Project Abstract

The proposed Payroll System is aimed at providing all necessary

computer facilities for any type of operation going on in an office. It
computerizes each and every step involved in office system. This new system is
a user friendly and interactive. It deals with all types of transactions, which are
very necessary for the smooth running of an organization. In this project all
aspects from the users point of view are considered so that every user can
interact with this project very easily. It is tried to originate appropriate and
good environment in which a user can handle the whole database very
efficiently and conveniently. These fields generates large amount of information,
which would be very useful for the user who interacts with it.
One security basis, an authorization system is included. Under this, a
user will be authorized to access information contained within the database
Administrator. For example, a user must have user id & password to be
authorized. When a user enters the user id & password, then that user id and
password is matched with the user id and password already stored in the
database. In this way the data can be kept more secure & safe.
The new system is designed in such a way that every user can adapt
himself/herself in a very easy and effortless way. By adding constraints in the
database, some rules are enforced for the user to enter valid or acceptable
data. In this way it prevents the authorized user from entering the wrong and
invalid data. Likewise data constraints play a vital and indispensable Role in
maintaining and preserving all the transactions.
In this new system, any type of information related to transactions can be
obtained at any time using insert, User has to enter only one primary value of

transaction for which he wants to seek some information. Similarly the

information of a customer contained in the database can be obtained by
choosing customer id or name only.
In case, an existing user needs help on any topic related to project or a
new user wants to know anything about the project, a help field is provided
which contains all type of help related to the project like how to add a new
record, how to edit an existing record etc.

College Profile
This college is an inevitable part of prestigious Apeejay Education
Society. Established way back in 1982, Apeejay College of Fine Arts.
Started as college of fine arts, it soon launched a number of professional
courses. The college, from its very establishment has excelled in its purpose of
imparting quality education. Every since this college has provided the society
with quality citizens.
Students of this college have excelled not only academics but also in
sports, music, theatre and other co-curricular activities achieving heights. The
college has seen university toppers, best dancers, best singers, actors and
actresses, musicians, painters, sculptors and achievers in all fields of
education.
The college provides its students with state of the art facilities. The
laboratories are equipped with latest equipments with uninterrupted supply of
power and other needed items. The computer laboratory is equipped with good
latest hardware and software. The photography laboratory is equipped with
scanners and high quality printers. The home science, music, dance, fine arts
and the designing laboratories are provided with best possible instruments.

The college also provides for various seminars guest lectures and other
events of carrier orientation from time to time for the proper guidance of the
students.
Apart from the regular classes, the college also holds vocational classes
for music, dance, etc. The college also encourages participation of its students
in various art workshops. The college has seen students being selected for
workshops at national and even at the international levels.
For all the facilities provided by the college counted amongst the best
institutions in the city.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With Candor and Pleasure I take opportunity to express my sincere thanks and
obligation to my esteemed guide. It is because of his able and mature guidance and cooperation without which it would not have been possible for me to complete my
project.

It is my pleasant duty to thank all the staff member of the computer center who never
hesitated me from time during the project.

Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the support, encouragement & patience of my family,

and as always, nothing in my life would be possible without God, Thank You!

Index
1. STUDY OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

1.1.WHAT IS EXITING SYSTEM

1.2.DEFINE ITS SCOPE (OBJECTIVE)
1.3.HOW THE EXISTING SYSTEM WORK
1.4.WHAT ARE THE ISSUE /PROBLEM WITH THE EXISTING SYSTEM
1.5.HOW YOU ARE GOING TO IMPROVE ON THE PROBLEMS OF EXISTING
SYSTEM
1.6.HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
1.7.TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES

2. SYTEM ANALYSIS
2.1.
CONTEXT DIAGRAM
2.2.DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
2.3.FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION

3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

3.1 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
3.2 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
3.3 ER DIAGRAM
3.4 DATA DICTIONARY
3.5 TABLE DESIGN
3.6 SNAPSHOTS
4. CODING
5. TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION
5. CONCLUSION

