In this book: you will learn how to use Van Khea’s inequality.

Nam: Van Khea

Born: 10 April 1988

Residence: Cambodia

Nationality: Khmer
Theorem: (Van Khea’s inequality): Let , ; ( = 1, 2, … , ; = 1, 2, … , ) be positive real
numbers. Suppose that , ,… are positive real numbers satisfying − − ⋯− = 1.
Then, we have:

∑ , ,
≤
∏ ∑ , ∏ ,

Proof
Now we will prove this inequality by induction:

 For m=2 we need to prove that:

, + , , ,
≤ +
∏ , + , ∏ ,
∏( ) ,
Let ( ) = ln(1 + ) ;∀ ∈

( )=
1+
( (1 + ) − )
( )= = >0
(1 + ) (1 + )
From inequality 5: for , , … , be positive real numbers such that
− −⋯− = 1 we have:
( − − ⋯− )
≥ ( )− ( )−⋯− ( ) ; (∗)
+ ℎ :
( ) = ln(1 + ⋯ )
− − ⋯−
Let = ln ; >0; >0
⇒ − −⋯−
= ln − ln −⋯− ln

= ln
…

⋯
⇒ =
…

⇒ ( − −⋯− ) = ln 1 +
…
( )− ( ) − ⋯− ( )
= ln(1 + ) − ln(1 + )−⋯− ln(1 + )
(1 + )
= ln
(1 + ) (1 + ) … (1 + )

But = ln ⇒ =

1+
⇒ ( − −⋯− ) = ln
1+ … 1+
From (*) we get:
1+
ln 1 + ≥ ln
… 1+ … 1+

1+
⇔1+ ≥
… 1+ … 1+
… ( + ) …
⇔1+ ≥
… ( + ) …( + )
 ( + )
⇔ + ≥ ; (∗∗)
… … ( + ) …( + )
, , , ,
From (**) ⇒ ≤ +
∏ , , ∏ ∏( )
, ,

 Suppose the inequality (1) is true for all m=k then:

∑ , ,
≤
∏ ∑ ( , ∏ ,
 Now we will prove that this inequality is always true for m=k+1. So we
need to prove that:

∑ , ,
≤
∏ ∑ ( , ∏ ,

We have:
∑ ,
∑ , + ,
=
∏ ∑ ( , ∏ ∑ , + ,

∑ , ,
≤ +
∏ ∑ ( , ∏ ,

∑ , ,
But ≤∑
∏ ∑ ( , ∏ ,
+1 1 +1
∑ =1 ,1
1
,1 , ,1
1
⇒ ≤ + =
+1( ∏
∏ =2 ∑ =1 , =1 ∏ =2 , , =1 ∏ =2 ,

So the proof is completed.

Special cases
 Case 1: If = =⋯= =1⇒ = then; we have:
∑ , ,
≤
∏ ∑ , ∏ ,
 1) If n=2 then:
∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ,

2) If n=3 then:
∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ∑ , , ,

 Case 2: If = =⋯= =0; ⇒ − = 1 then:

∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ,

 Case 3: If = =⋯= ⇒ − − = 1 then:

∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ∑ , , ,

The inequality is often used:

( )
1) + ≥
( )
2) + + ≥
( )
3) + ≥
( )
( )
4) + + ≥
( )
( )
5) + ≥( )
( )
6) + + ≥( )( )
( )
7) + + ≥( )( )( )
( )
8) + + ≥( ) ( )
If + =1

Applied to prove the other inequality

1) Cauchy’s inequality (or AM-GM inequality): Let , ,…, be positive real numbers.
Prove that:
+ + ⋯+
≥ …

Proof:

From Van Khea’s inequality we have:

1 1 1
+ + ⋯+
… … …
(1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1)
≥
( + + ⋯ + )( + ⋯ + + ) … ( + + ⋯+ )

⇔ ≥ ⇒( + + ⋯+ ) ≥ …
… ( + + ⋯+ )
⇒ + +. . + ≥ …

So the proof is completed.

2) Minkowski’s inequality: Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real numbers. Prove

that:
( + )( + )…( + )≥ … + …
Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
… … … + …
+ = + ≥
… … ( + )( + )…( + )

⇔( + )( + )…( + )≥ … + …

⇒ ( + )( + )…( + )≥ … + …

So the proof is completed.

3) Cauchy-Schwarz-Bunhiacopski’s inequality: Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real

numbers.
Prove that:
( + + ⋯ + )( + + ⋯ + ) ≥ ( + + ⋯+ )
 Proof:

From Van Khea’s inequality we have:

(a b ) ( ) ( ) ( + ⋯+ )
a + a + ⋯+ a = + + ⋯+ ≥
b + ⋯+
⟹ (a + + ⋯ + )( + + ⋯ + ) ≥ ( + + ⋯+ )

So the proof is completed.

4) Cauchy-Schwarz-Bunhiacopski’s inequality: Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real

numbers. Prove that for P ≥ 2 we have:
+ + ⋯+ + + ⋯+ + + ⋯+
≥

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
(a b ) ( ) ( + ⋯+ )
a + ⋯+ a = + ⋯+ ≥
1 1 (1 + ⋯ + 1) + ⋯+
(a b + ⋯ + a b )
⇔ n a + ⋯+ a b + ⋯+ b ≥
+ + ⋯+ + + ⋯+ + + ⋯+
⇒ ≥

So the proof is completed.

5) Bunhiacopski’s inequality: Let , ; ( = 1, 2, … , ; = 1, 2, … , ) be positive real
numbers. Prove that:

x, ≤ x,

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
∏ x, ∑ ∏ x,
x, = ≥
∏ , ∏ ∑ ,

⇔ x, , ≥ x,
 ⇒ x, ≤ x,

So the proof is completed.

