5 DNV Marine Operations Rules PDF

DNV Marine Operations Rules
for Subsea Lifting

New Simplified Method for Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces
Tormod Be
DNV Marine Operations
27th November 2007
Content
Brief overview of relevant DNV

publications
DNV Rules for Marine Operations, 1996,

Lifting Capacity Checks
New Simplified Method for calculation of

hydrodynamic forces
CFD Analyses Test Cases
DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting
27 November 2007
Slide 2
Relevant DNV Publications

Lifting- and subsea operations :
DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of
Marine Operations 1996
Special planned, non-routine operations of
limited durations, at sea. Marine operations are
normally related to temporary phases as e.g.
load transfer, transportation and installation.
DNV-OS-E402
Offshore
Standard for
Diving Systems
January 2004
DNV Rules for Certification

of Lifting Appliances 2007
(reprint of 1994 issue)
DNV Standard for Certification

No. 2.7-1 Offshore
Containers April 2006
Special planned non-routine operations
27 November 2007
Routine operations
Slide 3
Relevant DNV Publications - Other
DNV-RP-C205 Environmental Conditions

and Environmental Loads April 2007
(replacing Classification Notes No 30.5)
DNV-RP-H101 Risk Management in Marine

and Subsea Operations, January 2003
DNV-RP-H102 Marine Operations during

Removal of Offshore Installations, April
2004
Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3

Portable Offshore Units, June 2006
(a new revision is planned issued in 2008 which will
include subsea units)
27 November 2007
Slide 4
Relevant DNV Publications - Purchase
DNV publications can be purchased at:

http://webshop.dnv.com/global/
27 November 2007
Slide 5
Content

publications


hydrodynamic forces
27 November 2007
Slide 6
Capacity Checks - DNV 1996 Rules

Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations, 1996
Part 1 - General
Part 2 - Operation Specific Requirements
Pt.1 Ch.1 - Warranty Surveys
Pt.2 Ch.1 - Load Transfer Operations
Pt.1 Ch.2 - Planning of
Pt.2 Ch.2 - Towing
Operations
Pt.2 Ch.3 - Special Sea Transports
Pt.1 Ch.3 - Design Loads
Pt.2 Ch.4 - Offshore Installation
Pt.1 Ch.4 - Structural Design
Pt.2 Ch.5 - Lifting

Pt.2 Ch.6 - Sub Sea Operations
Pt.2 Ch.7 - Transit and Positioning
of Mobile Offshore Units
27 November 2007
Slide 7
Capacity Checks - DNV 1996 Rules

Part 2 Chapter 5
Dynamic loads, lift in air
Crane capacity
Rigging capacity,
(slings, shackles, etc.)
Structural steel capacity

(lifted object, lifting points,
spreader bars, etc.)
Part 2 Chapter 6
Dynamic loads, subsea lifts

(capacity checks as in Chapter 5 applying dynamic loads from Chapter 6)
27 November 2007
Slide 8
Capacity Checks DAF for Lift in Air
Dynamic loads are accounted for by

using a Dynamic Amplification Factor
(DAF).
DAF in air may be caused by e.g.

variation in hoisting speeds or motions
of crane vessel and lifted object.
The given table is applicable for

offshore lift in air in minor sea states,
typically Hs < 2-2.5m.
DAF must be estimated separately for

lifts in air at higher seastates and for
subsea lifts !
Table 2.1 Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.2.2.4.4
27 November 2007
Slide 9
Capacity Checks - Crane Capacity

The dynamic hook load, DHL, is
given by:
DHL = DAF*(W+Wrig) + F(SPL)
ref. Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.2.4.2.1
W is the weight of the structure,

including a weight inaccuracy factor
The DHL should be checked against

available crane capacity
The crane capacity decrease when

the lifting radius increase.
27 November 2007
Slide 10
Capacity Checks - Sling Loads

Example :
The maximum dynamic sling load, Fsling,
can be calculated by:
Fsling = DHLSKLkCoGDW / sin
ref. Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.2.4.2.3-6
where:
SKL = Skew load factor extra loading

caused by equipment and fabrication tolerances.
kCoG = CoG factor inaccuracies in estimated

position of centre of gravity.
DW = vertical weight distribution e.g.

DWA = (8/15)(7/13) in sling A.
= sling angle from the horizontal plane.
27 November 2007
Slide 11
Capacity Checks - Slings and Shackles

The sling capacity Minimum breaking load,
MBL, is checked by:
Fsling <
MBLsling
sf
The safety factor is minimum sf 3.0.

(Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.3.1.2)
Safe working load, SWL, and MBL, of the
shackle are checked by :
a) Fsling < SWL DAF
and
b) Fsling < MBL / 3.3
Both criteria shall be fulfilled (Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.3.2.1.2)

27 November 2007
Slide 12
Capacity Checks Structural Steel

Lifting points:
Other lifting equipment:
The load factor f = 1.3, is increased by a

consequence factor, C = 1.3, so that total
design faktor, design , becomes:
A consequence factor of C = 1.3

should be applied on lifting yokes,
spreader bars, plateshackles, etc.
design = c f = 1.3 1.3 = 1.7
Structural strength of Lifted Object:
The design load acting on the lift point becomes:
The following consequence factors

should be applied :
Fdesign = design Fsling = 1.7 Fsling
A lateral load of
minimum 3% of the
design load shall be
included. This load
acts in the shackle
bow !
(ref. Pt.2.Ch.5 Sec.2.4.3.4)
Table 4.1
27 November 2007
Pt.2 Ch.5 Sec.4.1.2

Slide 13
Content

publications


hydrodynamic forces
27 November 2007
Slide 14
New Simplified Method - DNV-RP-H103

A
new Recommended Practice; DNV-RPH103 Modelling and Analysis of Marine

Operations will be issued.
new Simplified Method for calculating

hydrodynamic forces on objects lifted
through wave zone is included.
This
new Simplified Method will supersede

the calculation guidelines in DNV Rules for
Marine Operations, 1996, Pt.2 Ch.6.
The
DNV 1996 Rules will be replaced by a

set of New Offshore Standards on Marine
Operations.
27 November 2007
Slide 15
New Simplified Method - Assumptions

The Simplified Method is based upon the
following main assumptions:
the horizontal extent of the lifted object is

small compared to the wave length
the vertical motion of the object is equal the

vertical crane tip motion
vertical motion of object and water dominates

other motions can be disregarded
The intention of the Simplified Method is to

give simple conservative estimates of the
forces acting on the object.
27 November 2007
Slide 16
New Simplified Method Crane Tip Motions

The
Simplified Method is unapplicable if the crane tip

oscillation period or the wave period is close to the
resonance period, Tn , of the hoisting system
Tn = 2
M + A33
K
pitch and roll RAOs for

the vessel should be combined
with crane tip position to find
the vertical motion of the crane tip
Heave,
If
operation reference period is

within 30 minutes, the most
probable largest responses may
be taken as 1.80 times the
significant responses
If
the vessel heading is not fixed,

vessel response should be
analysed for wave directions at
least 15 off the applied vessel
heading
27 November 2007
Slide 17
New Simplified Method Wave Periods

There are two alternative approaches:
Alt-1) Wave periods are included:
Analyses should cover the following zerocrossing wave period range:
8 .9
Hs
g
Tz 13
A lower limit of Hmax=1.8Hs=/7 with

2
wavelength =gTz /2 is here used.
Alt-2) Wave periods are disregarded:

Operation procedures should in this case reflect that the calculations are only valid for
waves longer than:
T z 10 . 6
HS
g
A lower limit of Hmax=1.8Hs=/10 with wavelength

2
=gTz /2 is here used.
27 November 2007
Slide 18
New Simplified Method Wave Kinematics

Alt-1) Wave periods are included:
The wave amplitude, wave particle
velocity and acceleration can be taken as:
a = 0 .9 H S
2
v w = a
Tz
2
a w = a
Tz
4 2 d
T z2 g
4 2 d
T z2 g
d :
Alt-2) Wave periods are disregarded:
distance from water plane to CoG of

submerged part of object
The wave particle velocity and acceleration can

be taken as:
27 November 2007
v w = 0 .532
g Hs e
aw = 0.314 g e
0 .35 d
Hs
0.35d
Hs
Slide 19
New Simplified Method Hydrodynamic Forces

Slamming impact force
Slamming forces are short-term impulse
forces that acts when the structure hits the
water surface.
AS is the relevant slamming area on the
exposed structure part. Cs is slamming coeff.
v s = v c + v ct2 + v w2
vc = lowering speed
vct = vertical crane tip velocity
vw = vertical water particle velocity
at water surface
The slamming velocity, vs, is :
Varying buoyancy force
F = V g
Varying buoyancy, F , is the change in

buoyancy due to the water surface elevation.
F = V g
V is the change in volume of displaced

water from still water surface to wave
crest or wave trough.
V = Aw a 2 + ct2
27 November 2007
a = wave amplitude
ct = crane tip motion amplitude
w = mean water line area in the
wave surface zone
Slide 20
New Simplified Method Hydrodynamic Forces

