
Create Modal SS-Parameter Plot vs. Freq

To create a report:

2.
3.
Report Dialog::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p2,p1), S(p3,p1), (Hold down the Ctrl
key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB
NOTE: The S21 of the circulator represents the insertion loss of the
through port, while the S31 represents the isolation characteristics.

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Training Manual

Select the menu item Window > ferrite_circulator HFSSDesign1 - Modeler
To select an object:
1. Select the objects named: Arm, ferrite
3. Select the menu Edit > Properties
Select Attribute Tab

2. Click on the Transparency button
3. Set Transparency to aprox .75
4. Press OK button
Press CtrlCtrl-A to ensure waveguide is selected.
Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag_E
1.
4.
5.
6.

2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: AllObjects
Field Animations
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept the defaults settings:
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
3. Click OK

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Example Bandpass Filter
Training Manual
Bandpass Filter
bandpass filter using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Nominal Design:
Fcenter = 1.50 GHz
BW = 1 GHz
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Boxes
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Around Axis
Boundary/Excitation
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep: Fast Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields Overlays
2D & 3D Field Plots

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Training Manual

1.
Programs and
11
1.
2.
3.
Checked
Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
Options
2. Click the Display tab
Default Transparency: 0.4
Operation Data Entry Mode:: Dialog"
Select the menu item Tools > Options > Field Reporter Options.
Options
1. Group Field Overlays by Type:: Checked

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Training Manual

In an Ansoft HFSS window, click On the Standard toolbar, or select the menu
item File > New.
From the Project menu, select Insert HFSS Design.
Set Solution Type

Choose Driven Modal
Click the OK button
Set Model Units

Select Units: in
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create cavity
In CreateBox dialog box edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown below.
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press CTRL+D

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Training Manual
Create coax outer diameter

In CreateCylinder dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown below.
Click the OK button
Fit the View with CTRLCTRL-D

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Training Manual
Define new default material

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
Type pec in the Search by Name field
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create coax inner diameter

In CreateCylinder dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as
shown below.
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create the coax feed probe with copy/paste

Select the object feedin1 from the model tree.
Type CTRLCTRL-C/CTRLC/CTRL-V to create a copy.
In the model tree, double click on the resulting object feedin2.
In the Attribute tab change the name to feedprobe1.
In the model tree expand the feedprobe1 branch.
Double click on the command CreateCylinder
In the Command tab change the Height to -0.15.

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Create first resonator

In CreateBox dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown
below.
Click the OK button

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Create second resonator

below.
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create third resonator

below.
Click the OK button

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Training Manual
Create fourth resonator

below.
Click the OK button

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Training Manual

2. Graphically select the end face of the coax line at X=1.75in
To assign the wave port excitation:
2. Wave Port: General
Name: p1
3. Wave Port: Modes
Accept the default settings for modes.
4. Wave Port: Post Processing
Accept the default settings for post processing
Note the addition of the port definition to the project tree

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Training Manual
Create remainder of model with DuplicateAroundAxis

DuplicateAroundAxis
Return Selection mode to Object
Object
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Object
To select objects to be duplicated:
1. Select the objects named: feed1, feedpin1, feedprobe1, l1, l2, l3, l4
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple
objects
To create rest of model:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
Axis: Z
Angle: 180
Total Number: 2
Click the OK button
Click OK when the Properties window appears
Fit the view with CTRL-D
Note the addition of the p2 port definition to the project tree.

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Training Manual
Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: You may need to expand the window size to see all the
boundaries listed below.

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Training Manual
Setup an HFSS Driven Modal Analysis

Creating a Solution Setup
1.
Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup >
Add Solution Setup

Setup
2.


1.
2.
In the project tree right-click on setup1 under

the Analysis branch
1. Select Add Frequency Sweep
Edit Sweep Window:
1. Sweep Type Pulldown:: Fast
Start: 0.6GHz
Stop:: 2.4GHz
Count:: 513

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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: Filter_bpf
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Solution Data
1.
2.
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Data
Table Select the Plot
radio button to view a graphical representations of the convergence
data. See below.

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Create SS-parameter vs. Frequency
To Create a report:
2.

Edit Report Window::
1. Solution: Setup1 : Sweep1
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: S-parameters
4. Quantity: S(p1,p1) and S(p2,p1)
5.
6.
7.

Note: Use Ctrl key for multiple selection

Function: dB
Click New Report
Click Close
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Training Manual
XY Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(S(p2,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-20.00
Y1
-30.00
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
-70.00
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Freq [GHz]
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
Note new plot XY Plot 1 in project

tree

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Training Manual
Add a Separate YY-axis and Change Plot Scale

In the Project tree left-click once on the branch HFSSDesign1 > Results > XY
Plot 1 > dB(S(p2,p1)).
In the Properties window in the Y-axis row click on Y1 and change to Y2
Double left click on a number of the resulting Y2 axis to the right side of XY Plot 1
Edit the Scaling tab as shown
Press OK

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Training Manual
Rename Plot
In the Project tree right-click on the branch HFSSDesign1 > Results > XY Plot 1
Select Rename
Change name to S-params
<return>
S-params
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(S(p2,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-0.10
-10.00
-0.20
-0.30
-20.00
-30.00
-0.50
dB(S(p2,p1))
dB(S(p1,p1))
-0.40
-0.60
-40.00
-0.70
-0.80
-50.00
-0.90
-60.00
0.60
-1.00
0.80
1.00

1.20
1.40
1.60
Freq [GHz]
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Training Manual
Field Overlays
Select the Menu item Window> filter_bpf - HFSSDesign1 - Modeler
In the Model tree select the branch Planes > Global:XY
Move the mouse pointer into the model window
Right-click and select Plot Fields > E > Mag_E
Click Done

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Training Manual
Rescale and Animate Field Overlay

In the model window right-click on the color scale and select Modify
Edit the Scale tab as shown
Press Close
In the project tree right-click in the branch HFSSDesign1 > Field

E--field > Mag_E1 and select Animate
Overlays > E
Click the OK button.