6) Holder’s inequality: Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real numbers and , >1
satisfying + = 1 . Prove that:

+ ⋯+ + ⋯+ ≥( + ⋯+ )

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
( ) ( )
+ ⋯+ = + ⋯+

( + ⋯+ )
≥
+⋯+ + ⋯+

+ ⋯+
⇔1≥
+ ⋯+ + ⋯+

⇒ + ⋯+ + ⋯+ ≥( +⋯+ )

So the proof is completed.

7) Holder’s inequality: Let , ; ( = 1, 2, … , ; = 1, 2, … , ) be positive real numbers.

Suppose that , , … , are positive real numbers satisfying + +⋯+ = 1.
Prove that:

, ≥ ,

Proof

From Van Khea’s inequality we have:

⎛ ∏ ⎞ ∑ ∏
, ,
, = ⎜ ⎟≥
⎜ ⎟
∏ ,
∏ ∑ ,
⎝ ⎠
 ∑ ∏ ,
⇔1≥ ⇒ ,
≥ ,

∏ ∑ ,

Sitting , by ,
so we get:

⇒ , ≥ ,

So the proof is completed.

8) Minkowski’s inequality: Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real numbers and
≥ 2 . Prove that:

(a + b ) ≤ a +

Proof
We have:
(a + b ) + ⋯ + a (a + b )
(a (a + b ) ) (a (a + b ) )
= +⋯+
a (( + ) ) a (( + ) )
(a (a + b ) + ⋯ + a (a + b ) )
≥
a + ⋯+ a (( + ) + ⋯+ ( + ) )

⇒ a + ⋯+ a (( + ) + ⋯ + ( + ) )
≥ (a + b ) + ⋯ + a (a + b ) ; (1)

⇒ b + ⋯+ b (( + ) + ⋯ + ( + ) )
≥ (a + b ) + ⋯ + b (a + b ) ; (2)
Adding (1) and (2) we get:

a + ⋯+ a + +⋯+ (( + ) + ⋯+ ( + ) )

≥ (( + ) +⋯+ ( + ) )

⇒ a + ⋯+ a + + ⋯+ ≥ (( + ) + ⋯ + ( + ) )
9) Cauchy-Schwarz’s inequality: Let , , … , ; , , … , be positive real numbers and
≥ 2 . Prove that:
( + ⋯+ )
+ ⋯+ ≥
( + ⋯+ )
 Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
( + ⋯+ )
+ ⋯+ = +⋯+ ≥
1 1 (1 + ⋯ + 1) ( + ⋯ + )

+ ⋯+ )
(
⇒ + ⋯+ ≥
( + ⋯+ )
So the proof is completed.
10) (Van Khea): Let , , … , ; , , … , be positive real numbers. Suppose that:
, > 0 and satisfying − = 1. Prove that:

+⋯+
+ ⋯+ ≥
+ ⋯+

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality for − = 1 we have:
∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ,

Sitting = ; = ; , = ; , =

+ ⋯+
⇒ +⋯+ ≥
+ ⋯+
ℎ .

11) (Van Khea): Let , ,…, ; , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real numbers.
Suppose that: , , > 0 and satisfying − − = 1. Prove that:

+ ⋯+
+ ⋯+ ≥
+ ⋯+ ( +⋯+ )

Proof

From Van Khea’s inequality for − − = 1 we have:

∑ , ,
≤
∑ , ∑ , , ,
 Sitting = ; = ; = ; , = ; , = ; , =

+ ⋯+
⇒ + ⋯+ ≥
+ ⋯+ ( + ⋯+ )
So the proof is completed.
12) (Van Khea): Let , , … , ; , ,…, be positive real numbers. Suppose that
, , > 0 and satisfying − − = 1. Prove that:
1
+⋯+ ( + ⋯+ ) ≥ + ⋯+

Proof:
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:

+⋯+
1 + 1 + ⋯+ 1 = + ⋯+ ≥
( ) ( ) +⋯+ ( + ⋯+ )

1
⇒ + ⋯+ ( + ⋯+ ) ≥ + ⋯+
13) (Van Khea): Let , ,…, ; , ,…, be positive real numbers. Suppose
that , , > 0 and satisfy − − = 1 . Prove that:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( +⋯+ ) ≤ + ⋯+ + ⋯+

Proof:
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
( ) ( )
+ ⋯+ = + ⋯+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( + ⋯+ )
≥
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ ⋯+ + ⋯+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒( + ⋯+ ) +⋯+ + ⋯+
≥( + ⋯+ )

1 1
( −1) ( −1) ( −1) ( −1)
⇒ ( 1 1 + ⋯+ ) −1 ≤ 1 +⋯+ 1 + ⋯+
So the proof is completed.
14) Let , , … , be positive real numbers. Prove that for ≥ 2 we have:
+ + ⋯+ + + ⋯+
≥

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:
( + + ⋯+ )
1 + 1 + ⋯+ 1 = + + ⋯+ ≥
1 1 1 (1 + ⋯ + 1) + ⋯+

( + +⋯+ ) + + ⋯+ + + ⋯+
⇒ ≥ ⇒ ≥
+ + ⋯+
So the proof is completed.

15) Let , ,…, be positive real numbers. Prove that for ≥ 2 we have:

+ + ⋯+ + + ⋯+
≤

Proof
From Van Khea’s inequality we have:

+ ⋯+
1 + 1 + ⋯+ 1 = + ⋯+ ≥
1 1 (1 + ⋯ + 1) ( +⋯+ )

+ ⋯+
+ ