Tiu lun v Bt Nh Tm Kinh

Nguyn tc Anh ng: Trn nh Honh

Vit dch: Diu Tm & Trn nh Honh

Bt Nh Tm Kinh l tinh hoa ca t tng Pht gio i tha

(Mahayana).1 Pht gio c pht trin t Pht gio Nguyn thy
(Theravada) hay Tiu tha n i tha. Pht gio Thi Lan, Min in,
Sri Lanka, Campuchia v Lo ch yu theo Tiu tha. Pht gio ti Vit
Nam, Trung Quc, Nht, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, Singapore, i Loan, Ty
Tng v Mng C ch yu theo i tha. Tuy nhin, Tiu tha cng
tng xut hin Vit Nam sm nh i tha.
Trong qu trnh pht trin di ca Pht gio, quan nim chnh yu v
Khng (emptiness, void, Snya trong ting Phn) theo pht trin.
Cuc i l v thng (non-permanent) bi v mi th n v i, ty thuc
vo nhn duyn (the law of causation). Cuc i v th l o nh, khng
thc. Ni cch khc, i l Khng.
Khng thng d b hiu nhm theo hng tiu cc l trit tiu. Pht
gio i tha a ta thot khi quan nim Khng cc oan ny tr v
vi trung o (the middle way). Con ng trung o vn mang tng
rng i l Khng, tuy nhin Khng y chng khc vi c
(existence), khng m l c, c m l khng (emptiness is existence,
existence is emptiness). Con ng trung o ny hon ton khng c mt
t t tng trit tiu tiu cc no c. Trung o l ci nhn thc t v tch
cc v cuc i.
Bt Nh Tm Kinh th hin con ng trung o, trong khi trnh by
nhanh chng tt c nhng gio l Pht gio truyn thng, t Tiu tha n
i tha. Hc Bt Nh Tm Kinh chnh thc l hc ton b Pht php.
Bt Nh Tm Kinh l ct li ca Pht gio i tha n ni n c cc
tng ni tng hng ngy (kinh nht tng). Vit Nam, Bt Nh Tm Kinh
c tng bng ting Hn Vit. Bn Hn Vit c ci hay l mang m
hng v nhp iu p nh th v rt ngn gn, v th n d thuc, d nh.
Vn ch n vn l ngoi ng i vi a s ngi Vit. Tuy nhin, v
phn ln thut ng Pht gio l Hn Vit nn lm quen vi mt s thut
ng Hn Vit s hu ch cho nhng ngi hc Pht. V nhng l do trn,
trong bi lun ny, chng ta s dng bn Hn Vit nh l bn chnh, cng
vi bn dch ting Vit gip ta hiu d hn.
1

gip cc bn hc thm mt s thut ng Pht php ting Anh, thnh thong chng ti gi li mt t
ting Anh.

Bt Nh Tm Kinh
Prajpramit Hdaya Stra
Heart Sutra, Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sutra, Essence of Wisdom Sutra
Hn Vit
http://www.quangduc.com/kinhdien/kinhbatnha.html
Qun-t-ti B-tt, hnh thm Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a thi chiu kin
ng-uNn giai khng, nht thit kh ch.
X-Li-T! Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng
tc th sc; th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th.
X-Li-T! Th ch Php khng tng, bt sanh bt dit, bt cu bt
tnh, bt tng bt gim. Th c khng trung, v sc, v th, tng, hnh,
thc; v nhn, nh, t, thit, thn, ; v sc, thinh, hng, v, xc, php; v
nhn gii, ni ch v -thc-gii, v v-minh, dic v v-minh tn, ni ch
v lo t, dic v lo t tn; v kh, tp, dit, o; v tr dic v c.
D v s c c, B- tt-a y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c tm v quingi; v qui-ngi c v hu khng-b; vin ly in-o mng tng; cu
cnh Nit-bn. Tam-th ch Pht, y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c c A-nu-ala tam-miu tam-b-.
C tri Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a, th i-thn ch, th i minh ch, th vthng ch, th v ng ng ch, nng tr nht thit kh, chn thit bt
h.
C thuyt Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a ch, tc thuyt ch vit: Yt- Yt-,
Ba-la yt-, Ba-la-tng yt-, B-. Tt b ha.
Dch Ngha Ting Vit (bn dch ca Trn nh Honh, tham kho t
nhiu bn dch trc y)
Khi B tt Qun T Ti thc hnh Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a su xa, soi thy
nm uNn u khng, lin vt qua mi kh ch.
X Li T! Sc chng khc khng, khng chng khc sc; sc tc l
khng, khng tc l sc; th, tng, hnh, thc cng li nh vy.

X Li T! Mi s u l khng, chng sanh chng dit, chng d

chng sch, chng thm chng bt. Cho nn, trong khng chng c sc,
chng c th, tng, hnh, thc; chng c mt, tai, mi, li, thn, ; chng
c mu sc, m thanh, hng thm, v nm, xc cm, v cc php; chng
c ni nhn, cho n chng c c ni thc; chng c v minh, cng
chng c chm dt v minh; cho n chng c gi cht, cng chng c
chm dt gi cht; chng c kh, nguyn nhn kh, s dit kh, v con
ng dit kh; chng c tr tu, cng chng c t.
Bi chng c g t, B tt nng ta Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, nn tm
khng vng mc; v khng vng mc nn khng s hi, xa la mng
tng in o, rt ro nit bn. Ch Pht ba i nng ta Bt-nh ba-lamt-a nn t c v thng chnh ng chnh gic.
Nn bit Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l thn ch ln, l minh ch ln, l ch
ti cao, l ch khng g snh bng, tr ht mi kh ch, chc tht, khng
di.
Nn ni ch Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, tc l ni ch rng: Yt , Yt ,
Ba la Yt , Ba la tng Yt , B , Tt b ha. (Qua ri, qua ri, qua b
ri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy !).
GING GII
I. Ta Bt Nh Tm Kinh
Tn y ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh l Bt-Nh Ba-La-Mt-a TmKinh.
Bt Nh c phin m t ch prajna trong ting Phn. N c ngha
l tr tu. Trong Hn Vit n c gi l Tu hay Hu. Tuy nhin, tr tu
y khng ch l tr tu thng thng m chng ta ni n hng ngy. Tr
tu m ta ni n hng ngy thng l tr tu hay phn bit (i ngu, nh
nguyn, hai mt, duality) nh ng-sai, en-trng, tt-xu, c-khng, yught, hin hu-trng rng v.v Khi phn tch su, ta s thy tr phn bit
ny l ngun gc ca tt c mi vn , bi v ci ng ca ti l ci sai
ca anh, v v th mu thun ny sinh gia chng ta. Tr phn bit khin
tm ta chia r gia y v (tm phn bit), lm tm ta b vng ng, v
dn ta n nhng mu thun v, v th, khin ta si m, v minh. Tm li, tr
tu thng thng cha phi l tr tu chn thc.
Tr tu chn thc vt ln trn nhng phn bit nh nguyn, trn c
ng v sai, trn c hin hu v h v, v.v l tr tu ca mt ngi
m c hai a con ang nh nhau, mi a u cho rng mnh ng v

a kia sai. M thy c hai con u khng ng khng sai, m ch thy

rng chng ang si m trong cuc chin ca mnh.
ch tr tu ti hu ny, ngi Pht t gi nguyn t prajna hay
Bt Nh, thay v dch thnh tr tu hay tr hu.
Ba-La-Mt-a c phin m t ch Phn paramita v c ngha l
qua b bn kia. Trong ting Hn Vit, n l nh trong ph
chng sinh. Qua b bn kia cng c ngha l gii thot (liberate) hay
gic ng (enlightened).
Nhng, chng ta ang ni n b no v sng no? Pht gio quan nim
chng ta ang ng trn b kh no (suffering). Bng cch vt qua dng
sng v minh (ignorance), chng ta n c b bn kia, l bn b ca
gic ng (enlightenment).
V vy, Bt Nh l tr tu ti hu a () chng ta vt qua dng sng
v minh n bn b gic ng.
Tm c ngha l tri tim, l trung tm, l tinh hoa, ct li, chnh yu.
Kinh c ngha l kinh in, li dy thing ling.
V vy Bt Nh Tm Kinh l li dy ct li thing ling v tr tu ti
hu a chng ta vt sng v minh n b gic ng.
(Tuy nhin, xin lu , khi ni vt b kh n b gic ng, chng ta
vn ang trong phn bit hai b i din m nh ni khng
phi l tr tu chn thc. Bt Nh khng chp nhn phn bit. Nh chng ta
s thy khi i vo cc phn tch sau ny, trong Bt Nh, khi ta t n b
bn kia, ta s thy bn cht thc ca mi th l Khng, v trong Khng th
, ang v s khng cn c dng sng no vt qua. Tt c s vt qua
ch l o nh ph du ca tm tr).

II. Ct li ca tr tu Bt Nh (hai cu u)
Hai cu u l ct li ca Bt Nh. Tt c nhng cu sau l trin khai
rng hn t phn ct li ny. y l hai cu u:
Hn vit
Qun-t-ti B-tt, hnh thm Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a thi chiu kin
ng-uNn giai khng, nht thit kh ch.
4

X-Li-T! Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng

tc th sc; th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th.
Ting Vit
Khi B tt Qun t ti thc hnh Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a su xa, soi thy
nm uNn u khng, lin vt qua mi kh ch.
X Li T! Sc chng khc khng, khng chng khc sc; sc tc l
khng, khng tc l sc; th, tng, hnh, thc cng li nh vy.
English
When Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva was practicing the profound prajna
paramita, he illuminated the five skandhas and saw that they are all empty,
and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.
Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness; emptiness does not
differ from form. Form itself is emptiness; emptiness itself is form. So, too,
are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.
B tt l vit tt ca b tt a, c phin m t ch Phn
Bodhisattva. l mt t trong Pht gio i tha. B (bodhi) c
ngha l gic ng (enlightened). Bodhisattva c ngha l ngi gic ng
(enlightened being). Trong truyn thng i tha, b tt l mt ngi
t gic ng nhng t nguyn gc li thnh tu qu v Pht trn vn cui
cng gip cc chng sinh khc t gic ng. C th ni, B tt l mt
bc thp hn qu v Pht ton gic.
Tu b-tt tha (training in the bodhisattva way) l con ng i tha
dn n gic ng. Con ng ny c gi l lc ba-la-mt (six paths to
cross to the other shore). l: b th (giving), tr gii (keeping rules and
precepts), nhn nhc (patient and humble), tinh tn (advancing in the
practice), thin nh (meditation) and tr hu (wisdom). Khi u con
ng tu B tt o ny, iu trc tin ngi hnh gi phi lm l pht
tm b (start bodhicitta, start bodhisattvas heart) mt tm nguyn t
n gic ng nhm cu gip cc chng sinh khc cng t gic ng, thc l
mt li th nguyn y lng v tha.
(Xem thm v B tt o:
http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/phatphap/lucdobalamat.htm )
Trong i tha (Mahayana), B tt (Boddhisattva) l mt ngi gic
ng.