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Example LVDS Differential Pair
Training Manual
LVDS Differential Pair

This differential pair example is intended to show you how to create, simulate,
and analyze a differential pair using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) technology is used for highperformance backplanes. The LVDS technology is used for multi-point
communications and uses a bus similar to the system shown below. The
following illustrations detail the passive device you will be creating.
Nominal Design:
Traces:
LAYER 1 (TOP SIDE)
Width= 6mil
LAYER 2 (SIGNAL 1)
26mil
Spacing= 18mil
Thickness=0.7mil
Length: 1000mil
Substrate:
Thickness=26mil
r= 4.4
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Training Manual

create this passive device model.
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Along Line, Sweep Along Vector
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Results
Cartesian and Smith Chart plotting
Field Overlays
3D Field Plots

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Training Manual
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
Trace Width = 6mils
Trace Length= 1000mils
Dielectric Height= 13mils x 2
1/2oz copper Traces/Grounds= 0.7mils
Port Size= ???
Port Width
The port width should be at least 3-5 times the stackup(78-130mils). Since
the traces are not centered, lets use 5x and add the pair spacing(18mils)
for a total port/model width of 220mils.
Trace Length
Since we are modeling a uniform transmission line, we do not need to
simulate the 1000mils length. Lets reduce the model to 100 mils and use
de-embedding to add the extra length.
Material Properties
To start with, lets make an engineering assumption that the material
properties are constant over frequency. In addition, we will assume that
modeling the traces as perfect conductors will not have an impact on the
performance of the device. This will speed up the simulation. As an
additional exercise, the model can be modified to include frequency
dependent materials and lossy conductors.
Ground Planes
Since we are ignoring the metal conductivity, we do not need to create
objects for the ground planes. Instead, we will utilize the background
(Perfect Conductor) boundary. If we need to investigate the effects of
copper, a finite conductivity boundary condition can be used to simulate the
copper ground planes.

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Training Manual
Solution Setup
Since we are going to use the model for SPICE simulation, the frequency range
of interest is going to be determined by the rise-time(tr) of the input signal. The
maximum frequency is calculated by taking 0.5/tr, or the knee frequency, and
multiplying it by the number of samples per tr. The minimum frequency should
be selected as close to DC as possible.
The following values will be used for the Solution Setup
Rise-Time(tr): 330ps
Number of Samples: 5
Upper Frequency: (0.5/330ps)*5 ~ 7.58GHz or 8.0GHz
Lower Frequency: 0.01GHz
Frequency Spacing: 0.01GHz
Single(Adaptive) Frequency: 8.0GHz
Adaptive Passes: 10
Delta S: 0.02
Sweep Type: Interpolating

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports::: Checked
Options

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Training Manual

Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mil


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Training Manual
Create Trace 1
To create trace 1:
1.Select the menu item Draw > Box
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 9.0,
9.0 Z: -0.35,
rectangle:
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 6.0,

2. For Position,
Position type: 0.0mil, S/2, -0.35mil,
0.35mil Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable S: 18mil,
3. For YSize,
YSize type: W, Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable W: 6mil,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: trace1
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Create Trace 2
To create trace 2:
2. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Mirror.
1. Input the anchor point of the mirror plane:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
2. Input the target point of the vector normal to the mirror plane:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -1.0,
1.0 dZ: 0.0,
3. Click OK when the Property Window appears
To set the name:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > List
2. From the Model tab, select the object named trace1_1
3. Click the Properties button
1. For the Value of Name type: trace2
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_FR4

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Training Manual
Create Substrate
To create substrate:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -100.0,
100.0 Z: -13.0, Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 200.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: substrate
2. Click the button for Transparency
1. Move the slide bar to 0.8 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Create Wave Port Excitation

To set grid plane
Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
To create a rectangle that represents the port:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -100.0,
100.0 Z: -13.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 200.0,
200.0 dZ: 26.0,
To set the name:
Note:
Note You can also select the object from the
Model Tree
To duplicate the object Port1:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the first point of the duplicate vector
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the second point of the duplicate
vector
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 0.0,
4. Duplicate Along Line Windows
1. Total Number: 2
3. Click OK when the Property Window appears
5. From the Model tree select the object Port1_1.
Port1_1
6. In the Property window for the Value of Name type: Port2

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Training Manual
Create Wave Port Excitation (Continued)

Select the object Port1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign >
Wave Port, a window appears and click OK.
OK The wave port and terminals are
automatically assigned.
Note: Reference Conductors are not shown

because we are using the Outer
boundary condition as the Reference Conductor
Set the name for excitations:
Expand the Excitations in

Project Manager
Click on WavePort1.
Change the name in the

Properties window: P1
Set Differential pairs
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Differential pairs
Click the New Pair button
Click OK
Repeat the above steps to assign an excitation for the object Port2
and set the excitation name as P2. Then add a new diff pair.

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Training Manual
Create Wave Port Excitation (Continued)

To set deembedding:
1. From the Project Manager,
Manager select the excitation named P2
2. In the Properties window:
1. Deembed Distance: -900mil (Positive Values are into the Port)
2. Deembed: Checked

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Boundary Display
boundary.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished.

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Analysis Setup
Do Lambda Refinement: Checked
Lambda Target: Use Default Value: Checked
Order of basis function:: Zero order.

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step
Start: 0.0GHz
Stop:: 8.0GHz
Step:: 0.01GHz
3. Interpolating Sweep Options:
Max Solutions:: 50
Error Tolerance:: 0.5%
4. Extrapolate to DC:: Checked
Minimum Solve Frequency:: 0.01 GHz
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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_lvds_diffpair
Analyze
Model Validation
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, see the Message
Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze Or click the icon
on the tool bar.