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction to Payroll System

A user friendly GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software Payroll
System has been developed for Apeejay College of Fine Arts of jalandhar city,
keeping in view the requirements of employees to prepare salary. The objective
of the project was to computerize the payroll system which was earlier being
handled manually every precaution has been taken at each process involved in
the complex task of salary preparation. By computerization it implies that all
process handling is entirely being done by computer. All the records necessary
for the processes involved in the salary calculation are stored in a computer

based record keeping system using a back-end tool. All the processes handling
is done at the front-end by using a front-end. The project provides ample
facilities to its users. The most important of the facilities are the report
generation and printing which provides user with the hard copies of the data
also.

1.1

Features:

Preparation of salary.

Printing of Windows Based user friendly software.

Maintenance of rich electronic records of employees available at
station.

Pay bills/Pay slips.

Attendance record.

Tax calculation.

Various security features with the help of passwords.

Standard report generation.

1.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
Hardware is the term given to the machinery itself and to the various
individual pieces of equipment. It refers to the physical devices of a computer

system. Thus, the input, storage processing control and the output devices are
hardware.
Following are the minimum hardware and software specifications that are
required for efficient performance of the system. Using a higher configuration
than specified below can enhance the system performance further:

HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

CPU

Intel Pentium IV 1.80 GHz or higher

RAM

1 GB (for best performance)

Keyboard

105 Standard keys

Hard disk

10GB or higher free space

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Software means a collection of program where the objective is to enhance the

capabilities of the hardware machine. The following defines the software of the
proposed system developments:

Software Specification

Operating System Window XP, Window 7, 8

ASP.NET C#

SQL Server 2008

System Study
In system study we study the existing system and new proposed system.
In system study we study that what are the drawbacks, and limitations exist.
What are the needs of the existing system? And also study what is the new
proposed system, and how new proposed system removes the limitations and
drawbacks of the existing system. In this section we study the advantages of
the new proposed system.

2.1 Existing system

This Organization is maintaining most of their day-to-day transactions data in
the registers (i.e. manually). The employees of the Apeejay College of fine arts are doing
the whole work manually. All the work is done manually (i.e. maintained in registers)
so different employees are appointed for the maintenance of registers containing all the
information related to the organization.
It is very time consuming and is also not error free in some situations. In
existing manual system databases calculations are difficult to perform so report
generation as very much difficult.

Drawbacks of Existing System

Generally whenever we implement a new system it is developed to
eliminate the shortcomings of an existing system. The computerized system has
more edge over the manual system. It is because of accuracy, high speed, quick
result, diligence etc.
The existing system is totally based on manual system. Existing system
has many drawbacks in comparison of computerized system. Some of the main
drawbacks of existing system are: -

1. Time Consuming: High time consumption is the main weakness of the

existing system. A lot of time is wasted in searching records from
different files, which resulted in loss of time, and moreover workload also
increases. Also a lot of time is wasted in duplicating the same entries in
different registers. The overall checking of the records and modifications
if necessary has to be made at several places which is time consuming
and error prone
2. Service and Working Conditions: With the unusual delay due to
various reasons (such as non-availability of record or absence of an
employee etc) the customer suffers a lot. Without any firm reason he has
to wait which disfigures the working conditions.

3. Difficulties in Retrieving Information: Sometimes, to get any of any

type of instant information more than one document needs to be
searched. This requires the opening of both files and then combining the
information to get the required information. Further the files may not be
indexed according to the need, which causes difficulty in retrieving
information.
4. Difficulties in Debugging: If an error is detected in recorded information
the manual system requires many files or registers to be searched to
correct the information.
5. Difficult for the Top Management to analyze data: Top management
faces lots of problems to know about the details of the Current
Transactions, Current Bookings, Current Cancellation and Employee as
all is maintained at the lower level. Except for the media and their
reliable resources they have nobody to ask about the current outputs
and the overall results to be generated along with the reports at the end
of the year.
6. Not Easy to understandable by new user: To understand the manual
system the user have to get more practice and have a grape all fields that
help by other employee and have to be in contact with that person. If the
person was in leave the user can get the information from him.
7. Need more space to store: Here by using the paperwork system the
user need to maintain all the documents in proper way to avoid the
difficulty in action and need more space to store these documents
because they cant destroy the old documents.