Trong Pht gio nguyn thy (Theravada), c hai dng ngi gic ng:
(1) Bch Chi Pht (pratyekabuddha) l ngi t gic ng bng tu tp
Thp Nh Nhn Duyn (the twelve links of cause and effect). Cch tu tp
ny c gi l Duyn Gic (gic ng qua qun chiu lut nhn qu). (2)
A-la-hn (arhat) l ngi t gic ng bng tu tp T Diu v Bt
Chnh o (The Four Noble Truths and The Noble Eightfold Path). Cch
tu tp ny c gi l Thanh Vn (m thanh v vn t ca Pht). Chng ta
s tm hiu nhng cch thc tu tp ny sau.
Bc gic ng hon ton l Pht. C nhiu v Pht ton gic trong kinh
sch, nhng ch c mt c Pht ton gic trong lch s th gii l
c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni (hin nhn ca dng h Thch Ca), ngi
sng lp nn Pht gio.
V vy, chng ta c bn dng ngi gic ng, xp t cao xung thp:
Pht, b tt, bch chi pht, a-la-hn (buddha, bodhisattva, pratyekabuddha,
arhat).
Qun T Ti l tn ca mt v B tt. Trong hu ht cc kinh Pht, tn
ca mt v B tt va l mt danh t ring (tn ca chnh v y) v va l
mt danh t chung (t ch chung, mang mt ngha no ). Qun T Ti
c ngha l qun st chnh bn thn thc ti, quan st thc ti nh n l,
c dch t tn Avalokiteshvara ca ting Phn. Trong nhng b kinh
khc, Avalokiteshvara c dch l Qun Th mqun st/ lng nghe m
thanh ca th gii. Mt tn Phn vi hai cch dch ngha hi khc nhau: khi
chng ta ni n trit l, l Qun T Ti; khi chng ta ni n lng t
bi, l Qun Th m, lng nghe ting ku cu kh ca chng sinh trong
th gii.
B tt Qun T Ti, bn cnh l mt tn ring, cng c dng ch
bt c ai trong chng ta t gic ng c th qun st thc ti (bn
thn chng ta v th gii xung quanh ta) nh chnh n l, khng mo m,
m h v v minh.
Ng un l nm skandhas (Phn), hay nm tp hp (five aggregates).
Ng uNn gm sc (form), th (feeling), tng (perception), hnh (mental
formation) v thc (consciousness). Nm tp hp ny cng vi nhau to
nn chng sinh. Sc (mu sc, hnh dng, color, form) l phn vt cht ca
c th chng ta. Th, tng, hnh, thc (cm gic, n tng, to , nhn
bit--feeling, perception, mental formation, consciousness) to nn phn
tinh thn. V th, ch ng uNn ch con ngi, s hin hu ca con ngi.
Hai cu u ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh, v th, c ngha l: Khi ngi
gic ng--ngi qun st thc ti nh chnh n l--tu tp tr tu Bt Nh
6

thm su, ngi nhn ra rng chnh mnh l Khng, v th m vt qua

mi kh au.
y l bc khi u quan trng vo Pht php. Nhng ngi khng
phi l Pht t thng ngh rng chng ta hin hu, rng hin hu ca
chng ta l vng chc, thc s, v vnh vin. Thi ny c gi l
chp c (bm vo/c nm gi thc ti).
Pht gio ni rng s hin hu ca chng ta l khng thc n ph du,
v thng; hin hu ca chng ta l o nh, l Khng, l trng rng.
tng l ngha ca Khng trong tin trnh pht trin di ca t
tng Pht gio. Vo lc , ngha ca Khng vn cn gii hn trong i
sng con ngi. Nhiu trng phi Pht gio ca thi k trc Bt Nh
ch trng rng bn th ca chng ta l Khng nhng th gii quanh ta l
c.
Mt c tnh ca Khng vo thi by gi l Khng c hiu nh i
ngc ca c (hin hu, sc), v th, Khng c th d b hiu theo
ngha cc oan l trit tiu. Thi trit tiu cc oan ny c gi l
chp khng (bm/c chp vo ci khng).
Nh chng ta s thy nhng on sau, Bt Nh (1) trin khai quan
nim v Khng t con ngi rng ra n ton th v tr, v (2) ng thi
a Khng t cc oan trit tiu tr v con ng trung o - khng m
c, c m khng lm cho Khng tr thnh thc t hn v tch cc hn vi
i sng.
X Li T l ngi con trai ca gia nh Sari. y l tn gi ca v
t thng minh nht ca c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni. Xin lu , trong Bt
Nh Tm Kinh, X Li T c nhc n hai ln. Mi ln biu hin cho
mt pht trin quan trng v ngha ca Khng trong lch s Pht gio.
Ln th nht ny, Khng c a t cc oan trit tiu, i nghch vi
c, tr li con ng trung o, nh nhng mnh di y cho thy:
Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc. Sc chng khc Khng, Khng
chng khc sc.
Sc (mu sc, hnh dng) l mt trong ng uNn (five skandhas, five
aggregates) to nn chng ta. Sc ch phn c th xc tht ca con ngi.
Sc cng l mt trong lc trn (su bi), gm sc thanh hng v xc
php, to nn v tr (su bi: hnh nh, m thanh, mi hng, v, i tng

xc chm, php; six dusts: color, sound, fragrance, taste, objects of touch,
dharma).
V th ch sc trong nhng mnh trn mang hai ngha chnh. Th
nht, sc c dng nh mt t tri ngha vi Khng. Th hai, t sc
l mt mc xch kho lo bo tin mt cch t nh v s pht trin sp ti
ca Khng t con ngi n ton th v tr.
Trong khi Khng ang lng l m rng lnh th t con ngi n
ton th v tr, th Khng cng ko ngha ca n t cc oan trit tiu tr
v trung o. Hy nh li, trong cu u, bn th ca con ngi l Khng
(ng uNn giai khng). Tuy nhin, cu th hai ny cho thy chc chn rng
Khng chng c ngha l khng c g hay khng hin hu. Trong cu
th hai ny, Khng chng khc vi sc, chng khc vi mu sc v hnh
dng m chng ta c th nhn thy bng i mt. V ngc li, sc chng
khc Khng.
Ni cch khc, Khng v sc, hai khi nim tng chng nh tri
ngc, thc s ch l mt v tng t nh nhau. S lp li, sc bt d
khng, khng bt d sc, l mt cng thc l lun nhm khng nh, qua
cch ni ph nh, rng, sc v Khng ch l mt.
on tip theo, sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc (sc tc l Khng,
Khng tc l sc), l mt cng thc l lun khc nhm khng nh li ln
na, ln ny qua cch ni khng nh, rng sc v Khng ch l mt.
C hai cch ni khng nh v ph nh, lp i lp li, nhm nhn mnh
mt s tht ct li: Sc v Khng l mt, hin hu v trng rng l mt, c
v khng l mt.
Chng nhng sc, biu tng cho th xc ca chng ta, l nh vy, m
nhng yu t tinh thn ca chng ta cng vn hnh theo cch tng t -th tng hnh thc v Khng l mt; th tng hnh thc l Khng v
Khng l th tng hnh thc. l ngha on tip theo ca Bt Nh
Tm Kinh: th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th. (Cm gic, n
tng, to , v s nhn bit cng tng t nh vy, cng chng khc
Khng--feeling, perception, mental formation, and consciousness are also
like that).
Tm li, ti im ny trong qu trnh pht trin t tng Pht gio,
chng ta c: Hin hu ca con ngi l Khng, nhng Khng chng c
ngha l trit tiu, Khng cng ging nh Sc hay bt c nhng th g to
nn con ngi chng ta.

Nhng ti sao Sc v Khng li l mt? Ti sao hai th r rng i

nghch nhau li ch l mt?
y chng ta cn i vo Tam Php n (Three Dharma Seals)
tm cu tr li.
Php (dharma) l mt ch d gy ln ln trong Pht gio, bi v ty theo
trng hp m n c nhiu ngha khc nhau. y chng ta s gii hn
ch php trong hai ngha m thi. Th nht, php c ngha l tt c mi
th tinh thn v vt cht trong v tr nh ci cy, ci bn, cm gic, suy
ngh Th hai, php cng c ngha l gio l, li dy ca c Pht, hay
mt cch thc thc tp trong Pht gio (mt php tu).
Tam Php n (Three Dharma Seals) l ba du n xc nhn mt li
ging thc s l gio l nh Pht: 1. v thng (non-permanence), 2. v
ng (non-self), 3. nit bn (nirvana). Nu li ging thiu mt trong ba du
n ny, th khng phi l mt li ging Pht php chn thc.
1. V thng (anitya trong ting Phn) c ngha l khng lu bn,
lun bin i, khng thng hng. Mi th n v i, ty vo nhn (cause)
v duyn (conditions). Ci cy hin hu khi nhn (ht ging) v duyn (cc
iu kin nh thi tit, nc, t, v.v) chn mui cho n sinh si.
Ging nh bt c nhng g khc trong v tr, ci cy tri qua bn giai
on: thnh tr hoi khng (sinh ra, ng vng, h nt, bin i--appearing,
steadying, decaying, disappearing). Khi nhn v duyn tr nn chn mui
cho s cht i, ci cy s khng cn. l lut nhn qu hay nhn duyn
(law of causation) nhn l nguyn nhn, duyn l nhng iu kin thch
hp cho nhn pht trin. Mi th l v thng (non-permanent), bi v mi
th n, chuyn bin v i ty theo nhng nhn duyn khng ngng thay
i.
2. V ng (non-self).
Bi v mi th l v thng, cho nn khng c g tn ti vnh vin,
khng ai c mt bn ng thng hng. Ci ti hm nay ch l ci ti ca
ngy hm nay. Trc khi ti sinh ra, khng c ti. Ngay lc ny, ti
ang lin tc bin i, khng ngng gi i. Cui cng ti s cht v s li
khng c ti. Bn ng (ci ti) ca ti khng tn ti vnh vin. Ti
khng c mt bn ng thng hng. Ti v ng. V ng khng c ngha l
khng c bn ng, v ng c ngha l khng c bn ng thng hng.
Mt cu hi d nhin ny ra y: Sau khi ti cht i v bn thn ti tan
bin, c phi l tt c kt thc vi ti? ng v khng ng. ng,
ci ti mt i, nhng cn nhng nhn t to nn ti th sao? Ti