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Differential Pair SS-Parameter Plot
To create a report:

2.
3.
Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal S Parameters
2. Quantity: St(Diff1,Diff1), St(Diff1,Comm1), St(Diff1, Diff2)
Diff2
3. Function: dB
XY Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSModel1
0.00
-20.00
Y1
-40.00
-60.00
Curve Info
dB(St(Diff1,Diff1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(St(Diff1,Comm1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(St(Diff1,p2_Diff1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-80.00
-100.00
0.00
1.00

2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
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6.00
7.00
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Training Manual
Create Differential and Common Pair Impedances Data Table

To create a report:
Report > Data Table

2.
3.
Context Window: Solution: Setup1: LastAdaptive

Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal Port Zo
2. Quantity: Zot(Diff1,Diff1), Zot(Comm1,Comm1)
3. Function: mag
Matrix Data - Export SS-parameters to a file

1.Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data,
2.Solution Data dialog
1.Click the Matrix Data Tab
2.Simulation: Setup1, Sweep1
3.Click the Export button.
1.Filename: hfss_lvds_diffpair
2.Save as Type: Touchstone
3.Click the Save button
4.Click the OK button to accept 50 ohm
reference impedance
4.Click the Close button

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Training Manual
Field Overlays
Set Sources: Common
To set the field excitation:
2. Edit Sources Window::
1. For Trace1_T1: Use the default value
2. For Trace2_T1: Scaling Factor: 1
3. For Trace1_T2: Terminated:: Checked
4. For Trace2_T2: Terminated:: Checked

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Training Manual

Select the menu item Window> hfss_diff_pair HFSSDesign1HFSSDesign1- Modeler
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: AllObjects
2. Select Plot Folder Window, Click the OK button
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 5
3. Max: 10000
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plot tab
1. IsoValType: Fringe
2. If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.

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Training Manual
Create Field Overlay (Cont. )

3. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Vector_E
2. Quantity: Vector_E
3. In Volume: All
1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
1. Click the Marker/Arrow tab
1. Type: Cylinder
2. Map Size: Unchecked
3. Arrow Tale: Unchecked

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Training Manual
Set Differential Mode Field Excitation

To set the field excitation:
2. Edit Sources Window::
1. For Trace2_T1: Offset Phase: 180 Deg.
The field plots will automatically be updated to reflect the changes.

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Training Manual

During the design of a device, it is common practice to develop design trends based on
swept parameters. Ansoft HFSS with Optimetrics Parametric Sweep can automatically
create these design curves.
We will parameterize this design using two variables:
1.
2.
Variable W will vary the width of traces: 6 W 12 mils

Variable S will vary the spacing between traces: 15 S 21 mils
6 W 12 mils
15 S 21 mils
W
S
In the post processor you will able to display results and see how Differential impedance
changes with the respect to trace width and spacing between traces.

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Training Manual

1.
2.
1. Variable: S
3. Start: 15mil
4. Stop: 21mil
5. Count: 3
7. Variable: W
9. Start: 6mil
10. Stop: 12mil
11. Count: 3
2. Click on the Options tab::
1. Save Fields And Mesh:: Checked

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Training Manual
Save Project
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Create Terminal Port Zo vs S
To Create a report:
2. Context Window:
3. Trace Window
1. X: S
2. Category: Terminal Port Zo
3. Quantity: Zot(Diff1,Diff1), Zot(Comm1,Comm1)
4. Function: Mag
XY Plot 3
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
120.00
100.00
Curve Info
mag(Zot(Comm1,C
Freq='8GHz' W='6mil'
Y1
80.00
mag(Zot(Comm1,C
mag(Zot(Comm1,C
60.00
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
40.00
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
20.00
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
0.00
15.00
16.00

17.00
18.00
S [mil]
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Training Manual
Field Overlays
Create Field Plot vs S
Using the project tree, expand the Field Overlay,
Overlay E Field.
Field
Double Click on Mag_E1 to make the field plot visible
Right-Click on Mag_E1 and select Animate
Setup Animation
Swept Variable: S
Click the OK button
The Animation dialog will appear.
Save Project
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:
1. Select the menu item File > Exit
1. If prompted Save the changes

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Training Manual
Launching Ansoft Designer

To access Ansoft Designer, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs select
Ansoft and select the Designer 4 program group. Click Ansoft Designer 4.
4

To create a new project:
From the Project menu, select Insert Nexxim Circuit Design
Choose Layout Technology Window
Click None

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Training Manual
Adding an HFSS Design LVDS Diff Pair Model

To insert an HFSS Design select the menu item Project> Add Model> Add HFSS
Model..
The HFSS Dynamic Link window will appear
Change Name to: Diff_pair
File name: Click on the ... browse button
The Open window will appear
Browse to the location of hfss_lvds_diffpair.hfss
Click Open
Click on the Link Description tab
Transmission Line Model (Waveport1): Checked
Click OK to close the HFSS Dynamic Link window
Browse button

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Training Manual
Placing Components
Place the HFSS model in the schematic
1. Click the Project tab in the Project Manager
2.
Expand Definitions then expand Models
3. Select diff_pair,
diff_pair right click and select Place New Component
Component
4.
Click No for Show Common Reference Port?
5.
Left mouse click to place on the schematic. To finish hit Esc key.
Edit the Diff Pair component

1. Right mouse click on the Diff Pair component in the schematic and select
Properties
2. For the Value of HFSSLineLength type 1000mil.
1000mil
3. Press OK

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Training Manual
Component Placement continued

Place 3 Resistors in the schematic
1. In the Components Tab,
Tab under Lumped -> Resistors,
Resistors double click
Resistors
2. Click the left mouse button 3 times to place 3 resistors in the
schematic.
3. To end the placement, click the right mouse button and select
Finish.
Finish (You can also end the placement by pressing the space bar)
Note: Before placing a component on the schematic use the R key to
rotate. If a component is already placed, use the <ctrl> R key to rotate.
Change the value of the third resistor

1. Right mouse click the resistor shown on the right hand side of the
schematic and then select Properties in the pull down menu
2. Change the value of R from 50 to 100,
100 then hit Enter
Note: alternatively, you can double left mouse button click on the
resistor to bring up the Properties window (shown below) and
change the value from 100 to 50,
50 then hit Enter

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Training Manual

Place Piecewise Linear Source
1. In the Components Tab, under Independent Sources,
Sources double click
on VPWL Piecewise Linear Voltage Source.
Source
2. Left mouse click to place the source in the schematic
3. Press the space bar to finish the placement
Edit Properties of Voltage Source

1. Right mouse click on the source Properties in the pull down menu
2. Change value of Time2 to 330ps
3. Change value of Val2 to 1V

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Training Manual

Place Second Piecewise Linear Source
Source

2. Change value of Time2 to 330ps
3. Change value of Val2 to -1V
1V

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Training Manual

Adding Wiring to connect components
1. Select the menu item Draw -> Wire
2. Place the cursor (which is now an X) over a node and left mouse click once
3. Drag the mouse to the connection node and left mouse click once.
4. Repeat this procedure until the connections below are made
Adding Ground Connections
1. Select the menu item Draw > Ground (alternatively you can select the
toolbar icon)
2. Place 2 ground connections on the ends of the voltage sources as shown
below
Adding Voltage Probes
1. In the Components tab, expand the Probes.
2. Place 4 Voltage Probes and name them Vin1, Vin2, Vout1, Vout2 as shown
below.
3. Place a Differential Voltage Probe across the 100 Ohm resistor and name it
Vdiff as shown below..