8. Very Expensive: The existing manual system is very expensive method

as lot of paper work has to be done and lot of wastage of manpower,
which increase the expanses of existing system.
9. Data sharing: The different user in the different department cannot
share data simultaneously.
10. Security: Security feature are not prominent in the existing system.

Need For a New System

To enhance the working of the Apeejay College of fine arts, which was
completely handled manually, the improvement was thought on the basis of
computerizing the major activities. The following factors were foreseen for the
improvisation:

1. Identify the Opportunity to Improve Business Functions: It has been

identified that computerization process is necessity and what business
benefits can be derived by implementing this improvement. It will lead to
better transaction handling in terms of speed, reliability and accuracy.
2. Improves Services and Working Conditions: To improve the working
conditions of existing system in every parts of Tour & Travel Org.
Customer services are need to improve to a greater extent.
3. User friendly: To make the system user friendly this system using
window as its run time environment and is developed using Visual Studio

2008, which is very user-friendly rapid application developed tool.

Because in the existing system register work was very difficult to handled
by each user and was boring job.
4. Data Security: The proposed will also prevent unauthorized access to
the system. At the very beginning, the user name and password is to be
entered by the user and if it is correct only then the permission to use
the software is given to user. There are different users according to
different roles and one user cant use the resources given to another
user.
5. Data Redundancy: - The data is stored only once which can be accessed
by any one at any time and at any place. So it can be minimized but can
not be removed completely.
6. Easy to Access: - In this database project, data can be easily access
through computer networking.
7. Cost Reduction: - It requires less amount of Cost as compared to
existing system.
8. Time & Efforts Reduction: - It requires less amounts of time and
efforts.
9. Security mechanism: - Database can be secured by applying password,
encryption and decryption techniques.
10. Concurrency Control: - This Database provides mechanisms to provide
concurrent access and ensure the correctness of the data.
11. Provides backup and Recovery:- It provides scheme such as recovery
and backup from the failures including disk crash, power failures,
software errors which may help the database to recover from inconsistent

state top state that existed prior to the occurrence of the failure, though
methods are very complex.

2.2

Proposed System
This consists of Payroll System. All these transactions need to be

carefully understood and taken into consideration. The system also contains a
lot of data redundancy at various stages. One of the objectives of the new
system would be to stores data in an efficient and non-redundant form and
hence increase overall efficiency of the system. The new system should ensure
of simple and easy data entry procedures through suggestive looking form.
There are quite a number of lengthy calculations being done on the acquired
data. These calculations should be thoroughly understood. The new system
should be able to perform all these calculations automatically and efficiently.

Numerous kinds of queries are done on large amounts of accumulated

data, to find out the desired data. The new system should provide efficient,
simple, fast and smarter procedures for retrieval of exhaustive types of data
from the database.

Finally, there are quite a number of reports that are generated during the
normal working of the system. Each of these required reports should be
understood very carefully and the new system shall provide easy and efficient
methods for generation of these reports.

Working
The working of the project is based on payroll system for performing its
working it use Visual Basic.NET as a front-end and Oracle 8i as a back-end. In
which user perform all its functions in Visual Basic.NET environment and all
database stores in the database oracle. This proposed system reserve the ticket
on request of the user and also refund the unconfirmed orders after lasing the
commission them. All the calculations are automatically and efficiently
performed.