c to nn t nhiu nhn t trong v tr - nc, khong cht, ha cht,

in t, in t, v.v Khi ci ti tan bin, ti khng cn, nhng nhng
nhn t to nn ti vn cn trong v tr, chng ch i loanh quanh v,
ty theo nhn duyn, s li to nn nhng th khc. Tm li, sau khi cht,
bn ng ca ti khng cn na, nhng nhng nhn t to nn ti vn cn
trong v tr. V th, chng ta ni mt cch trit hc l, T v tr ti
n, v tr v vi v tr ti ra i.
Nhng v tr l g? V tr l mt khong khng rng ln v hn, v
tn, v bin mt ci Khng ln. V th, nu chng ta thay th t v tr
bng t Khng, cu ni trit hc ca chng ta gi y s thnh: T
Khng ti n, v tr v Khng ti ra i.
V nh vy l chng ta c th ni theo ngn ng Bt Nh: Ti l
Khng, Khng l ti. Ti l mt biu hin ph du ca ci Khng ln l v
tr. y l ngha ca v ng trong tinh thn Bt Nh. V y cng l
ct li ca sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc. (Form is emptiness,
emptiness is form).
(Ghi ch: V tr l mt v d sinh ng gii thch Khng, nhng v
tr cha hn thc l Khng. Chng ta s cp su hn trong phn k
tip).
Ti im ny chng ta tr li cho cu hi ti sao sc v Khng l
mt? Tuy nhin, hy cng i thm mt bc xa hn kt thc du n th
ba ca php; l nit bn (nirvana).
3. Nit Bn (Nirvana)
Nu ta khng hiu v thng v v ng v ta c chp vo tng v
mt cuc sng vnh vin v mt bn ng thng hng, chng ta s au kh
khi nhng bin i xy n, cng nh mt ngi au kh khi ngi yu
khng cn yu anh ta na hay khi c y mt i.
ngh nm gi ci g , hay nm gi t tng no , c gi l
chp (dnh mc, vng mc, attachment). Chp vo bt c th g hay
iu g cng s mang n kh au. V d nh, chp vo tng cuc sng
l khn kh s khin chng ta tuyt vng bi ngh tiu cc. Chp vo
tng cuc sng ton mu hng, ton nhng iu tt p, s khin chng
ta au kh bi s di kh ca mnh. Chp vo tng rng c y l cuc
i ti s khin ta au kh khi c y ra i.
gii thot chnh mnh khi kh au, chng ta thc tp v chp (nonattachment). Khi chng ta khng cn chp luyn, dnh mc vo bt c th

10

g, th khng iu g c th khin tm tr ta vng ng hay cng thng.

Khng cn kh au na. Tm tr bnh yn v ngui lng nh ci l tt
la. Chng ta t n nit bn. Nit bn c ngha l la tt.
Tm li, v chp l con ng dn n gic ng, n nit bn.
Tuy nhin, ti sao khi B tt Qun T Ti nhn thy rng ng un
l khng, ngi lin vt qua mi kh ch?
Bi v khi ngi nhn ra rng bn ng (ci ti) ca mnh l Khng, ngi
khng cn c bt k chp luyn no na. Trong cuc i, ta c th chp
vo hng triu th xung quanh mnh ca ci, sc p, tnh yu, quyn lc,
h t tng. Nhng khi phn tch n tn cng, ta s thy rng l do ta c
nm gi mi th l bi v chnh bn ng ca mnh. Bi v ta c chp vo
bn ng ca mnh, cho nn ta mun mi th cho mnh. Nu ta khng chp
vo bn ng ca ta bi v ta nhn ra rng bn ng l ph du, l Khng ta
s t ng bung b tt c nhng chp luyn vi mi th, th l ta vt qua
mi kh au, ta t ti nit bn.
V th, hiu c Khng s dn n v chp, t dn n nit bn.
Nhng, liu trit l sc-khng c lin quan g n cuc sng ca
chng ta khng?
C, trit l sc-khng hm cha nhiu ng quan trng gip ta sng
trong i.
(1) Khng nh cuc sng: Ngn ng lin tc ph nh ca Bt Nh
vi trng, rng v khng khin nhiu ngi hiu lm rng Bt Nh ph
nhn mi th. Nhng nu c k Bt Nh, ta s thy rng Bt Nh khng
ph nhn bt c iu g. Thc ra, Bt Nh xc nh mi th trong cuc
sng. Sc chng khc Khng, Khng chng khc sc. Sc tc l Khng,
Khng tc l sc. Lm sao cu ni ny li c th mang ngha ph nhn
bt c iu g? N l li khng nh mnh m v r rng v c sc v
Khng, hai cc oan hin nhin ca i sng. V th, Bt Nh xc nhn,
mt cch mnh m, cuc i v tt c mi sc thi ca cuc i.
(2) Mt thi sng thoi mi v t do: Bt Nh gip ta trnh khi chp
luyn, vng mc. Ta khng chp vo sc m ph nhn Khng, bi v
Khng l sc. Ta khng chp vo Khng m ph nhn sc, bi v sc l
Khng. Bi v Bt Nh c ngha l chng chp sc cng chng chp
Khng, ta gi Bt Nh l trung o (middle way).

11

Nhng trung o ca Bt Nh khng c ngha l ta chp vo v tr chnh

gia ca con ng. Tt c mi c chp, gm c c chp vo chnh gia,
cng u gy kh au. V chp c ngha l khng chp vo bt c iu g,
bt c t tng, bt c v tr no. V th, trong Bt Nh, ta xc nhn mi
th trong khi khng chp luyn vo bt c iu g. l ngha ca
trung o.
V th, chng ta c th vn bun bn m khng chp vo tin bc, c
m khng chp vo sch, n m khng chp vo thc phNm, li m khng
chp vo xe, lm chnh tr m khng chp vo quyn lc.
Trong Kinh Kim Cang (The Diamond Sutra), t c tm thanh
tnh, B tt phi ng v s tr (khng c ch tr; fixed on no place),
(Kinh Kim Cang, on 10). B tt c th ng bt c ni u ngi mun
m khng dnh mc vo ni . Con chim phi ng trn mt ci g
trong mt lc, tuy nhin, bi v chim khng dnh mc vo bt c ni no c
nh, cho nn n c t doc bu tri l lnh a ca n. Con chim ng
c nh mt ni l con chim cht.
Mi ngy trong i sng thc t, chng ta phi la chn thng xuyn,
phi a ra nhng quyt nh, phi thng xuyn ng trn mt quan im
no . Tuy nhin, chng ta khng nn chp vo bt c chn la no mnh
lm, khi phi tr thnh t nhn ca chnh nhng la chn ca mnh.
Chng ta nn sn sng ri b bt c s la chn no khi cn thit. ng v
s tr (not fixed on any place). V th tri tim ta s thanh tnh v t do; ta
c gii thot, ta t ti.
(3) Trung o ca Bt Nh khc vi th hay lnh m. Nhng ngi
dng dng v lnh m khng quan tm n bt c iu g v lnh nht vi
mi th, khng bao gi ng v pha no.
Ngi sng vi tinh thn Bt Nh quan tm n cuc i. H thng
u tranh cho ci thin v l phi; tuy nhin, h khng chp vo l phi ca
mnh n mc phi loi tr tt c nhng ai khc quan im vi mnh.
(4) Tinh thn Bt Nh hng chng ta sng mt cuc sng tch cc v
v tha: Trong Kinh Kim Cang (the Diamond Sutra), Bt Nh l cha kha
sng mt cuc i ch ng v v tha. Trong , c Pht ni i
rng, Ta gii thot cho v lng v s chng sinh gip h t n nit
bn, nhng thc s khng c chng sinh no c gii thot. Ti sao?
Bi v, nu B tt cn nhn thy ta v ngi, cn phn bit mnh vi
cc chng sinh khc, cn ngh chng sinh v k tu tr, th cha phi
l B tt. (Kinh Kim Cang, on 3, Trn nh Honh lc gii).