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Training Manual
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: lvds_diffpair_transient
Analysis Setup
1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Add Solution Setup > Transient
Analysis
2.
Analysis Setup Window:

1. Analysis Control
1. Step: 1ps
2. Stop: 2ns
2. Click OK
3.
Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Analyze

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Plot Input, Output and Difference waveforms
Create Report
1.
Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit> Results > Create Standard Report>
Rectangular Plot
2.
Traces Window::
1. Category: Voltage
2. Quantity: V(Vin1), V(Vin2), V(Vout1), V(Vout2)
3. Function: <none>

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Example Segmented Return Path
Training Manual
Segmented Return Path

trace over a slot in the ground plant using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
5
cm
6
mm
3.4
cm
1
1
cm
cm
3mm
8
mm
4
cm
6
LAYER 1 (SIGNAL 1)
1.3mm

8.2-1
cm
Nominal Design:
Board:
Thickness= 1.3mm
r= 4.5
Trace:
Length= 8.2cm
Termination: 47
47
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Training Manual

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles
Boolean Operations: Subtract
Ports: Lumped Port
Boundary Conditions: Lumped RLC, PML
Analysis
Sweep: Interpolating Sweep
Results
Cartesian and Smith Chart plotting
Field Overlays
Magnitude and Vector Field Plotting
Animation

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Training Manual
Design Review
Trace Width = 3mm
Trace Length= 8.2cm
Dielectric Height= 1.3mm
Port Size/Type= ???
Free Space= PML or Radiation Boundary
Port Size/Type
Since the trace is internal to the model, lets use a lumped gap source port
Trace Thickness/Material Properties
To start lets make an engineering assumption that the trace thickness and
conductivity will not have an impact on the performance of the device. This
will speed up the simulation.
Free Space
We should expect some radiation to occur because of the slot in the ground,
however, it should not be very strong. Because there is limited radiation the
separation from the device and the free-space boundary can be kept to a
minimum. The incidence angle of the radiation is unknown, therefore we
should use a PML. The maximum spacing will be ~/20 @ 1GHz or about
1.5cm

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports: Checked
Options

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Training Manual

Set Solution Type


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Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. For the Material Name type: My_FR4

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Training Manual
Create Board
To create the board:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 6.0,
6.0 dY: 10.0,
10.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
1.3mm Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Board
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D key
Create Ground
To create ground:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.3mm,
rectangle:
dX: 6.0,
6.0 dY: 10.0,
10.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

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Training Manual


2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 5.0,
5.0 Z: -1.3mm,
Create Ground Cut Out

To create cut out:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 6.0mm,
6.0mm dZ: 0.0,
4. Press OK when the Properties window appears
Select Ground & Rectangle1:
1. Select the objects named: Ground, Rectangle1
To complete the ground object:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground
Tool Parts: Rectangle1
Click the OK button

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Training Manual

To select the ground:



2.

X: 1.0,
1.0 Y: 8.0mm,
8.0mm Z: 0.0,

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Training Manual
Create Trace
To create trace:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 8.2,
8.2 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

1. Select the objects named: Trace
1. Name: PerfE_Trace

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Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Assign Excitation
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Trace
3. Reference Conductors: Ground
4. Click OK
1. Expand the Excitations in Project Manager
2. Click on LumpPort1.
3. Change the Name in the Properties window: p1

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Training Manual

1.
Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Create >

2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 8.2,
8.2 Z: 0.0,
Create Resistor
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Resistor
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Assign Lumped RLC

To select the object Resistor:
1.Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2.Select Object Dialog,
1.Select the objects named: Resistor
2.Click the OK button
To assign lumped RLC boundary
1.Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Lumped RLC
2.Lumped RLC Boundary
1.Name: R
2.Resistance: Checked
3.Resistance: 47 Ohm
4.For Current Flow Line,
Line click Undefined and select New Line
5.Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X: 1.5mm,
1.5mm Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.3mm,
6.Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 1.3mm,
7.Click the OK button

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Training Manual

Create Air
To set the default material as Air
To create the air:
X: -1.5,
1.5 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: -1.5,
rectangle:
dX: 9.0,
9.0 dY: 13.0,
13.0 dZ: 3.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Assign a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)

To select the air:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select by name
2. Object Name: Air
To assign the PML boundary

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > PML Setup Wizard
2. PML Setup Wizard: Cover Objects
1. Select: Create PML Cover Objects on Selected Faces
2. Uniform Layer Thickness: 1cm
3. Create joining corner and edge objects: Checked
3. PML Setup Wizard: Material Parameters
1. Select: PML Objects accept Free Radiation
1. Min Frequency:: 0.01 GHz
2. Minimum Radiating Distance:: 56.33mm
2. Review settings on the PML Setup Wizard: Summary page.

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Training Manual
Create a Face List

Since we are using the PML, we need to create a face list that will be used for the
radiation calculation.
To create a face list
2. FaceID:: <Select All>
4. Select the menu item Modeler > List > Create > Face List

1.
Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
2.

Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: Radiation

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Training Manual
Boundary Display
1.
2.
3.
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display (Solver View)
From the Solver View of Boundaries, toggle the Visibility check box for the
boundary.
Click the Close button when you are finished.

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Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Lambda Target: Use Default Value Checked
Order of Basis function: FirstFirst-Order
Click the OK button

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step
Start: 0.0GHz
Stop:: 2.5GHz
Step:: 0.01GHz
Max Solutions:: 20
4. Extrapolate to DC:: Checked
Minimum Solve Frequency:: 0.01 GHz
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Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_seg_gplane
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

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Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

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Training Manual
Create Reports
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1, Trace_T1)
3. Function: dB

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Training Manual
Create ZZ-Parameter Plot Real/Imaginary

Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal Z Parameter
2. Quantity: Zt(Trace_T1,Trace_T1)
3. Function: Re, Im
4. To add an additional YY-Axis
for im(Z(p1,p1))
1. Click Im(Z) in Project Manager
2. In the Properties window:
Select Y1 in Y Axis column
and toggle it to Y2
1.