The new computerized system has an edge over the manual system. The
beneficial features of new computerized system are the following:

1. Improves Services and Working Conditions: The proposed system

improves the existing working conditions in each step of inventory control
system Customer services are improved to a greater extent. The whole
process is very easy and efficient.
2. User Friendly: The new system is using windows as its run time
environment and is developed using Visual Basic.NET which is very user
friendly rapid application development tool. The new system is totally
graphical and user just has to select his desired option and the next step
will be taken immediately and automatically by the system.

3. Less Time Consumption: Another aspect of system, which will reduce

the time consumption, is its speed. The speed of system is measured in
terms of response time i.e. the time it takes to respond to users request.
Computer is an electronic device which can manipulate, modifies,
retrieve and store information very speedily so it will be able to report
within a fraction of time.
4. Reduced Storage Space: On more important feature of the new system
is the reduction of physical storage covered by the existing system. In
new system records will be residing in the computers memory, which is
large storage capacity and can be extended further.
5. Coordination of Data Tables: The user was in trouble while combining
figures from different files or registers to find out information and to
prepare reports. This trouble will not occur in new system as the data
from different tables will be combined internally and the prepared
reports will be presented to user on screen and printer.
6. Minimizing Errors: The project will also eliminate the creeping in of
unintentional errors due to which the system leads to insufficient. The
new system will be prepared under all the restrictions of the present
system. Whenever the user will attempt any error the new system will
respond to it displaying a diagnostic on the screen.
7. Data Security: The proposed will also prevent unauthorized access to
the system. At the very beginning, the user name and password is to be
entered by the user and if it is correct only then the permission to use
the software is given to user. There are different users according to
different roles and one user cant use the resources given to another
user.

Objective/Advantages of New System:

To overcome these above stated limitations in the Payroll System, we
propose a new system that is computerized system of Payroll System. The
proposed system would store all the information captured in different registers
that will be linked with each other and will provide direct and immediate
access. Using a computerized system, we will do storing of data. All the
addition, deletion, modification, printing will be done through computer for
faster accessing. This proposed system would set free from all the burdens
mentioned in limitations of existing system.
1. Fast and Efficient: As compared to existing manual system, in proposed
system the user can get the information fast, easily and efficiently from
the computer since information is a single click away from the user.

2. Reliable and Accurate: As in proposed system the information is stored

and processed in computers so that data will be more reliable and
accurate.
3. Centralized Data: In the existing system most of data records are kept in
registers and some data are maintained in Microsoft Excel due to this
system the placement of the data is not at one particular place. But in
proposed system each and every record is maintained on computer,
which leads to the centralization of data and every user which have the
access to system can retrieve the data at ease.
4. Low Operation and Maintenance Cost: The proposed system is not very
costly as it doesnt includes many costs and overhead expenses like file
management, stationary charges etc.
5. Non-Redundant Information: As in proposed system data maintained
on the computers so inconsistency doesnt occurs whichever leads to
problem like duplication of data. As in our project most of the inventory
codes are Auto Generated hence there is no chance of duplication of the
master records.
6. User Friendly: Proposed system is very user friendly. We have applied
many check and balances (i.e. validation rules) in the proposed system so
that a less knowledgeable person can also enter the data error free and
at an ease.
7. Easy to Access: As compared to existing system, in proposed system the
user can easily and efficiently access the information from the computer
only if the user is given the right of the same. In the proposed system we

have used the concept of level of access. We have created the users to
access the database. So depending upon the type of hierarchy we can
assign different rights for the user.
8. No Documentation: As everything is stored on the computer so there is
any need of documentation or maintaining the files or registers.

Feasibility Study
Feasibility study is carried out to test if the proposed system is worth
being implemented. Given unlimited resources and infinite time, all projects are
feasible. Unfortunately, such projects and time is not possible real situations.
Hence it becomes both necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of the
project at earliest passable time in order to avoid unnecessary wastage of time.