Drag force
Drag forces are flow resistance on
submerged part of the structure. The drag
forces are related to relative velocity between
object and water particles.
v r = vc +
The drag coefficient, CD, in oscillatory flow for

complex subsea structures may typically be
CD 2.5.
Relative velocity are found by :
Mass force
Mass force is here a combination of inertia
force, Froude-Kriloff force and diffraction
force.
Crane tip acceleration and water particle
acceleration are assumed statistically
independent.
27 November 2007
vc = lowering/hoisting speed
vct = vertical crane tip velocity
vw = vertical water particle velocity
at water depth , d
Ap = horizontal projected area
FM =
vct2 + v w2
[(M + A33) act]2 + [(V + A33) aw]2
M = mass of object in air

A33 = heave added mass of object
act = vertical crane tip acceleration
V = volume of displaced water relative to
the still water level
aw = vertical water particle acceleration
at water depth, d
Slide 21
New Simplified Method Hydrodynamic Force

The hydrodynamic force is a time dependent function of slamming impact
force, varying buoyancy, hydrodynamic mass forces and drag forces. In the
Simplified Method the forces may be combined as follows:
Fhyd =
( Fslam + FD ) 2 + F2 + FM2
The structure may be divided into

main items and surfaces contributing
to the hydrodynamic force
Water particle velocity and

acceleration are related to the
vertical centre of gravity for each
main item. Mass and drag forces
contributions are then summarized :
FM =
Mi
FD =
Di
FMi and FDi are the individual

force contributions from each
main item
27 November 2007
Slide 22
New Simplified Method Load Cases Example

The static and hydrodynamic force should be calculated for different stages. Relevant
load cases for deployment of a protection structure could be:
Load Case 1
Still water level beneath top of ventilated buckets
Slamming impact force, Fslam, acts on top of

buckets.
Varying buoyancy force, F , drag force, FD

and mass force, FM are negligible.
Load Case 2
Still water level above top of buckets
Slamming impact force, Fslam, is zero
Varying buoyancy, F , drag force, FD and

mass force, FM, are calculated. Velocity and
acceleration are related to CoG of submerged
part of structure.
27 November 2007
Slide 23

Load Case 3
Still water level beneath roof cover.
Slamming impact force, Fslam, acts on the roof

cover.
Varying buoyancy, F , drag force, FD and mass

force, FM are calculated on the rest of the
structure. Drag- and mass forces acts mainly on
the buckets and is related to a depth, d, down to
CoG of submerged part of the structure.
Load Case 4
Still water level above roof cover.
Slamming impact force, Fslam, and varying

buoyancy, F, is zero.
Drag force, FD and mass force, FM are calculated

individually. The total mass and drag force is the
sum of the individual load components, e.g. :
FD= FDroof + FDlegs+ FDbuckets applying correct CoGs
27 November 2007
Slide 24
27 November 2007
Slide 25
New Simplified Method Static Weight
In addition, the weight inaccuracy factor should be applied
27 November 2007
Slide 26
New Simplified Method - DAF

Capacity Checks
The capacities of crane, lifting equipment and
lifted object are checked as for lift in air. The
following relation should be applied:
DAF =
Ftotal
Mg
where
Mg : weight of object in air [N]
Ftotal : is the characteristic total force on the
(partly or fully) submerged object. Taken as the
largest of;
Ftotal = Fstatic-max + Fhyd or
Ftotal = Fstatic-max + Fsnap
27 November 2007
Fstatic-max is the maximum static

weight of the submerged object
including flooding and weight
inaccuracy factor
Fhyd is the hydrodynamic force
Fsnap is the snap load (normally

to be avoided)
Slide 27
New Simplified Method Slack Slings

The Slack Sling Criterion.
Snap forces shall as far as possible

be avoided. Weather crietria should
be adjusted to ensure this.
The following criterion should be

fulfilled in order to ensure that snap
loads are avoided:
Fhyd 0.9 Fstatic min

Fstatic-min
= weight before flooding,

including a weight reduction implied
by the weight inaccuracy factor.
27 November 2007
Slide 28
New Simplified Method Added Mass

Hydrodynamic added mass for flat plates - DNV-RP-C205
Example:
Flat plate where
length, b, above
breadth, a, is
b/a = 2.0 :
A33 = 0.76
27 November 2007
a2 b
Slide 29