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Training Manual
Create Terminal SS-Parameter Plot Smith Chart

1.
2.
3.
Report > Smith Chart
Context Window:
Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1, Trace_T1)
3. Function: <none>

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Training Manual
Create 3D Polar Far Field Plot

To create a 3D Far Field Plot
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report >3D
Polar Plot
2.
3.
Context Window:
2. Geometry:: Radiation
Traces Window::
1. Category: rE
2. Quantity: rETotal
3. Function: dB

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Training Manual
Field Overlays
1. Confirm you are in Object Select mode by right-clicking in the geometry
window, and selecting from context menu if necessary.
1. Select the objects named: Board
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All
To modify a Magnitude field plot:
1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 1
3. Max: 4500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plots Tab
1. Scalar Plot: IsoValSurface

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Training Manual

3. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > Other >
Vector_RealPoynting
2. Quantity: Vector_RealPoynting
3. In Volume: All
1. Select: Poynting
3. Poynting Window:
2. Min: 0.01
3. Max: 2500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Marker/Arrow tab, in the Arrow Option window
1. Type: Cylinder
2. Map Size: Unchecked
3. Arrow Tale: Unchecked
4. If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.
4.

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8.2-28
Training Manual
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Training Manual
Create ZZ-Parameter Plot Time Domain Response (TDR)

1.
2.
3.
4.
Context Window:
2. Domain: Time
Click TDR Options,
Options Options Window appears:
1. Input Signal: Step. Rise time: 1ns
2. Maximum Plot time: 6ns.
3. Delta time: 0.1ns
4. Click OK
Trace Window
1. X: Time
2. Category: Terminal TDR Impedance
3. Quantity: TDRZt(Trace_T1)
4. Function: None
5. Click the New Result button

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Training Manual
Launching Ansoft Designer

To access Ansoft Designer, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs select
Ansoft and select the Designer 4 program group. Click Ansoft Designer 4.
4

To create a new project:
From the Project menu, select Insert Nexxim Circuit Design
Choose Layout Technology Window
Click None

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Training Manual
Adding an HFSS Design Segmented Ground Plane Model

To insert an HFSS Design select the menu item Project> Add Model> Add HFSS
Model..
The HFSS Dynamic Link window will appear
Change Name to: Seg_gplane
File name: Click on the ... browse button
The Open window will appear
Browse to the location of hfss_seg_gplane.hfss
Click Open
Click OK to close the HFSS Dynamic Link window
Browse button

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Training Manual
Placing Components
Place the HFSS model in the schematic
1. Click the Project tab in the Project Manager
2.
Expand Definitions then expand Models
3. Select seg_gplane,
seg_gplane right click and select Place New Component
Component
4.
Click No for Show Common Reference Port?
5.
Left mouse click to place on the schematic. To finish hit Esc key.

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Training Manual

Place a Resistor in the schematic
Tab under Resistors,
Resistors double click Resistor
2. Click the left mouse button once to place a resistor in the schematic.
3. To end the placement, click the right mouse button and select
Finish.
Finish (You can also end the placement by pressing the space bar)

Place a Coaxial Cable in the schematic
Tab under Ideal Distributed,
Distributed double click
Transmission Line, Time Delay
2. Click the left mouse button once to place a coaxial cable in the
schematic.
Change the physical length of the coaxial cable
1. Right mouse click the component and then select Properties in the
pull down menu
2. Change the value of TD to 1ns,
1ns then hit OK

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Training Manual

Place Piecewise Linear Source
Source

2. Change value of Time2 to 1ns
3. Change value of Val2 to 1V
4. Press OK

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Training Manual

Adding Wiring to connect components
1. Select the menu item Draw -> Wire
2. Place the cursor (which is now an X) over a node and left mouse click once
3. Drag the mouse to the connection node and left mouse click once.
4. Repeat this procedure until the connections below are made
Adding Ground Connections
1. Select the menu item Draw > Ground (alternatively you can select the
toolbar icon)
2. Place a ground connection on the end of the voltage source
Adding Voltage Probes
1. In the Components tab, expand the Probes.
2. Place 2 Voltage Probes as shown below and name them v1, v2.

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Training Manual
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: seg_gplane_transient
Analysis Setup
1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Add Solution Setup > Transient
Analysis
2.
Analysis Setup Window:

1. Analysis Control
1. Step: .1ns
2. Stop: 7ns
2. Click OK
3.
Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Analyze

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Plot Input, Output and Difference waveforms
Create Report
1.
Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit> Results > Create Standard Report>
Rectangular Plot
2.
Traces Window::
2. Quantity: V(V1), V(V2)
3. Function: <none>

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Training Manual
Create Reports
Plot TDR
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit> Results > Create Standard Report>
Rectangular Plot
2.
Click on Output Variables button to create TDR equation

1. Name: type TDR
2. Expression: V(V2)/(V(V1)V(V2)/(V(V1)-V(V2))*50
Note: To create the above expression, follow these steps:
2. Quantity: V(V2)
3. Click Insert Quantity into Expression button
4. Type / then type (
5. Quantity: V(V1)
7. Type 8. Quantity: V(V2)
10. Type )
11. Type * 50
3.
4.