12

B qua mt bn tt c nhng ngha trit l tru tng, on trch trn

c ngha n gin l - B tt khng thy khc bit gia chnh mnh vi
ngi khc. Ti sao? Bi v B tt khng chp gi vo ta v ngi
nh nhng bn ng khc bit. Ta khng khc vi ngi, ngi khng khc
vi ta. Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng tc th
sc. Ta l ngi khc, ngi khc l ta. V th, khi B tt gip ngi
khc, ngi khng nhn thy mnh ang gip ngi khc, m cm thy
nh mnh ang gip chnh mnh. Gip ngi khc cng ch t nhin
nh gip chnh bn thn mnh thi.
Bt Nh Tm Kinh v Kinh Kim Cang l hai b kinh quan trng ca
Pht gio i tha. C hai cng vi nhau i thnh mt cp i Bt Nh
Tm Kinh l trit l tru tng, Kinh Kim Cang l thc t i sng. c c
hai kinh vi nhau s gip chng ta hiu c c hai su sc hn.
(Xin xem thm phn ging gii v Kinh Kim Cang ca HT Thch Thanh
T ti y: http://buddhismtoday.com/viet/kinh/dt/044-thichthanhtukinhkimcang.htm ).
Trung o ca Pht gio c khc vi trung dung ca Khng gio?
C trung o v trung dung c th c dch l con ng chnh gia
(middle way), nhng chng thc s khc nhau. Trong Khng gio, trung
dung l cch sng iu v hi ha chng mc trong mi th, gm c
vic ng dng nhng quy tc x th (nhn l ngha tr tn; humanity,
respect, loyalty, wisdom, honesty)nhm to nn s ha hp vi ngi
khc v vi tri t (heaven and earth). Ni mt cch tng qut, v tr ng
gia l mt v tr yu thch ca Trung Dung.
Trung o ca Pht gio c ngha l v chp vo bt c iu g, ngay c
vo gia con ng. Ngi thc hnh Bt Nh c th ng trn bt c
im ta no, bt c ni u, gia, bn tri, bn phi, trn cao, di thp.
u khng quan trng. Chng no tm tr ca ngi y khng dnh mc
vo ni mnh ang ng hay bt c ci g khc, th ni l tt. Trong Bt
Nh, iu quan trng l tm thanh tnh (pure and tranquil heart), tm v
chp (non-attaching heart) ch khng phi v tr trn con ng.
Trong vn hc Thin (Zen), nhiu thin s tng lm nhng vic m
nhn c v nh rt cc oan. Mt thin s cht bc tng Pht t la
si m cho chnh mnh v ngi hc tr trong mt m lnh khi khng c
g. Mt thin s khc tr li cu hi ca hc tr mnh bng cch tt mnh
vo mt ngi hc tr. Nhn bn ngoi, y qu l nhng hnh ng cc
oan, nhng nhng bc thy Pht gio lm nh vy, bi v h bit rng
trong hon cnh v thi im , lm nh th c th gip hc tr ca h t
13

n gic ng, v bi v tm h khng dnh mc (v chp) vo tng rng

bc tng Pht l khng c ng ti hay tr li cu hi bng mt ci tt
l iu cm k. Nhng hnh ng ny c l khng c chp nhn trong
Khng gio.
Trung dung ca Khng gio l mt quy tc x th tt; trung o ca
Pht gio l tm tr t do ca mt ngi ngh s bc thy.
(Xin xem thm sch v Trung Dung ca Khng T ti y
http://www.personal.usyd.edu.au/~cdao/booksv/cpdd1.htm).
III. Phn trin khai v Bt Nh
Nh chng ta cp trn y, hai cu u ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh
tm tt ton b tinh thn Bt Nh. Nhng cu sau trin khai thm v Bt
Nh.
X-Li-T! Th ch Php khng tng, bt sanh bt dit, bt cu
bt tnh, bt tng bt gim.
(X Li T, mi s u l khng, chng sanh chng dit, chng d
chng sch, chng tng chng gim.)
(Shariputra, all dharmas are emptiness. They are not borrn, not
destroyed, not defiled, not pure, and they neither increase nor diminish).
y l ln th hai v ln cui cng X-Li-T c nhc n trc tip
bng chnh tn ngi trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh. Ln ny ch s chuyn
bin quan trng ca Khng t con ngi n tt c mi hin hu. Hy nh
li cu u, chng ta c ng uNn giai khng (five skandhas are emptiness)
v ng uNn biu th cho bn ng con ngi. Trong cu ny, chng ta c ch
php khng tng (all dharmas are emptiness). Ch php c ngha l tt c
cc php, tt c mi th trong v tr--c v tr ca tm ta cng nh v tr
bn ngoi. Nh vy, gi y Bt Nh m rng lnh a ca Khng,
nhm xc quyt rng chng nhng ch con ngi m tt c mi th khc
trong v tr cng u l Khng.
Xin nh li, trc y trong v d v ta bc vo th gii v cht, chng
ta ni rng T v tr ti n, v tr v vi v tr, ti ra i, v t ta
chuyn thnh T Khng ti n, v tr v Khng, ti ra i. Chng ta
cng c th ni tng t nh vy vi tt c nhng vt khc trong v tr. T
Khng nhng ngi sao n, v tr v Khng, nhng ngi sao ra i. Nhng

14

ngi sao c sinh ra t Khng v n mt lc no , nhng ngi sao s

bng v v bin mt vo Khng.
Nhng chnh v tr, mc d c xem nh mt v d sinh ng v
Khng, li vn cha hn l Khng, bi v chng ta vn cn nhn thy v tr
bng mt v bng tm tr mnh bn thn v tr l php (dharma), chng
phi Khng. Chng ta cn Ny c lun l ca mnh xa hn, n tn cng
gii hn ca lun l, n ci tuyt i mi v tr, c v tr bn ngoi v
v tr bn trong tm tr, n t Khng v ra i tr v Khng. Khng l bn
th chn tht ca vn vt, v vn vt ch l mt biu hin thong qua
ca Khng, cng nh sng ch l mt biu hin nht thi ca nc.
y chng ta c th thy mi quan h gia bn th v hin
tng. Nc l bn th, sng l hin tng. Bn th v hin tng khng
phi l hai th khc nhau; bn th v hin tng ch l hai cch khc nhau
ni v cng mt th. Sng khng khc vi nc, nc khng khc vi
sng; nc l sng, v sng l nc.
Tng t nh nc, Khng l bn th ca mi vt. V, tng t nh
sng, mi vt l hin tng ca Khng. Mi vt chng khc vi Khng,
Khng chng khc vi bt k vt g; mi vt l Khng, Khng l tt c mi
vt.
(Nh Pht thng dng ch tnh ch bn th, v ch tng
ch hin tng. Khng l tnh ca vn vt. Vn vt l tng ca Khng).
ng trn b nhn ra bin, nu chng ta nhn vo sng (tc l hin
tng), chng ta s thy rng c nhng con sng mi sinh ra, c nhng con
sng c tan bin i, c nhng con sng vNn c bn, c nhng con sng
sch trong, c nhng con sng dng cao, c nhng con sng li tn. Tuy
nhin, nc (tc l bn th) vn ch l nc, lun lun , khng sinh ra,
khng mt i, khng d, khng sch, khng tng, khng gim. V th, khi
chng ta nhn tt c mi th trong v tr, chng ta thy nhng ci n ri
i, cng tt c mi chuyn ng v bin i. Nhng nu chng ta nhn vo
bn th ca mi vt, tc l nhn vo Khng, th Khng ch l Khng, lun
lun , khng sinh ra, khng mt i, khng d, khng sch, khng tng,
khng gim. l ngha ca cu Th ch php khng tng, bt sanh,
bt dit, bt cu, bt tnh, bt tng, bt gim. (Mi s u l khng, chng
sanh chng dit, chng d chng sch, chng tng chng gim.)
Vy l gi y chng ta c nh ngha v tnh cht ca Khng:
1. Khng l bn th ca mi th trong v tr (v mi th trong
v tr l biu hin ca Khng).
15

2. Khng l tuyt i lun lun , khng sinh, khng dit,

khng d, khng sch, khng tng, khng gim.
Quan nim v Khng ny c g tng ng nh quan nim v
Thng trong cc tn gio hu thn, vi mt khc bit quan trng:
Thng c mt nhn cch tch cc v ch ng can thip vo i sng
con ngi v cuc sng ca v tr, trong khi , Khng th trung tnh tuyt
i.
Th c khng trung, v sc, v th, tng, hnh, thc; v nhn, nh,
t, thit, thn, ; v sc, thinh, hng, v, xc, php; v nhn gii, ni
ch v -thc-gii.
(Cho nn, trong khng chng c sc, chng c th, tng, hnh, thc;
chng c mt, tai, mi, li, thn, ; chng c mu sc, m thanh, hng
thm, v nm, xc cm, cc php; chng c ni nhn, cho n chng c
ni thc.)
(Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation,
or consciousness; no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind; no sights,
sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or dharmas; no field of the eyes, up
to and including no field of mind-consciousness).
T cu ny tr i, Bt Nh gii thiu mt bn lit k tt c nhng gio
l c bn m chnh c Pht thuyt ging. Nhng li ging ny l nn
tng ca Pht gio, to nn Pht gio. Tuy nhin, Bt Nh Tm Kinh bt
u ph nhn mi li ging, tng li mt.
Ti im ny, chng ta cn lu nhng im sau:
Th nht, trong ngn ng Bt Nh, ph nh v khng nh l mt. Sc
bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc.
Th hai, Khng l bn th ca mi th, k c mi gio l, mi php tu.
Nh mi th khc, gio l v php tu ch l hin tngl biu hin nht
thi ca Khng.
Th ba, nu chng ta quan st bin v tp trung t tng ca mnh vo
nc, chng ta c th ni rng c nc nhng khng thc s c sng
sng ch l nhng chuyn ng ca nc m thi. Tng t nh vy, khi
chng ta tp trung t tng vo bn th ca mi th trong v tr - Khng
chng ta c th ni rng trong Khng chng c g thc s hin hu; mi
th ch l biu hin nht thi ca Khng. l ti sao trong cu m chng

16

ta ang kho st ny, Bt Nh Tm Kinh ni rng, Trong Khng, chng

c
V n y Bt Nh li lit k mt danh sch y nhng gio l Pht
php. Cu hi l Ti sao Bt Nh Tm Kinh li mt cng lit k mt
danh sch ton b cc gio l, ri sau li ph nhn tng ci mt?
S ph nh cn thn ny nhm mc ch g?
Chng ta s tr li cu hi ny, nhng trc , chng ta phi bit
nhng gio l c lit k v ph nhn l g. Hy th cng xem xt bn
danh sch.
Ng un (sc th tng hnh thcfive skandhas: form, feeling,
perception, mental formation, consciousness) l nhng g to nn bn th
mt con ngi. Bt Nh gi y ph nhn ng uNn.
Lc cn (nhn nh t thit thn su gc: mt tai mi li, thn -six roots, six sensing organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, mind): y l
nhng ca ng, nhng giao din gia th gii bn ngoi v th gii bn
trong tm tr ca chng ta. Nu khng c lc cn th khng c chng ta, c
th xc ln tinh thn. Nhng Bt Nh gi y ph nhn lc cn.
Lc trn (sc thanh hng v xc php; su bi: hnh nh, m thanh,
mi hng, v, i tng xc chm, php; six dusts or six gunas or six
sense objects: sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, and dharmas).
Lc trn tng ng vi lc cn trong on trn. Lc trn to nn ton b v
tr. Nm bi u tin to nn v tr vt cht; bi cui cngphp, l tt
c mi th m tm tr c th nhn thy c--to nn v tr tinh thn.
Lc trn (six dusts) t bn ngoi i vo c th v tm tr chng ta thng
qua lc cn (six roots) v em li cho ta cm gic, v cm gic lm cho
chng ta khao kht chim hu (dc vng), v t dc vng m mi vn
phin no sinh ra. l ti sao su th ny c gi l su bi (lc trn).
Hnh ng ca lc trn i vo c th chng ta qua lc cn c gi l lc
nhp (six entrances).
Lc trn l mt gio l c bn khc ca Pht gio. Lc trn to nn v
tr. Nhng Bt Nh gi y ph nhn lc trn.
V nhn gii, ni ch v thc gii. Chng c ni nhn, cho n
chng c ni thc. (No field of the eyes, up to and including no field
of mind-consciousness).