Feasibility study is test of the system proposed regarding its workability, impact
on tour and travels ability to meet user needs and effective use of resources.
Feasibility study has five primary areas which are characterized by the
acronym TELOS
T

Technical Feasibility

Economic Feasibility

Operational Feasibility

COST ESTIMATION
The net cost saving for reuse is estimated, by projecting the cost of the
project. If project it was developed from scratch and subtracting the sum of the
cost associated with reuse and the actual cost of the software has delivered,
can be determined by applying one or more of the estimation techniques and
the proposed project support all this technique like domain analysis and
modeling and enhancement of reuse components ray ties and lioness for the
externally acquired components, the proposed project is cost efficient because
any organization can save their expense by using my project. Earlier they used
a manual system where they wasted lot of time, and there was paper work.
Hence the proposed project is very cost efficient because it will help to save
from manual costs overcome economical

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Whether the proposed information system can be implemented with the
available hardware, software, technical resources, and human resource. The

proposed project is technically feasible because all the required resources are
easily available in the market at very low cost. The management provides all
latest hardware and software facilities for the success completion of the project.
The proposed system full fills the requirement of the Apeejay College of
fine arts, jalandhar. The software developed by using Visual Basic.NET and
Oracle 8i. Which is available at very low cost in the market? The building
technique of the project is also not too complicated. Hence technical feasibility
is the some difficult area to assess at the earliest stages of the system
development process. Therefore the process of analysis and definition of the
proposed system was conducted in parallel with the assessment of technical
feasibility.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
Whether the benefits of the proposed information system outweigh the
costs.

The proposed project is economical feasible because all the required

resources are easily available in the market at very low cost and any
organization can easily purchase this required resources at their suitable cost
and assembled it. No extra economical burden will on the on the organization.
Here the benefits accrued from the new system are more than the cost
involved in its development as everything is related to money. Cost involved in
developing the whole system is analyzing and design, Programming cost,
Stationary and miscellaneous expenses, Operational cost.
There are sufficient benefits in the system to make the cost acceptable.
Usually cost benefits analysis is made to find the savings or the extra
overheads that would arise new development. It is normal for every origination

to choose a system development only if there is a reduction with respect to the

time and cost overheads.

OPRETIONAL FEASIBILITY
Whether

the

proposed

solution

is

desirable

within

the

existing

managerial and organizational framework and culture. This project is

operational feasible because it easily handled all operations of the organization,
which is required by the user. In the existing system, it is very difficult to
maintain huge amount of data. The development of new system was started
because of the requirement put to forward by the management of the
concerned department. All the transactional operations handled successfully in
the new system with in very sort of time. So it is sure that the system
development is operationally feasible.
Study is a preferred conceptual solution together with expected cost and
benefits. It also includes a more detailed specification of what the new system
requires.

System Analysis
ANALYSIS
Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a
system and there relationship within and outside of the system. A key question
is: What must be done to solve the problem? One aspect of analysis is
defining the boundaries of the system and determining whether or not a
candidate system should consider other related systems. During analysis data
are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions handled by
the present system. Some logical system models and tools are used in analysis
are data flow diagrams, interviews, on-sight observations and questionnaires
etc. The interview is a commonly used tool in analysis. It requires special skills
and sensitivity to the subjects being interviewed. Bias in data collection and
interpretation can be a problem. Training, experience and common sense are
required for collection of the information needed to do the analysis.
Once analysis is completed, the analyst has a firm understanding of
what is to be done. The next step is to decide how the problem might be solved.
Thus, in system design, we move from the logical to the physical aspect of the
life cycle.

PROBLEM UNDERSTANDING
One of the most difficult tasks is developing a clear in depth of the problem
being investigated, without which it becomes impossible to specify the requirements
for a new project with any accuracy. In the manual system the main problem was to

understand the large and typical database and short form of information about any
Student and Teacher.

Several questions should be proposed for this as: -

1. What is the problem?

In the manual system large amount of data handle is very difficult. It is
difficult to access the required data from saved registers. And also large
amount of data is very difficult store.
2. What are its causes?
Due to store the data in large registers in manual system no body can
search and easily access the records of the student or teacher at a time.
In manual system records war search one by one that were very time
consuming.
3. Why is it important that the problem be solved?
The main point of view to solve the problems to change the manual
system is fulfilling the required of the Management. Because nowadays
very large amount of data need to be transferred.
4. What are the possible solutions to the problem?
The solution of this problem is developed the computerized version of the
manual system, which is less time consuming, and easy to handle.
5. What types of benefits are expected once the problem is
solved?
Once the above all problems solved. The new system should fulfill all the
requirement of the Management. And improves the working of the
Management, and all transactions can be easily maintains.

It takes considerable skill to determine the true cause of a systems

problem with knowledge of the cause of the problem, it can be diagnosed by it
characteristics. After identification of the problem a general direction or a
method for solving the problem will be determined. There are some problems,
which are being faced by the college management.
The major problem that the college is facing is that all the work is done
manually. Due to this a large amount of time is wasted, there can be some
errors which may creep in. Besides this it is also required to store all the
information in the form of some files or registers, but because of such storage
some more problems are faced. One such problem is query passing. It is a
length and tedious process if there is a need to find some information regarding
a student or a teacher.
After identification of the problem a general direction or a method for
solving the problem will be determined.

Requirement Specification
Requirement analysis is the first logical and technical step in the
software engineering process. Its at this juncture that a general statistic of
software scope is redefined into a concrete significance that becomes the
foundation of all software engineering activities that follows.
For gathering information, there is a need to interact with the system
users i.e. the people who directly or indirectly influence the system
requirements like end users, employees, customer etc. But they can make
unrealistic or conflicting demands, so these conflicts must be solved before
proceeding with the system design implementations.

A software requirement specification is obtained as a sequence of

analysis. Validation is necessary to ensure that the developer and customer
have the same perception of the system. Unfortunately, changing requirements
are a problem even for the best analysis method. The software will be developed
keeping in mind the following:

Requirements Specification
The proposed project full fill all the requirement of the user although it
related to booking of the tickets or with calculations and it also provides all the
necessary features

which is needed by the user of the software It is a

structured, precise document, which defines each and every system service
and constraint in detail. It may also be known as the functional specification
and is generally used as basis for a contract between the user and the software
developer.

Functional Requirements
The proposed project fulfills all the functional requirements of the
organization. These are those requirements that define the functionality of the
software system. Like Result of a Student, Attendance of a teacher, making
report Card of a student. They are descriptions of the project functions.

Non-Functional Requirements
These are those requirements that place a constraint under the system
operates for example response time or on the development process such as the
choice of the programming language.

CONSTRAINTS
The company functions manually. This system has a lot of problems as the work done
is very time consuming and sometimes errors also creep in. so there was an urgent
need to develop a system, which is simple, error free and suits the working of the
institution. The software Payroll System is such software, which will serve to these
purposes. Constraints are validations, which are used to check that the software is
working properly. The software also has some constraints, which make it a successful
application.

There are some constraints which are given below

1) Time constraints.
2) Economical constraints.
3) Technical constraints.

1. Time: Time constraints is a deadline, the use of deadlines in real-Time

computing is a relatively recent small fraction of the overall development
of project. Before reaching deadline it is difficult to develop the perfect
project. Time also effect the process of developing the project because in
the given limited time period some requirements features cant developed.
I have developed this project. In given time period. It is difficult to
develop the each and every required feature of the project. Hence we can
say that the time is the main constraints in developing the project.