Click the Done button
Traces Window::

Category: Output Variables

Quantity: TDR

Function: <none>

Click the Add Trace button

Click the New Report button (see next page for TDR plot)

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Example Non-Ideal Planes
Training Manual
Non-Ideal Ground Plane

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze nonideal ground planes using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
trace1
top_gnd
Via
bot_gnd
trace2
Nominal Design:
Ground:
Thickness = 0.1 mm
Board:
Thickness = 0.9 mm
r = 1
Trace:
Length = 10 mm
Width = 1 mm
Thickness = 0.1 mm
Via:
Diameter = 1 mm
Height = 0.9 mm
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Training Manual

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles, Cylinders
Boolean Operations: Subtract, Unite, Duplicate
Boundary
Boundary Conditions: Perfect H/Natural
Excitations
Ports: Lumped Gap Source Port
Analysis
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
Fast Frequency Sweep/Field Plots

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Training Manual
Design Review
Port Size/Type= ???
Free Space= ???
Port Size/Type
Since the trace is internal to the model, lets use a lumped gap source port
Trace Thickness/Material Properties
To start with perfect conductor, lets make an engineering assumption that the
trace conductivity will not have an impact on the performance of the device.
This will speed up the simulation.
Free Space
Since we are only interested in the modes that occur between the ground
planes, we can use a Perfect H or open boundary condition. We should
expect to get the same answer using an Open(Perfect H) or
matched(Radiation) boundary. The radiation boundary takes longer to solve
since it requires a complex solve.
You do need to use some caution when using Perfect H boundary
conditions in place of radiation boundaries. The Perfect H and
Symmetry Perfect H are mathematically equivalent. Therefore if you
are simulating a subsection of a larger geometry, you have the
potential to create modes that are the result of the boundary condition
or non-physical. In our example, the Perfect H is applied to the outside
of the model and not along any symmetry planes.
It should be noted that the Perfect H boundary condition can be used
with the Driven and Eigenmode solver. The Radiation boundary is
only supported by the Driven Solution.

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Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Options

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Training Manual

Set Solution Type


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Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


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Training Manual
Create Trace
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: -10.0,
10.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the name:
3. Press OK
To fit the view:
Create Via Pad

To create the via pad:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter key
dX: 0.75,
0.75 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.1,
0.1 Press Enter
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from Properties window.
2. For the Value of Name type: Via_pad
3. Press OK
To fit the view:

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Training Manual
Group the Trace & Via Pad

1.
2.
Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key.
Select the menu item, Modeler > Boolean > Unite

1.

2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -0.2,
Create Ground
To draw the ground:
X: -10.0,
10.0 Y: -20.0,
20.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 20.0,
20.0 dY: 40.0,
40.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the Attribute
4. Press OK
To fit the view:
view

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Training Manual
Create AntiAnti-Pad
To create the antianti-pad:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Antipad
3. Press OK
Select Ground & Antipad:
1. Select the objects named: Ground , Antipad
To complete the ground object:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground
Tool Parts: Antipad
Click the OK button

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Training Manual

1.
2.
Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Set Working CS
Select Coordinate System Window,

1.

2.

X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: 0.0,
Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ

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Training Manual
Create Source
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.1,
To set the name:
To zoom in

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Training Manual
Assign Excitation
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Via_pad (or Trace)
3. Reference Conductors: Ground
4. Click OK
3. Change the Name in the Properties window: p1

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Training Manual

1.
2.

1.

2.

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -0.45,
Duplicate Objects
To duplicate the existing objects:
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 180
3. Total Number: 2

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Training Manual

Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create Via
To create the via:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.9,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Via
3. Press the OK button
To fit the view:

1.

2.

X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: -0.2,

8.3-14
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Ground Via

To create the Ground Via:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Via_GND
To fit the view:

1.
2.


8.3-15
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Board
To create the board:
X: -10.0,
10.0 Y: -20.0,
20.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 20.0,
20.0 dY: 40.0,
40.0 dZ: -0.9,
To set the Attribute:
2. For the Value of Name type: Board
3. Set Transparent to 0.8
4. Press the OK
To fit the view:
Create Air
To create the Air:
X: -15.0,
15.0 Y: -25.0,
25.0 Z: -5.0,
rectangle:
dX: 30.0,
30.0 dY: 50.0,
50.0 dZ: 10.0,
To set the name:
3. Display Wireframe Checked
4. Press the OK
To fit the view:

8.3-16
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Assign Perfect H/Natural Boundaries

To assign Perfect H Boundary
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Perfect H
H
Boundary Display

8.3-17
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Order of Basis function: Zero Order
Click the OK button

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 10.0GHz
Count:: 991

8.3-18
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_nonidealgnd
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze
1. Click

8.3-19
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

8.3-20
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Reports
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass
3. Trace Window
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St((Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2)
4. Function: dB
XY Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
dB(St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1))
Setup1 : AdaptivePass
Freq='10GHz'
Freq='10GHz'
0.00
-2.00
Y1
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
-12.00
1.00
2.00

3.00
Pass
8.3-21
4.00
5.00
6.00
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Terminal S Plot vs Frequency

To create a report:
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2)
3. Function: dB
To add data marker to the Plots
1. Select the menu item Report2D > Marker > Add Marker
2. Move cursor to the resonant points on the plotting curve and click the left
mouse button
3. When you are finished placing markers at the resonances, Press ESC Or
right-click the mouse and select Exit Marker Mode.
Mode
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-20.00
Y1
m6
Name
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
-30.00
X
1.7700
4.2900
5.2500
7.1200
7.5100
8.0900
Y
-40.0894
-36.3371
-49.4293
-45.5499
-46.0011
-21.9133
m2
m1
-40.00
m4
m5
m3
-50.00
0.00
1.00
2.00

3.00
4.00
5.00
Freq [GHz]
8.3-22
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Field Overlays
Select the Relative CS XY Plane
1. Using the Model Tree, expand Planes
1. Select Relative CS3 XY
Note: Relative CS3 XY plane is the plane between the two Ground
planes.
1. Solution: Setup1 : Sweep1
2. Intrinsic Variables: Freq: 1.9GHz; Phase: 0deg
3. Quantity: Mag_E
4. In Volume: Board
1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 5
3. Max: 3500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plots Tab
1. Scalar Plot: Fringe

8.3-23
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Field Overlay Additional Frequency Points

To modify the Frequency of a field plot:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot
2. Select Field Plot Window:
1. Select: Mag_E1
3. Modify Field Plot Window
1. Intrinsic Variables: Freq:
Freq 7.1 GHz
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:

8.3-24
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Return Path
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze the
return path examples used in the Boundary/Excitations Overview for the Ansoft
HFSS Design Environment.
Port2
Port3
Port1
8.4-1
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Options

8.4-2
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual

Set Solution Type


8.4-3
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


8.4-4
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create Conductor
To create the conductor:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 0.1,
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 0.1,
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 1.1,
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 1.1,
7. Click the OK button when the Properties dialog appears
To create conductor profile:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.3,
0.3 Z: 0.1,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: 0.02,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Cond
3. Press the OK
To Sweep the profile:
3. Click the OK button when the Sweep along path dialog appears
To fit the view:
Or click the icon
on the toolbar

8.4-5
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Duplicate Conductor
To select the object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.
To duplicate the conductor:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line.
1. Click Close in Measure Data Window
2. First Point: X:: 0.0, Y:: 0.0, Z:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
3. Second Point: dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 0.24,
4. Total Number: 3
6. Click OK to exit from property window
Mirror Conductor
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Group Conductors
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.