17

Ti y chng ta ni v thp bt gii (mi tm gii, mi tm lnh

vc)--su gii ca su cn (six realms of six sense organs): nhn gii
(realm of the eyes), nh gii (realm of the ears), t gii (realm of the nose),
thit gii (realm of the tongue), thn gii (realm of the body), gii (realm
of the mind); su gii ca su trn (cn gi l lc cnh; six realms of six
objects of senses): sc gii (realm of color), thanh gii (realm of sound),
hng gii (realm of smell), v gii (realm of taste), xc gii (realm of
touch), php gii (realm of thought); v su gii ca su thc (six realms
of consciousness): nhn thc gii (realm of eye-consciousness), nh thc
gii (realm of ear-consciousness), t thc gii (realm of noseconsciousness), thit thc gii (realm of tongue consciousness), thn thc
gii (realm of body-consciousness), thc gii (realm of mindconsciousness).
Bt nh dng cch ni vn tt, ch nhc n gii u l nhn gii, v gii
cui l thc gii, ch c mi tm gii. Mi tm gii ny lm nn
ton v tr bn ngoi cng nh v tr trong tm ta. Nhng Bt Nh li ph
nhn c mi tm gii, ph nhn ton th v tr.
V v minh, dic v v minh tn; ni ch v lo t, dic v lo t
tn.
(Chng c v minh, cng chng c chm dt v minh; cho n chng c
gi cht, cng chng c chm dt gi cht.)
(No ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age
and death or ending of old age and death.)
y, mt gio l Pht gio quan trng khc b ph nhn Thp Nh
Nhn Duyn (mi hai nhn duyn, the twelve links of cause and effect, or
Law of Causation). Nh chng ta cp trc y, mi th n v i do
nhn duyn. Thp nh nhn duyn lit k mi hai nhn duyn gii thch
lm sao m v minh gy ra tui gi, bnh tt v ci cht, nhng ct li ca
kh au. Thp Nh Nhn Duyn cng cn c gi l duyn khi hay
duyn sinh (birth from law of causation, hay l dependent origination).
Mi hai nhn duyn bt u t v minh v kt thc vi tui gi v ci
cht, vi mi mc xch khc gia. Bt Nh Tm Kinh khng lit k tt
c mi hai, m ch nhc n mc xch u tin (v minh) v mc xch cui
cng (tui gi v ci cht) ch ton b chui mi hai nhn duyn.
Mi hai nhn duyn l:
1)

V minh: Ignorance.

18

2)

Hnh: Mental moving, mental formation

3)

Thc: Consciousness.

4)

Danh sc: Name and Form.

5)
Lc Nhp: Su ng vo qua su c quan mt,tai mi, li, thn,
(six entrances)
6)

Xc: Contact

7)

Th: Feeling, sensation.

8)

i: Desire, craving

9)

Th: Grasping, attachment

10)

Hu: Owning, possessing, existing.

11)

Sanh: Birth.

12)

Lo T: Old Age, (Illness) and Death.

V minh l nhn duyn u tin.

V minh khin tm tr ta mt i bn cht thanh tnh chn thc ca n; v
minh khin tm tr ta vng ng; s vng ng tm tr (hnh) l nhn
duyn th hai.
Tm vng ng to nn thc (thc), nhn duyn th ba.
Thc nhn th gii hnh dng v t tn cho cc hnh dng, l nhn
duyn th t (danh sctn v hnh).
Th gii danh sc xm nhp vo c th v tm tr chng ta qua su li
vo (lc nhp), l nhn duyn th nm.
Lc nhp sinh ra tip xc vi c th v tm tr chng ta; tip xc (xc)
l nhn duyn th su.
Tip xc mang n cm gic, cm th (th), nhn duyn th by.
Cm gic (th) khin chng ta sinh ham mun (i), nhn duyn th tm.
Ham mun (i) lm ta mun nm gi (th), nhn duyn th chn.

19

Nm gi (th) mang n chim hu (hu), nhn duyn th mi.

Ham mun, nm gi v chim hu (i, th, hu) c cho l nhng yu
t mang nghip lc ca lun hi (the karmic force of samsara); khi cht,
nghip lc lun hi s a chng sanh tr v ti sinh, v th sau hu l sinh,
nhn duyn th mi mt.
V tt nhin, sinh mang n tui gi, bnh tt v ci cht, v tt c mi
au kh, nhn duyn th mi hai.
Cch gii thch thng thng v Thp Nh Nhn Duyn thng lin
quan n khi nim lun hi (samsara) v ti sinh (rebirth). Tuy nhin,
cng c cch gii thch sinh-tm-l-hc rng i dc, th c v chim hu
khin chng ta, trong mi giy pht hng ngy, lin tc cht i v ti sinh
trong kh au tm tr.
V th, v minh l nguyn nhn ct li gy nn kh au. V minh khi
u chui nhn duyn m cui cng gy nn kh au. Nu chng ta xa tan
c v minh, chng ta s xa tan c ti sinh, gi, cht v au kh.
( hiu su hn v Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, xin xem thm bi ging
Thp Nh Nhn Duyn ca Thch Thng Hu
http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/phatphap/thapnhinhanduyen.htm,
v bi Thp Nh Nhn Duyn c dch bi Phm Kim Khnh
http://www.thuvienhoasen.org/ducphatvaphatphap-25.htm ).
Ngi ta ni rng Thp Nh Nhn Duyn c nghin cu v tu tp
trong Pht gio nguyn thy (Theravada Buddhism). Cch tu tp ny c
gi l tu duyn gic (training based on Law of Causation), v ngi t
gic ng qua qu trnh tu duyn gic c gi l Bch Chi Pht
(pratyekabuddha) hay Duyn Gic Pht (Enlightened through learning Law
of Causation).
Tuy nhin, gi y Bt Nh ph nhn gio l Thp Nh Nhn Duyn
quan trng ny: V v minh, dic v v minh tn. Ni ch v lo t, dic v
lo t tn. Chng c v minh, cng chng c chm dt v minh. Qua mi
hai nhn duyn, cui cng dn n chng c gi, cht, v cng chng c
chm dt gi, cht. V th, Thp Nh Nhn Duyn hon ton b ph nhn.
Ti im ny, chng ta nn dng mt cht lun bn v mt im d
gy hiu lm nht trong Pht gio:

20

Nu khng c bn ng thng hng (v ng, non-self, no permanent

self), vy th ci g s ti sinh nhiu ln, sng qua nhiu kip sau khi
cht?
Lun hi (samsara) v ti sinh (reincarnation) c ging dy trong n
gio (Hinduism) trc khi Pht gio xut hin. Trong n gio, mi con
ngi c mt linh hn bt t hay Tiu ng (t ng, Atman). Linh hn ny
vn tn ti sau ci cht v li ti sinh vo kip sng mi, ty theo nghip
ca ngi (karma). Nghip l kt qu nhng hnh ng ca mi ngi
v l ngun lc quyt nh ti sinh. Vng tun hon sinh-cht-ti sinh l
lun hi (samsara). Khi mt ngi t c tm linh tinh khit, ngi
c c s cu ri v s khng b ti sinh na. Khi , Tiu ng (linh hn,
Atman) ca ngi ha nhp cng vi i ng (Brahman, Ci Ton Th,
Mt, Thng , the One, God) vnh vin.
Pht gio cng ni v nghip, lun hi v ti sinh; tuy nhin, ti sinh
trong Pht gio khc vi ti sinh trong n gio mt im rt c bn:
Trong Pht gio, v ng c ngha l khng c bn ng thng hng. Khng
c linh hn thng hng cn li sau khi cht. Bn ng (ci ti) ca mt
ngi tan bin sau khi cht. Tt c nhng nhn t to nn ngi cng
mt i; tuy nhin, c mt nhn t vn cn li l a li da thc (the alaya
vijnana).
Thc (vijnana) l thc, kh nng nhn bit ca tm tr. C tm thc,
trong nm thc u tin lin quan n nm c quan cm gic, ba thc
cn li lin kt vi tm tr.
1. Nhn thc (eye consciousness, cakshu vijnana)
2. Nh thc (ear consciousness, shrotra vijnana)
3. T thc (nose consciousness, ghrana vijnana)
4. Thit thc (tongue consciousness, jihva vijnana)
5. Thn thc (body consciousness, kaya vijnana)
6. thc (mental consciousness, mano vijnana nh gi v x
l thng tin t nm thc u tin)
7. Mt-na thc (afflicted consciousness, klesha vijnana ngh v
bn thn, ngh rng c mt bn ng thng hng)
8. A-li-da thc (store consciousness, alaya vijnanadn u tt
c nhng thc, lu gi k c ca tt c nhng suy ngh v hnh
ng)

21

Thc th tm, a-li-da thc (alaya vijnana), l nhn t duy nht ca bn

ng con ngi cn li sau khi cht. N c gi l thc lu tr (store
consciousness) bi v n lu gi nghip ca bn ng trong kip ny, cng
nh nghip ca cc bn ng khc trong tt c cc kip trc y. N quyt
nh kip ti sinh sau nh th no. N mang nhng ht ging nghip t
bn ng ny (trong kip ny) n bn ng sau (ca kip sau), v n tch ly
tt c cc nghip khi n i qua cc kip sng. Nhng kho lu tr ny l
trung tnh; n khng lm cng vic suy tng, v tt c mi suy tng
c lm bi by thc u tin. Ni cch khc, a-li-da-thc khng phi l
ti hay linh hn ca ti hay bn ng ca ti. N ch l mt nhn t
ca ci ti (trong cuc i ti) v n mang nhng ht ging nghip ca v
s nhng i trc t khi thy v tn, n cuc i ti, v v s i sau
ny.
Bng ngn ng n gin ca thi i tin hc, chng ta c th ni rng,
a-li-da-thc ch l mt con chip b nh (memory chip). Sau khi ta cht,
a-li-da-thc mang nhng k c ca ti (v nhng k c ca v s kip
sng trc ti) n kip sau trong mt bn ng mi. Bn ng mi ny
khng phi l ti na, mc d n c nhng k c ca ti trong .
Khi gic ng, a-li-da-thc s thanh tnh v tr nn mt cng vi Chn
Nh (the Truth, Tathagatagarba, Pht, Buddha), v cng l Khng. Bn
thn a-li-da-thc nh mt thc th ring bit khng cn tn ti. Khng
cn ti sinh.
Ch v ti sinh v lun hi rt d gy nhm ln, bi v:
1. a s cc Pht t chu tin vo s ti sinh ca mt linh hn
bt t. iu ny thc ra l mt gio l ca n gio v n ngc vi
gio l Pht php v v ng (khng c bn ng thng hng, khng
c linh hn vnh cu). Tuy nhin, tng v mt linh hn bt t n
gin v d hiu, d cm nhn. N cng c chnh mt s kinh sch
Pht gio ng h, nh Kinh Vu Lan (Ullambana Sutra), trong
Mc Kin Lin (Mu-lien) tm thy linh hn m ca mnh ang b
chu hnh pht trong a ngc. (Xin xem Kinh Vu Lan ti lin kt
http://www.budsas.org/uni/u-kinh-bt-ngan/vulan.htm). nh hng
mnh m ca kinh ny th hin trong thc t l ngy l Vu Lan
(Ullambana day) l mt ngy l ln c t chc long trng hng
nm trong Pht gio chu . Tt nhin, m ca Mc Kin Lin c
th l biu tng cho ci ti ca chnh chng ta, bn ng ca chnh
chng ta, cng l m ca tm tr vng ng ca chng ta, cng
vi nhng dnh mc vo tham, sn, si (greed, anger and ignorance).

22

Nhng vn l, phn ln nhng Pht t chu tin vo s ti sinh

ca mt linh hn.
2. A-li-da-thc (Alaya Vijnana), v ti sinh m khng c bn
ng thng hng, l mt gio l phc tp ca mt trng phi quan
trng trong Pht gio: Duy Thc Tng (Yogacara). Rt t Pht t
nm vng gio l duy thc.
3. a s cc Pht t phng Ty khng tin vo lun hi hay ti
sinh theo nghip. H ngh rng l thuyt ti sinh theo nghip l
khng cn thit trong cu trc ln ca gio l Pht gio.
(Xin xem thm bi vit A Buddhist Ethic Without Karmic Rebirth?
ca Winston L. King lin kt
http://www.quangduc.com/English/Ethics/20.buddhistkarma.html).
(Mt s bi vit d c v v ng v ti sinh theo Pht gio, xin xem
thm Anatta or Soul-lessness ca Narada Mahthera lin kt
http://www.enotalone.com/article/4090.html, v Is there an Eternal Soul?
at http://www.purifymind.com/EternalSoul.htm. Bi c nhanh v A li da
thc, xin xem nh ngha ca A li da thc
http://thuvienhoasen.org/tudienphathoc-vietanh-thienphuc-A.htm.
V
Duy Thc Lun (Yogaraca), xin xem http://thuvienhoasen.org/indexphathoc-tamlyhocphatgiao.htm).
V kh tp dit o.
(Chng c kh, nguyn nhn kh, s dit kh, v con ng dit kh.)
(There is no suffering, no cause of suffering, no extinction of suffering,
no path to extinction of suffering.)
y l s ph nhn nhng gio l c bn quan trng nht trong tt c
cc gio l Pht gio: T Diu (The Fourth Noble Truths) v Bt Chnh
o (the Noble Eightfold Path).
T diu (The Four Noble Truths) l bn s tht c bn v i sng:
kh tp dit o (kh, ngun gc ca kh, chm dt kh, con ng dn
n chm dt kh). T Diu l gio l u tin c Pht ging dy sau
khi Ngi t gic ng, c vit trong Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (DharmaWheel Turning Sutra).

23

1. Kh (Suffering): i cht cha kh au. Mt cch tng qut,

chng ta c th phn chia kh thnh kh v th xc v kh v tinh
thn. (a) Kh v th xc bao gm sinh ra, gi, bnh, v cht (sinh lo
bnh t). (b) Kh v tinh thn bao gm mt i nhng g ta thng
yu, gp phi nhng g ta ght, v mun nhng g khng c c. (c)
Tuy nhin, cng c ci kh gm tt c cc ni kh khc gp li
l ci kh n t chp vo bn ng nh mt bn th thng hng
vnh cu. Tt c chng ta c th tng tng c mt ngi sng
nh khng bao gi cht th s au kh nh th no.
Nhng vy nhng thi gian vui v m ta c trong i th sao? C phi
l tiu cc qu khng khi nh ngha cuc i ch l mt b kh?
ng, i c nhng lc bun v nhng lc vui (c cho l l nhng
lc vui thc s v khng phi nhng ni kh ngy trang nh chng ta
thng tri nghim). C th ni, kin thc v thc hnh Pht gio s xa i
nhng mun phin, bng cch tu tp tm tr chng ta tr nn thanh tnh
tuyt i. Mt tm tr thanh tnh s lun im tnh. N khng b kch ng.
N vt trn c nhng kch ng ca kh au v vui sng. N lun lun
mang theo vi n mt nim an lc lng l v bin, khc vi s sung sng
n o ca mt cuc ung bia.
au kh, suy cho cng, l mt hin tng tinh thn. Thm ch nu tc
nhn gy au kh n t bn ngoi, v d nh mt ci tt mnh ln mt, th
vn cng ch l tm tr c kh hay khng nu m bn chy ln v
ci tt nhng tm tr bn cm thy vui v iu , vy th kh u? V
th, Pht gio dy cch dit kh bng cch dy chng ta kim sot tm tr,
tc l, gi tm tr thanh tnh mi lc mi ni. Tm l u tin v cui cng
tm l v minh v Pht.
Kinh Php C (Dhammpada) l b kinh quan trng nht trong Pht gio
nguyn thy (Theravada Buddhism) v l mt trong nhng b kinh c bn
nht ca ton b truyn thng Pht gio. Cu u tin ca Kinh Php C
ni rng, dn u cc php, lm ch to (The mind leads all the
phenomena of existence; the mind is the leader, the mind makes them). V
cu 35 ni rng, Kh nm gi, khinh ng, theo cc dc quay cung. Lnh
thay iu phc tm, tm iu an lc n. (The mind is unstable and
flighty. It wanders wherever it desires. Therefore it is good to control the
mind. A disciplined mind brings happiness). (bn ting Vit ca Thch
Minh Chu http://buddhismtoday.com/viet/kinh/pali/phapcu1.htm, bn
ting Anh ca Harischandra Kaviratna ti
http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/dhamma/dham-hp.htm;).

24

V th, suy cho cng, tm l ngun gc ca mi kh au v gii thot.

Pht gio dit kh bng cch tu luyn tm tr, khng phi bng cch trc
tip thay i th gii bn ngoi m chng ta ang sng. Nhng tt nhin,
khi tm tr chng ta chuyn bin t bn trong, ta s t nhin thay i th
gii bn ngoi.
2. Tp (Nguyn nhn ca kh, Causes of Suffering)
Ham mun (craving) gy nn au kh. l tham i (greed and desire)
hay i dc (desire and want). Cu 335 trong Kinh Php C (Dhammapada)
ni rng, Ai sng trong i ny, b i dc buc rng, su kh s tng
trng, nh c Bi gp ma (Whosoever is overcome by this shameful
craving which creates entanglements in this world, his sorrows increase
like the luxuriant birana grass in the rainy season).
Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (Dharma-Wheel Sutra) cp n ba dng
ham mun: a) ham mun nhng th thuc v xc tht (nhc dc); b) ham
mun v cho l i l trng cu chy theo vt cht vi ngh rng cuc
sng khng bao gi kt thc, c) ham mun v cho rng cht l ht hng
th vt cht vi ngh rng s chng cn g na sau khi cht.
3. Dit (on tuyt kh, Extinction of Suffering)
Bi v ham mun l ngun gc ca kh au, nn on tuyt kh au,
chng ta cn chm dt, t b, ct t mi ham mun. Chm dt ham
mun c ngha l on tuyt kh au, v v th, c ngha l nit bn.
Xin lu , trong Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, chng ta ni rng v minh l
ngun gc ca mi kh au, v ham mun l mc xch th tm trong chui
nhn duyn. Trong Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, mun chm dt kh au th
chng ta phi chm dt v minh (mc xch u tin). Nhng y trong
T Diu , chng ta ni rng chm dt kh au, chng ta chm dt
ham mun, c ngha l ct t chui nhn duyn ngay gia, mc xch th
tm.
Ci iu xem ra c v k thut ny thc ra c mt ng dng su sc
trong thc t: Nu chng ta thng minh t tr tu, tr tu ca chng
ta s chinh phc mi th, k c v minh, ham mun v kh au. Nhng
nu chng ta khng c ph cho c thng minh t c tr tu ti hu,
chng ta vn c th chm dt au kh bng cch tun theo nhng quy tc
n gin chm dt ham mun. Pht t thng ni C n tm mi
bn ngn php mn, mi ngi trn th gii chn mt php mn tu
hc thch hp vi h. Phng php s dng nhng php mn khc nhau
cho nhng dng ngi khc nhau c gi l phng tin (means,
25