Added Mass Increase due to Body Height
A33 1 +
A
2 33o
2( 1 + )
1 2
1.8
1.7
1.6
A33/A33o
The following simplified approximation of the

added mass in heave for a three-dimensional
body with vertical sides may be applied :
Added Mass Increase due to Body Height
1.5
1.4
1.3
1+SQRT((1-lambda^2)/(2*(1+lambda^2)))
1.2
and
Ap
h + Ap
1.1
1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
ln [ 1+ (h/sqrt(A)) ]
where
A33o = added mass for a flat plate with a

shape equal to the horizontal projected
area of the object
h = height of the object
Ap = horizontal projected area of the object
27 November 2007
Slide 30

Added Mass from Partly Enclosed Volume
A volume of water partly
enlosed within large plated
surfaces will also contribute
to the added mass, e.g.:
The
volume of water
inside suction anchors
or foundation buckets.
The
volume of water
between large plated
mudmat surfaces and
roof structures.
27 November 2007
Slide 31

Added Mass Reduction due to Perforation
Effect of perforation on added mass

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
A33/A33S
This subject is still under discussion.

The present draft suggest:
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
No reduction in added mass when

perforation is small
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Perforation rate [%]
A certain drop in the added mass for

larger perforation rates.
An upper limit on the perforation rate

where the reduction factor is applicable
.0
27 November 2007
Slide 32
New Simplified Method Example Case

Example: Submerged Foundation Bucket
Flat plate : A33o =
Added mass for a circular disc:
1 0.78 2
'
Height increase : A33

s = 1 +
2 1 + 0.78 2
Added mass increase due to body height:
A = 29496 kg
33o
A
= 29496 kg
33o
Incl. inside volume : A33 s = 29496 + 1.75 2 3.25 = 61546 kg

Perforation : P = 100
0.4 2
2.0 2
= 4 < 8 No reduction of A33 s
Added mass including partly enclosed volume:
A33 s = 29496 + 1.75 2 3.25 = 61546 kg
= 0.78
1 + 2.0 2
2.02
1 0.782
'
= 0.78 A33s = 1 +
=
2
2 1 + 0.782
1 + 2.0
2.0 2
Height factor : =
2 4
A33o = 2.0 3 = 21867 kg
3
2 4
2.0 3 = 21867 kg
Bucket Dimensions:
Added mass reduction due to perforation:
P = 100
0.4 2
2.0 2
= 4 SMALL
No reduction of A33s
27 November 2007
Height = 3.5m
Diameter = 4.0m
Plate thickness = 0.25m
Ventilation hole diameter = 0.8m
Slide 33
New Simplified Method Example Case

Example: Submerged Foundation Bucket
1.0m
Water particle velocity and acceleration:

1.25m
4 2 ( 1+1.25 )
2
2
2
vw = 1.75 e 5.5 9.81 = 1.48 m/s and aw = vw = 1.69 m/s2
5.5
CoG
5.5
Drag force:
FD = 0.5 CD AP vr2 = 0.5 2.0 0.96 2.02 (0.25+ 1.48)2 = 0.37 105 N
Regular Wave Data:
Mass force:
FM =
[(M + A33) act ]2 + [(V + A33) aw]2
= (13031+ 61546) 1.69 = 1.26 105 N
Other Data
Hydrodynamic force:
Fhyd =
( Fslam + FD )2 + F2 + FM2
Wave Height, Hmax = 3.5m

Wave Period, Tz = 5.5s
(0.37 10 ) + (1.26 10 )
52
5 2
Buoyancy, V = 13031kg
Negligible crane tip motions
Lowering speed = 0.25m/s
= 1.3 10 5 N
27 November 2007
Slide 34
Content

publications


hydrodynamic forces
27 November 2007
Slide 35
Computational Fluid Dynamics

(CFD) is a numerical method for
computing fluid flows based on
the Navier Stokes equations.
The CFD-program COMFLOW is

able to study complex free
surface problems applying the
Volume of Fluid method.
The fluid domain consists of a

cartesian grid where the fluid
cells are defined either as
boundary cells, empty cells,
surface cells or fluid cells.
Pressure forces are calculated

as the integral of the pressure
along the boundary of an object.
Motion responses are not

included, but the object can be
given a prescribed motion.
Structure
Inflow boundary,
Airy or Stokes
5th wave
27 November 2007
Fluid
domain
Numerical
beach at
aft end
Slide 36
CFD Analyses Protection Structure

CFD analysis:
Regular Stokes 5th
wave: H=3.5m T=5.5s
Domain 95x30x37m
4.4 million fluid cells
Minimum grid size
0.18m near object,
stretched elsewhere
8.5x8.5m solid roof
and 10x10x1.0m top
frame
1.0m legs, height 8m
and hollow
3.5x4.0m buckets at
x,y=8.5m
ventilation holes
0.8m
Wall thickness 0.25m
half model
60s simulation time
computer time 6weeks
27 November 2007
Slide 37