8.4-6
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create Ground
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
0.02,
4.0 dY: 2.0,
2.0 dZ: -0.02
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: GND
To fit the view:
Mirror Ground
To select the object GND:
1. Select the objects named: GND
To mirror the ground:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,

8.4-7
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: 5.0,
0.06,
5.0 Y: -0.06
0.06 Z: 0.1,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: -0.1,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

8.4-8
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Assign Excitation
2. Press the Enter key
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Cond
3. Reference Conductors: GND_1
4. Click OK
3. The Properties window: Name : p1

8.4-9
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create Source2
To select Source:
To mirror the source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Create Source3
To select Source:
1. Select the objects named: Source_1
To mirror the source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.12,
0.12 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.0,
1.0 dZ: 0.0,

8.4-10
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Assign Excitation (Cont.)

Note: Although ports have been duplicated, terminals need to be assigned using
Auto Assign Terminals
Auto Assign Terminals for Port 2
1. Select p2 from the project manager window.
2. Right click p2. Choose Auto assign Terminals
4. Reference Conductors: GND
5. Click OK
Auto Assign Terminals for Port 3

1. Select p3 from the project manager window.
2. Right click p3. Choose Auto assign Terminals
4. Reference Conductors: GND
5. Click OK

8.4-11
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_FR4

8.4-12
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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create Substrate
To create substrate:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -1.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 2.0,
To set the name:
1. Move the slide bar to 0.8 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
Mirror Substrate
To select the object substrate:
1. Select the objects named: Substrate
To mirror the ground:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
0.0

8.4-13
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual

Create Air
To create the Air:
X: -5.2,
5.2 Y: -2.0,
2.0 Z: -0.2,
rectangle:
dX: 10.4,
10.4 dY: 4.0,
4.0 dZ: 2.0,
To set the name:
1. Move the slide bar to 1 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
To fit the view:
Assign Radiation
To assign Radiation Boundary
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Radiation

8.4-14
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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Boundary Display

8.4-15
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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Lambda Target:: Use Default Value: Checked
Order of Basis function: Zero-Order
Click the OK button

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 15.1GHz
Count:: 301

8.4-16
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_returnpath
Analyze
Model Validation
Manager.
Analyze

8.4-17
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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Solution Data
Table Select

8.4-18
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create Reports
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass
3. Trace Window
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St(Cond_T1, Cond_T1) , St(Cond_T1, Cond_T2) and
St(Cond_T1, Cond_T3)
4. Function: dB
XY Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
dB(St(Cond_T1,Cond_T1))
Freq='15.1GHz'
Freq='15.1GHz'
Freq='15.1GHz'
-5.00
-10.00
Y1
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
1.00
2.00

3.00
4.00
Pass
8.4-19
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create Terminal S-Parameter Plot vs Frequency

1.
2.
3.
Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Cond_T1, Cond_T1) , St(Cond_T1, Cond_T2) and
St(Cond_T1, Cond_T3)
3. Function: dB
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
Y1
-15.00
-20.00
No DC
Return Path
-25.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
0.00
2.00

4.00
6.00
8.00
Freq [GHz]
8.4-20
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Return Path Add a DC Return Path

We will continue our investigation by adding a connection between the two
ground planes. The DC return path will be the path of least resistance.
DC
Return Path

8.4-21
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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Copy the Design

To copy the entire design:
1. Using the project manager,
1. Right-click on HFSSDesign1,
HFSSDesign1 and choose Copy
1. Right-click on hfss_returnpath,
hfss_returnpath and choose Paste
Open the 3D Model Editor

To open the 3D Model Editor:
1. Right-click on HFSSDesign2
and choose 3D Model Editor

Choose pec in Materials toolbar

8.4-22
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create DC Path
To create the DC path:
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: 1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 2.0,
2.0 dY: -0.12,
0.12 dZ: 0.02,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: DCPath

8.4-23
February 20, 2009

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Example Return Path
Training Manual
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
Model Validation
Analyze
To Open All Existing Report

To open all reports:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Open All Reports
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign2
0.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
Y1
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
-45.00
0.00
2.00

4.00
6.00
8.00
Freq [GHz]
8.4-24
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Return Path Add a RF Return Path

We will continue our investigation by adding an RF return path between the two
ground planes. The RF return path will be the path of least inductance.
RF
Return Path
Copy the Design

To copy the entire design:
1. Right-click on HFSSDesign1,
HFSSDesign1 and choose Copy
1. Right-click on hfss_returnpath,
hfss_returnpath and choose Paste
Open the 3D Model Editor

To open the 3D Model Editor:
Click on HFSSDesign3 in the project manager

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose pec

8.4-25
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Create RF Path
To create the RF path:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radial point:
X: -0.972,
0.972 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
X: -0.972,
0.972 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 1.072,
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 1.072,
To create the profile:
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.06,
0.06 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.02,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: -0.02
4. Click OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: RFPath
To Sweep the profile:
1. Select the objects named: Polyline2, RFPath
4. Click the OK button when the Sweep along path dialog appears
8.4-26
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Mirror Conductor
1. Select the objects named: RFPath
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Group Conductors
1. Select the objects named: RFPath, RFPath_1
3. Select the menu item, 3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite

8.4-27
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Inventory #002704

Example Return Path
Training Manual
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
Model Validation
Analyze
To Open All Existing Report

To open all reports:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Open All Reports
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign4
0.00
-10.00
Y1
-20.00
-30.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-40.00
Setup1 : Sweep1
-50.00
-60.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
Freq [GHz]
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:

8.4-28
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Example On-Chip Spiral Inductor
Training Manual
OnOn-Chip Passive Example

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a 2.5
turn spiral inductor using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

9.1-1
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Getting Started
1.
Programs and select
11

Checked
Options

9.1-2
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual

Set Solution Type


9.1-3
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual

Set Model Units
To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: um

1. For the Material Name type: My_Sub
3. For the Value of Bulk Conductivity type: 10

9.1-4
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Substrate
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties windows
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub
To fit the view
Set the default material:

1.
2.
Using the Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select

1. For the Material Name type: My_Oxide

9.1-5
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Oxide
To create the oxide layer:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 300.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Oxide
To fit the view

1.
2.