method). N cho php Pht gio pht trin mi ni, trong mi nn vn

ha, mi dn tc, mi thi i.
4. o (Con ng dn n chm dt kh, the Path to
Extinction of Suffering)
Con ng ny c tm nhnh v c gi l Bt Chnh o (The
Noble Eightfold Path).
1. Chnh kin (right view): S thu hiu v T Diu , v
thng v v ng.
2. Chnh t duy (right thought): Nhng suy ngh v la b i dc,
v khng nng gin v bo lc (v sn), v khng gy ra nhng hnh
ng c hi (v hi).
3. Chnh ng (right speech): Khng ni lo, khng ni hai li
(ni m thc), khng ni li c c, khng ni li ph phim.
4. Chnh nghip (right action): Khng st sinh, khng trm cp,
khng t dm.
5. Chnh mng (right livelihood): Khng bun bn hay lm
nhng ngh nghip gy hi trc tip hay gin tip n nhng chng
sinh khc.
6. Chnh tinh tn (right effort): C gng ngn chn nhng ngh
v hnh ng sai xu chng khng khi ln; nu chng khi
ln, c gng chm dt chng. C gng lm ny sinh nhng ngh v
hnh ng thin lnh tt p; nu chng ny sinh, c gng duy tr
chng.
7. Chnh nim (right mindfulness): Qun st c th, cm gic,
ngh ca chng ta, v Php (tt c mi th, tt c mi gio l) nhm
ct t mi ham mun v kh au.
8. Chnh nh (right concentration): Thc tp thin.
(Xem thm v T Diu v Bt Chnh o:
http://www.budsas.org/uni/1-bai/phap002.htm ca Bnh Anson,
http://zencomp.com/greatwisdom/uni/u-4de-pkk/4de-01.htm, ca Phm
Kim Khnh,
http://www.budsas.org/uni/1-bai/phap002.htm ca Thch Vin Gic).

26

T Diu l gio l u tin v c bn nht v con ng dn n

gic ng. l con ng dn n gic ng ca A la hn trong Pht gio
nguyn thy. Tuy nhin, Bt Nh Tm Kinh gi y ph nhn T Diu .
V tr dic v c.
(Khng c tr, cng khng c t. No understanding and no attaining).
y l mt ph nhn khc v mt nguyn l rt quan trng ca Pht
gio. Tt c gio l Pht gio, cho d thuc tng phi no u tp trung ch
yu vo tr tu v hiu bit (Tr), nhm chin thng v minh. V minh gy
ra au kh. Trong T Diu , chnh kin l yu t u tin ca con ng
Bt Chnh o dn n on tuyt kh au. Trong Thp Nh Nhn Duyn,
chm dt v minh l phng cch dn n chm dt au kh. V tt nhin,
chnh Bt Nh c xem nh l tr tu cao nht. Ni n gin l, khng c
Pht gio m khng c hiu bit v tr tu.
V, tt nhin, mc ch ti hu ca Pht gio l vt qua b bn kia,
t n gic ng. Nhng gi y Bt Nh ph nhn c tr tu v thnh tu
(Nit Bn). y l mt cch khc ni rng khng c gio l Pht gio
no tn ti c! Mt s ph nhn hon ton tt c mi gio l!

Nhng ti sao ph nhn tt c mi gio l? S ph nhn ny c

ngha g?
I. Chng ta cn nh rng, trong Bt Nh, ph nh v khng nh l
mtsc tc th khng, khng tc th sc; ph nh l khng nh, khng
nh l ph nh. V nh ta thy Bt Nh khng nh tt c mi th nh
chnh n l (Bt Nh affirms every thing as it is).
Hy nhn ra bin, nu ta ch ch tm vo nc, ta c th ni rng sng
khng hin hu sng ch l chuyn ng ca nc. Tuy nhin, nu ta ch
ch tm vo sng thi, ta c th ni rng sng thc s hin hu, nhng ch
trong thong chc. V th, khi ta ni m ta ch tm vo Khng, ta ni:
Trong Khng chng c gio l no. Nhng nu ta ch tm vo chnh bn
thn gio l, ta ni, ng, c nhng gio l, nhng chng l v thng.
S tp trung mnh m vo Khng trong Bt Nh l mt cch ni thc
tin tp trung t tng ca chng ta vo v thng. Khng nh l v
thng ca nhng gio l c ngha l ng, c nhng gio l, hy hc tp
v tu luyn chng. Nhng chng cng l v thng, l nht thi, v th
ng b chp vo chng. iu c ngha rng:

27

1. Mi gio l k trn u quan trng, xng ng c nhc n

ch danh v c bit trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh. V th, hy tu hc v
thc tp mi gio l mt cch nghim tc.
2. Nhng mi gio l cng l v thng v nht thi. V th,
ng ta b chp vo gio l. iu c ngha rng, hy linh ng
vi nhng gio l. ng tun theo chng mt cch cng nhc nh
ci my. Gio l l hng dn; hy dng tr c v tri tim, v linh
ng khi p dng nhng gio l vo cuc sng.
3. Gio l l tm thi gip , nh chic b dng qua sng.
Khi vt qua c b bn kia ri, ng mang theo chic b trn
vai.
II.
ng.

Trong Khng chng c gio l cng miu t trng thi gic

Tt c gio l l gip hnh gi tu tp t n gic ng, t n nit

bn (nirvana).
Nhng nit bn l g?
Nit bn (nirvana) c ngha l la tttm hon ton thanh tnh,
tm tuyt i khng cn dnh mc, tm nhn thy tt c mi th nhng
khng dnh mc vo bt c th g, tm ca Khng.
Tm hiu c rng Khng l bn th ca n cng nh l bn th ca
mi th khc trong v tr. Tm tm thy bn cht t nhin chn thc ca
n Khng, ci tuyt i, ci chng bao gi sinh ra, chng bao gi mt i,
chng bao gi d, chng bao gi sch, chng bao gi tng, chng bao gi
gim, ci thanh tnh tuyt i, ci Chn Nh, Pht tnh. Ci tm ny
nhn ra bn cht t nhin chn tht ca n, v gi y l Pht. Minh tm
kin tnh thnh Pht. Soi sng tm, nhn thy bn cht chn tht, tr thnh
Pht.
Nhng c phi l tm ny trong thc t chuyn t tm ca mt ngi
bnh thng thnh Pht?
ng v khng. Nu chng ta t duy theo cch chng ta thng ngh
vi mt dng thi gian c qu kh, hin ti v tng lai, th ng, tm
ny chuyn t tm mt ngi bnh thng thnh mt v Pht. Nm pht
trc y n tng l mt tm v minh, gi y n l Pht.
Tuy nhin, ng trn quan im gic ng, tm chng tr thnh g c.
Tm lun , lun l Khng. Tm khng bit rng n l Khng,
28

nhng gi y n bit rng n l Khng. Ch vy thi. Tm chng tr

thnh ci g khc tt hn hay cao hn.
Khi v minh vn cn, v minh hnh ng nh bc mn che ngn cn
tm nhn ca tm; v th, tm khng th nhn thy chnh mnh r rng. Khi
tm khng cn dnh mc, bc mn v minh c tho ra, v tm c th
nhn thy chnh n thc s l Khng. Tm by gi tr v bn cht chn
thc ca n Khng, thanh tnh tuyt i, nit bn, Pht. Nit bn lun
lun , Pht lun lun . Vn l ta c nhn thy hay khng.
V th, thc ra, khng c vic tr thnh Pht, cng khng c thnh tu
gic ng, khng c dng sng no vt qua, khng c vt qua. Pht
lun lun c mt . l ti sao phn u ca tiu lun ny, chng ta
ni rng Tt c s vt qua u ch l hin tng nht thi ca tm tr.
Lu v ci thy
Khi ta ni rng tm nhn thy chnh n l Khng, chng ta c th ngh
v thy nh mt chc nng ca tri thc, mt kh nng tri thc ca b c
hiu bit. Nhng ci thy chn thc cn lin quan n nhiu iu khc
na, ch khng phi ch l tri thc. V d nh: Ngi v hi ngi chng
say xn, Anh c bit em kh chng no khng? Ngi chng tr li,
Tt nhin Anh bit Anh xi ht tinvo chu nhu say sa
Anh v tr anh xn ti ngy Anh i ra sn Em b cng thng sut
C g u m kh hiu? V anh ta c tip tc ung say ngy qua
ngy. l ci hiu hay ci thy ca tri thc.
Cho n mt ngy, ngi chng cm nhn c trong tng si c ca
thn th v trong tng t bo no ca mnh rng anh ta v trch nhim
nh th no. Anh ta gi y cm nhn c tng milligram ni kh ca
ngi v, v ni kh ca c y t chy tng t bo trong c th v tm tr
anh ta nh mt l thiu. Anh ta tnh dy, nh th t mt gic m. V th l
anh ta b ru mi mi. chnh l ci thy chn thc.
V th, khi chng ta ni v ci thy v hiu bit ca gic ng, chng ta
ni v mt kinh nghim thc tnh ton b, lin quan n tt c mi
phng din ca i sng tinh thn tri thc (intellect), ch (will) , cm
tnh (emotion), t th (id), t ng (ego), siu ng (super-ego), thc
(consciousness), tim thc (subconsciousness), v thc (unconscious) v
bt k ci g khc na ca tinh thnmt s chuyn ha trn vn, mt s
ti sinh ton b, nng tm thc ta n mt tm cao hon ton mi ca ci
thy, ci bit, cm gic, t duy v hnh ng.