2. Economical constraints: Economical constraints also is also a great

hindrance in developing the project, because due to economical
constraints each and every required hardware and software not available
at time and hence the developer of the is not able to developed the all
required features in the project. Due to the economical problem in the
organization, organization does not able to pay the required amount of
the project and hence developer of the project does not develop the full
efficient project. Hence we can say that economical constraints puts bad
effect in developing project.
3. Technical constraints: Technical constraints are a very big problem in
developing the project. Because in available technology you have to
develop the project. Due to the shortage of technical knowledge some
time in developing the project problems are occurred and that put bad
effects. Technical constraints are effect affect mostly designing phase,
coding phase, and implement phase of the project. Also if the developer
of the project is not technical of high level then it will effect during the
development of the project. Hence we can say that technical constraints
are also effect at very large instant.

Design Phase

The purpose of the design phase is to plan a solution of the problem

specified by the requirement document. System design is most creative phase
of the system development. The term design describes a final system and the
process it is developed.
This phase is the first step in moving from the problem domain to the
solution domain. In other words, starting with what is needed; design takes
towards how to satisfy the needs. The design of a system is the most critical
factor affecting the quality of package to be developed. System design has
major impact on the later phases, particularly testing and maintenance. The
System design includes the construction of programs and program testing.
The key question of System design is how problems lies in the project solved.
With the help of the flow charts we have represented the design of the software
system that is developing.
The purpose of the design phase was to plan a solution of the problem
specified by the requirements of document. This phase is the first step in
moving from the problem domain to the solution domain. The design of the
system is perhaps the most critical factor affecting the quality of the software.

System Design
The development of the Transaction Control Software consisted of
studying

of

the

existing

manual

system

and

developing

an

efficient

computerized system that emphasizes on easy storage and retrieval of data in

the database.
The new system should ensure of simple and easy data entry procedures
through suggestive looking form. There are quite a number of lengthy
calculations being done on the acquired data. These calculations should be
thoroughly understood. The new system should be able to perform all these
calculations automatically and efficiently.
There are quite a number of reports that are generated during the
normal working of the system. Each of these required reports should be
understood very carefully and the new system shall provide easy and efficient
methods for generation of these reports.
Moreover, the new system should provide a very easy to use interface, so
that user should feel at home throughout the working of the system.

Design Tools
BACK-END TOOLS
SQL SERVER 2008:-

Microsoft SQL Server is a Structured Query Language (SQL)

based, client/server relational database. Each of these terms
describes a fundamental part of the architecture of SQL Server.
Database
A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place
for data. Like a data file, a database does not present
information directly to a user; the user runs an application
that accesses data from the database and presents it to the
user in an understandable format.
A database typically has two components: the files holding the
physical database and the database management system
(DBMS) software that applications use to access

data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database

structure, including:
1. Maintaining the relationships between data in the database.
2.Ensuring that data is stored correctly and that the rules
defining data relationships are not violated.
3. Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of
system failures.
Relational Database
There are different ways to organize data in a database
but relational databases are one of the most effective.
Relational

database

mathematical

set

systems

theory

to

are
the

an
problem

application
of

of

effectively

organizing data. In a relational database, data is collected into

tables (called relations in relational theory).
When organizing data into tables, you can usually find
many different ways to define tables. Relational database
theory defines a process, normalization, which ensures that
the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.

Client/Server:-

In a client/server system, the server is a relatively large

computer in a central location that manages a resource used
by many people. When individuals need to use the resource,
they connect over the network from their computers, or
clients, to the server.
Server applications are usually capable of working with
several clients at the same time. SQL Server can work with
thousands of client applications simultaneously. The server
has features to prevent the logical problems that occur if a user
tries to read or modify data currently being used by others.