1. For the Material Name type: My_Pass

9.1-6
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Passivation
To create the passivation layer:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 309.8,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Pass
To fit the view

1.
Using the Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Air Box

To create the airbox:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view

9.1-7
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual

2. Select Object Dialog
Select the Object named: Air
Click the OK button
To create a radiation Boundary:
2. Radiation Boundary Window
1. Name: Rad1
Create Ground
1.Select the menu item Draw > Rectangular
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view

9.1-8
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual

To select the ground
1. Select the object named: Ground
2. Click OK button
2. Click OK button
Hide Dielectrics
To hide the dielectrics:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible
2. Select the menu item View > Hide Selection > All Views

1.
2.

1. For the Material Name type: My_Met
2. For the Value of Bulk Conductivity type: 2.8e7

Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate Systems > Create > Relative CS >
Offset
1. X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 304.8, Press the Enter key

9.1-9
February 20, 2009

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9.1-10
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-11
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-12
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

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9.1-13
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-14
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-15
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-16
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704


9.1-17
Training Manual
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Source 1
To create source:
1. X: 142.0, Y: 7.5, Z: 1.0, Press the Enter Key
3.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base
rectangle
1. dX: -15.0, dY: -15.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter Key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Source1
3.
Click the OK button
Assign Excitation
1. Select the object named: Source1
2. Click OK button

Note: You can also select the object fom the Model Tree
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port, a
window appears, highlight Ring and click Add ==>>,
==>> then click OK.
OK The
lumped port and terminal are automatically assigned.

9.1-18
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Assign Excitation (Continued)

3. Change the name in the
Properties window: p1
Set the name for the pin
2. Expand p1,
p1 highlight Source1_T1
Properties window: 1

9.1-19
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Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Create Source 2
To create source:
1. X: 131.0, Y: 7.5, Z: 1.0, Press the Enter Key
3.
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base
rectangle
1. dX: 15.0, dY: -15.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter Key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Source2
3.
Click the OK button
Assign Excitation
1. Select the object named: Source2
2. Click OK button

Note: You can also select the object fom the Model Tree
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port, a
window appears, and click OK.
OK The lumped port and terminal are
automatically assigned.

9.1-20
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Training Manual
Assign Excitation (Continued)

Properties window: p2
Set the name for the pin
2. Expand p1,
p1 highlight Source1_T2
Properties window: 2

9.1-21
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Training Manual
Show All
To Show all objects
1. Select the menu item View > Show All > All Views
Boundary Display
boundary.

9.1-22
February 20, 2009

Inventory #002704

Training Manual
Analysis Setup
Order of bases function:: Zero order.

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step
Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 20.0GHz
Step:: 0.1GHz
Max Solutions:: 20

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_spiral_inductor
Analyze
Model Validation
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, see the Message
Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All Or click the icon
on the tool bar.

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Solution Data
Table Select

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Create Reports
Create Differential Pair SS-Parameter Plot
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(1,1), St(2,1)
3. Function: dB

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Custom Equations Output Variables

Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report >
Rectangular Plot
Trace Window
1.
Click the Output Variables button
2.
Output Variables dialog
1. Name: Q11
2. Expression:
1. Category: Terminal Y Parameters
2. Quantity: Yt(1,1)
3. Function: im
4. Click the Insert into Expression button
5. Type: /
7. Function: re
4. Repeat for Q22,
Q22 by replacing Yt(1,1) with Yt(2,2)
4. Domain: Sweep
5. Click Y tab
Quantity: Q11, Q22
Function: abs
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
Q Plot
9.00
Curve Info
abs(Q11)
Setup1 : Sweep1
abs(Q22)
Setup1 : Sweep1
8.00
7.00
6.00
Y1
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00

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10.00
Freq [GHz]
15.00
20.00
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Create Reports (Continued)

Custom Equations Output Variables
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report >
Rectangular Plot
Trace Window
1.
Click the Output Variables button
2.
Output Variables dialog
2
1.
Name: L11
L11 = im( Yt (1,1)) /(2 * pi * f * re(Yt (1,1)
2.
Expression:
1.
Category: Terminal Y Parameters
2.
Quantity: Yt(1,1)
3.
Function: im
4.
Click the Insert into Expression button
5.
Type: *(--1)/(2*pi*freq*(
6.
Category: Terminal Y Parameters
7.
Quantity: Yt(1,1)
8.
Function: im
9.
Click the Insert into Expression button
10. Type: )*
13. Function: im
15. Type: )+
18. Function: re
20. Type: )*
23. Function: re
25. Type: ))
3.
4.
5.
6.
+ im (Yt (1,1)
3.
Domain: Sweep
Click Y tab
Quantity: L11
Function: none

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HFSS User Guide With Examples

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Ansoft HFSS User Guide

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Inventory Number: 002704

Copyright 2008 SAS IP, Inc.

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Appendix Boundary Conditions

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LVDS Differential Pair

Examples Signal Integrity

Welcome to Ansoft HFSS

Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

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Installing the Ansoft HFSS software

Installing the Ansoft HFSS Software

Starting Ansoft HFSS

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Visiting the Ansoft Web Site

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For Technical Support

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Ansoft Desktop Terms

Ansoft Desktop Terms

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Ansoft HFSS Desktop

Coordinate Entry Fields

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Ansoft Desktop Terms

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Ansoft Desktop Terms

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Ansoft Desktop Terms

Coordinate System (CS)

Ansoft Desktop Terms

3D Modeler Design Tree

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To display or hide individual toolbars:

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Customize and Arrange Toolbars

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Ansoft HFSS Desktop

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Opening a HFSS project

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Set Solution Type

Set Solution Type

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Converting older files

Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS v11

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Ansoft HFSS - User Guide

Chapter 2 Simulation Basics

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What is HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)?

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Tangential Vector Finite Elements

Transfinite Element Method

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HFSS Automated solution process