Fhyd 1.1105N
Highest upwards
hydrodynamic force
when bucket is fully
submerged occurs
at time t=21s where
the object is located
in a wave trough.
V 1.3105N
27 November 2007
Slide 38

Half wave length
is ~23.5m and
the distance
between buckets
are 17m.
Hence, there is a
large phase
difference
between the
hydrodynamic
forces on forward
and aft bucket.
27 November 2007
Slide 39

ComFlow results
show very high
slamming loads
on bucket top
and the solid roof
structure.
Slamming load
on roof structure
These values are

most likely too
high as
compressibility,
formation and
collapse of air
cushions are not
included in the
simulation.
Slamming load
on aft bucket
27 November 2007
Slide 40
CFD Analyses Spool Piece

CFD analysis:
Regular Stokes 5th
wave: H=3.5m
T=5.5s
The wave length is
~equal spool length
Domain
130x30x31m 2.2
million fluid cells
Minimum grid size
0.25m near object,
stretched elsewhere
50m long closed
pipe with diameter
1.0m
Two simulations;
1) half submerged
2) 2m below surface
22s simulation time
computer time 1318hrs
27 November 2007
Slide 41
CFD Analyses Spool Piece Half Submerged

The wave length is equal
the spool piece length
Half of the spool piece is
always out of the water.
The total force on each
half vary between zero
and buoyancy+Fhyd
Total forces on aft half at time t=5s :

2
2
2 2 3.5
Fm = ( V + madd ) aw 2.0 1.0 25
= 0.6 10 5 N

5.5
4
2
27 November 2007
Ftotal = Vg + Fm = 1.0 25 9.81 0.6 10 5 = 1.4 10 5 N

4
2
Slide 42
CFD Analyses Spool Piece 2m Submerged
Total vertical force
Dynamic force amplitude (mainly mass forces)

0.55105 kN
Vertical force,
fwd half
Vertical force,
aft half
Brief approximation of mass force:

2
2
2 3.5
Fm = ( V + madd ) aw 2.0 1025 1.0 25 0.77
= 0.45 10 5 N

4
2
5. 5
27 November 2007
Slide 43
And then One Final Comment:
When planning
Marine Operations,
remember to take
into account ....
27 November 2007
Slide 44
Easy Handling ..
27 November 2007
Slide 45
.. and Survey Access !!
27 November 2007
Slide 46
27 November 2007
Slide 47

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DNV Marine Operations Rules

for Subsea Lifting

Brief overview of relevant DNV

DNV Rules for Marine Operations, 1996,

New Simplified Method for calculation of

CFD Analyses Test Cases

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Relevant DNV Publications

DNV Rules for Certification

DNV Standard for Certification

Special planned non-routine operations

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Relevant DNV Publications - Other

DNV-RP-C205 Environmental Conditions

DNV-RP-H101 Risk Management in Marine

DNV-RP-H102 Marine Operations during

Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Relevant DNV Publications - Purchase

DNV publications can be purchased at:

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Brief overview of relevant DNV

DNV Rules for Marine Operations, 1996,

New Simplified Method for calculation of

CFD Analyses Test Cases

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks - DNV 1996 Rules

Part 2 - Operation Specific Requirements

Pt.1 Ch.1 - Warranty Surveys

Pt.2 Ch.1 - Load Transfer Operations

Pt.1 Ch.2 - Planning of

Pt.2 Ch.2 - Towing

Pt.2 Ch.3 - Special Sea Transports

Pt.1 Ch.3 - Design Loads

Pt.2 Ch.4 - Offshore Installation

Pt.1 Ch.4 - Structural Design

Pt.2 Ch.5 - Lifting

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks - DNV 1996 Rules

Dynamic loads, lift in air

(slings, shackles, etc.)

Structural steel capacity

Dynamic loads, subsea lifts

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks DAF for Lift in Air

Dynamic loads are accounted for by

DAF in air may be caused by e.g.

The given table is applicable for

DAF must be estimated separately for

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks - Crane Capacity

W is the weight of the structure,

The DHL should be checked against

The crane capacity decrease when

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks - Sling Loads

SKL = Skew load factor extra loading

kCoG = CoG factor inaccuracies in estimated

DW = vertical weight distribution e.g.

= sling angle from the horizontal plane.

DNV Marine Operations' Rules for Subsea Lifting

Capacity Checks - Slings and Shackles

The safety factor is minimum sf 3.0.