29

y l s tnh thc trn vn, v th, khng th t c bng tri thc

thng thng tc l khng th t c ch bng c tng kinh sch, trit
l Pht php. Con ng Pht gio t n s tnh thc hon ton ny
bao gm ba yu t chnh: Gii (cc quy tc hnh x, rules of conduct),
nh (thin nh, tp trung tm tr, meditation, concentrating the mind),
hu (tr tu, wisdom). Mt v d kinh in l Bt Chnh o (The Noble
Eightfold Path). Tm nhnh ca Bt Chnh o c gp thnh ba nhm
nh sau:
Hu (wisdom): 1. Chnh kin (right view), 2. Chnh t duy (right
thought).
Gii (rules of conduct): 3. Chnh Ng (right speech), 4. Chnh Nghip
(right action), 5. Chnh mng (right livelihood).
nh (meditation): 6. Chnh tinh tn (right effort), 7. Chnh nim (right
mindfulness), 8. Chnh nh (right concentration)
Gii nh hu c gi l tam hc (three studies) v i cng vi nhau.
Hnh x tt, thi im tnh v kin thc thng tu i cng vi nhau;
chng ta khng th b qua mt ci no m hy vng t c s thu hiu
chnh xc v Pht gio, cha k n gic ng. c kinh sch Pht gio
trong khi tham tin ca nh nc hay say xn ti ngy s khng em n
cho chng ta s thu hiu chnh xc v Pht gio. Pht gio khng ch l
mt trit l tri thc, m n l mt ngh thut sng bao hm ton din. V
sng th lun lun cn thc hnh.

IV. Nng lc ca Bt Nh em n Gic ng

Trong cu m u, chng ta c B tt Qun T Ti vt qua mi kh
ch nh thc hnh Bt Nh. By gi trong phn kt thc, chng ta tr li
vi nng lc ca Bt Nh em n gic ng.
D v s c c, B- tt-a y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c tm v
qui-ngi; v qui-ngi c v hu khng-b; vin ly in-o mng
tng; cu cnh Nit-bn.
(Bi chng c g t, B tt nng ta Bt nh ba la mt a, nn tm
khng vng mc; v khng vng mc nn khng s hi, xa la mng
tng in o, rt ro nit bn).

30

(Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva, through reliance on prajna

paramita, is unimpeded in his mind. Because there is no impediment, he is
not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind. Ultimately
Nirvana!)
B tt, vi tr tu Bt Nh, nhn thy rng Khng l bn th chn tht
ca mi s vt, mi th ch l mt biu hin nht thi ca Khng, v trong
Khng chng c g c--chng c nit bn, chng c t n nit bn. V
th, B tt khng ngh v t n nit bn v, v th, khng cn dnh mc
trong tm ngi. (Nu B tt vn gi mc tiu t n nit bn, th B tt s
khng bao gi t n nit bn, bi s dnh mc vo mc tiu cn trong
tm ngi).
T khi tm khng cn dnh mc vo bt c th g, B tt khng cn s
hi bt c iu g. y, chng ta cn lu rng s khng s hi (v y)
l mt c tnh rt quan trng ca con ng B tt (B tt o). Trong lc
ba-la-mt (su c tnh gic ng ca B tt), b th (giving) i u.
(Nm c tnh cn li l tr giikeeping rules and precepts, nhn nhc-patient and humble, tinh tn--effort, thin nhmeditation, and tr hu
wisdom).
C ba dng b th: Ti th (b th tin bc), php th (b th Php, ging
gii Pht php), v y th (mang li s khng s hi, trn an). B th
y khng c ngha l ch em cho nhng g d tha m mnh khng cn;
n c th l cng hin chnh i sng ca mnh v nhng ngi khc.
Trong ba dng b th trn, ti th l thp nht v v y th l cao nht.
V th, chng ta c th thy vai tr quan trng ca s khng s hi trong
B tt o. Nhng khng s iu g? Khng s au v kh; khng s mt
i bt c th g, ngay c chnh mng sng ca mnh; khng s khng t
c iu g, ngay c khng t c gic ng; khng s i theo v ging
dy con ng nhn ch hng n gii thot, trong con ngi- ch
khng phi ai khc, khng phi thn thnh chu trch nhim cho nhng
hnh ng ca mnh.
Khng dnh mc, khng s hi, B tt bung b tt c mi in o
mng tng (crazy upside-down dream-thoughts), tt c nhng quan nim
sai lch v cuc i, v tt c nhng dnh mc t nhng quan nim sai lch
. V th, B tt t ti nit bn.
(Xin xem thm v B tt o: Lc ba-la-mt ca Thch Thng
Hu,

31

http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/phatphap/lucdobalamat.htm;
Khuyn Pht B Tm ca i S Tht Hin,
http://www.dharmasite.net/khuyenphatbodetam_hanviet.htm).
Tam-th ch Pht, y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c c A-nu-a-la tammiu tam-b-.
(Ch Pht ba i nng ta Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a nn t c v
thng chnh ng chnh gic.)
(All Buddhas of the three periods of time
attain Anuttarasamyaksambodhi through reliance on prajna paramita.)
A-nu-a-la tam-miu tam-b- l phin m t ch ting Phn
Anuttarasamyaksambodhi, l mc gic ng trn vn nht. Anuttara c
ngha l cao nht, khng c g cao hn (v thng). Sammyak c ngha l
mc bao hm ton din chnh yu (chnh ng). Sambodhi c ngha l
gic ng chnh yu (chnh gic). N c dch sang hn vit thnh v
thng chnh ng chnh gic.
Nh chng ta cp trc y, c bn cp gic ngA la hn
(Arhat), Bch Chi Pht (pratyekabuddha), B tt (Bodhisattva), v Pht
(Buddha). Tt c mi v Pht t qu kh, hin ti v tng lai t c
mc cao nht ca gic ngv thng chnh ng chnh gicnh vo
Bt Nh.
C tri Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a, th i-thn ch, th i minh ch, th
v-thng ch, th v ng ng ch, nng tr nht thit kh, chn
thit bt h.
C thuyt Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a ch, tc thuyt ch vit: Yt-
Yt-, Ba-la yt-, Ba-la-tng yt-, B-. Tt b ha
(Nn bit Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l thn ch ln, l minh ch ln, l ch
ti cao, l ch khng g snh bng, tr ht mi kh ch, chc tht, khng
di.
Nn ni ch Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, tc l ni ch rng: Yt , Yt ,
Ba la Yt , Ba la tng Yt , B , Tt b ha. (Qua ri, qua ri, qua b
ri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy !))
(Therefore, know that prajna paramita is a great spiritual mantra, a great
bright mantra, a supreme mantra, an unequalled mantra. It can remove

32

all suffering; it is genuine and not false. That is why the mantra of prajna
paramita was spoken. Recite it like this:
Gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi svaha! )
Cu cui cng ny ni v nng lc ca Bt Nh nh l mt thn ch
(mantra). Bn cnh l mt kin thc rt vi t c th hc c bng thc,
Bt Nh cng vn hnh mc tim thc con ngi nh mt thn ch. Thn
ch (mantra) l mt li ni c cho l c nng lc siu nhin. V tm l
hc, mt mnh , vi nhng kiu dao ng m thanh c bit ca nhng
t khi c ln, ngha ca nhng t , v s lp li thng xuyn bi
ngi c, tc ng nh mt cch t thi min m du. V d nh, nu mt
ngi no lin tc nhc i nhc li mi ngy Giu, giu, ti giu hng
trm ln mt ngy, th c l l anh ta s dn dn c ng lc lm vic
sing nng tr nn giu c mt ngy no . Hn na, nhiu ngi cng
tin rng thn ch c nng lc siu nhin bi n khi dy nhng nng lng
b Nn t v tr.
Cu thn ch Bt Nh l Gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi svaha!,
c ngha l Qua ri, qua ri, qua b ri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy
! (Gone, gone, gone to the other shore; all gone to the other shore,
already enlightened, so be it!)
Thn ch c c tng bng ngn ng gc khi dy nng lc ca
n. Vit Nam, thn ch Bt Nh c vit v c tng nh phin m t
bn gc bng ting Phn.

V. Kt lun
Bt Nh Tm Kinh kh tru tng, hm cha tm mc cao ca lun l,
v s dng ngn ng lun l phc tp xa l vi nhiu ngi. V th, n
khin nhiu ngi ln ln. Nhng bi kinh khng ch l mt tr chi ngn
t ca nhng nh trit hc tha thi gian. N l mt trit l thng nht v
v tr v i sng con ngi, v mt h thng o c rt tt p hng
dn chng ta hnh x c pht trin da trn nn tng trit hc . o
c v trit hc Pht gio kt ni cng nhau trong mt cu trc rt cht ch.
y chng ta cn lu mt cht i vi ngi mi bt u hc Bt
Nh: Bi v ngn ng Bt Nh cc k linh ng, ngi ta c th trch dn
bt c cu no ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh ni bt c iu g in r, v d
nh Bn ang ni vi ti nhng bn khng ang hin hu hay Lm nh
th cng c, sai l ng v ng l sai. Bt Nh l mt cch sng bao

33

hm ton din mt trit l cht ch, mt h thng thc hnh v o c,

v mt thi sng nghim tc nhng khng c chp. a gin vi tr
chi ngn t bng nhng mnh ri ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh ging nh tr
con xy nh bng nhng tm thip, ngh rng ngi nh l chn nng thn
thc s cho chng v gia nh chng. Vy l i lc. ng ri vo tr
chi nh th.
Nh mt trit l sng, Bt Nh tch cc, ch ng, dn thn, v tha, bnh
an v gii thot. Bt Nh l mt trit l rt tt p xy dng nn tng
gio dc v pht trin x hi cho bt k x hi no. Chng ta, ngi Vit
Nam, rt may mn c l ngi cm uc cho trit l ny. l vinh
hnh v trch nhim ca chng ta, lm sao gn gi, nui dng, lm giu v
chia s trit l ny rng ri vi tt c anh ch em, ngi Vit Nam cng nh
ngi nc ngoi, trn ton th gii.
Trn nh Honh
Washington DC
Th su, ngy 17 thng mi nm 2008
Vit dch t Anh Ng:
Diu Tm & Trn nh Honh
Th by, ngy 25 thng mi nm 2008

34