LANGUAGES USED IN SQL SERVER 2008:Transact-SQL:Transact-SQL is the language used to administer instances of the SQL Server
Database Engine, to create and manage database objects, and to insert,
retrieve, modify, and delete data. Transact-SQL is an extension of the language
defined in the SQL standards published by the International Standards
Organization (ISO) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Multidimensional Expressions (MDX):Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) is a statement-based scripting language
used to define, manipulate, and retrieve data from multidimensional objects in

SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services (SSAS). MDX provides data definition
language (DDL) statements; data manipulation language (DML) statements;
scripting language statements for managing scope, context, and control of flow
within MDX scripts; operators and functions for the manipulation of data
retrieved from multidimensional objects; and the capability to extend MDX with
user-defined functions.
Data Mining Extensions (DMX):Data Mining Extensions (DMX) is the language used to create and work with
data mining models in SSAS. DMX is composed of data definition language
(DDL) statements, data manipulation language (DML) statements, and
functions and operators.

ADVANTAGES OF SQL SERVER 2008:1.Open source/free/etc as everyone else has said.

2. Multi-platform = many more deployment scenarios.
3. Fast, particularly for straightforward db architectures.
4. With the arrival of MySQL Cluster, the ability to scale MUCH easier
and cheaper than dealing with MSSQL's clustering approach and/or
with migration to MS' preferred alternative, their cloud-based Azure
platform.

5.Two of the most popular database systems used by web developers

today are MySQL and Microsoft's MS SQL server.
6. Both are similar in regards to being storage and retrieval systems.
7.The two systems support primary keys, along with key indices which
allow you to speed up queries and constrain input. Furthermore, both
systems offer some form of support for XML.

FRONT-END TOOLS
ASP.NET C#:ASP.NET is a new ASP generation. It is not compatible with Classic ASP, but
ASP.NET may include Classic ASP.
ASP.NET pages are compiled, which makes them faster than Classic ASP.
ASP.NET has better language support, a large set of user controls, XML-based
components, and integrated user authentication.

ASP.NET pages have the extension .aspx, and are normally written in VB
(Visual Basic) or C# (C sharp).
User controls in ASP.NET can be written in different languages, including C++
and Java.
When a browser requests an ASP.NET file, the ASP.NET engine reads the file,
compiles and executes the scripts in the file, and returns the result to the
browser as plain HTML.

FEATURES OF ASP.NET C#:

Output cache extensibility

Session state compression

View state mode for individual control

Page.MetaKeyword and Page.MetaDescription properties

Response.RedirectPermanent method

Routing in ASP.NET

Increase the URL character length

New syntax for Html Encode

Predictable Client IDs

Web.config file refactoring

Auto-Start ASP.NET applications

Improvements on Microsoft Ajax Library

ADVANTAGES OF ASP.NET C#:1. ASP.NET dramatically reduces the amount of code needed to build large
applications.
2. With built-in Windows authentication and application settings, and
applications safe and secure.
3. It provides higher performance by using early binding, just-in-time
compilation, native optimization, and caching services right out of the box.
4. ASP.NET framework is complemented by a rich and designer tools in Visual
Studio integrated development environment. WYSIWYG-editing, drag and drop
controls, firewall and automatic deployment are just some of the features of
this powerful tool provides.
5. ASP.NET provides a simple and easy to perform common tasks, from simple
form submission and client authentication configuration and deployment site.
6. The source code and HTML together, so that ASP.NET pages are easy to
maintain and write. In addition, the source code is executed on the server. It
provides greater power and flexibility to Web pages.
7. All processes are carefully controlled and managed by ASP.NET, so that if the
process is dead, the new process can be created in its place, which helps to
keep your application constantly available to handle requests.
8. This is purely server-side technologies, so that the ASP.NET code runs on
the server before being sent to the browser.

9. Be independent of the language, it allows you to select the language that

best applies to your application or partition applications in many languages.
10. ASP.NET makes for easy deployment. No need to register components
because the configuration information is embedded.
11. The Web server continuously monitors the pages, components and
applications running on it. If he notices any memory leaks, infinite loops, other
illegal activities, which immediately destroys the activity and restarts.
12. It is easy to work with ADO.NET using data binding and formatting of the
page. This is an application that works faster and counters large volumes of
users without performance problems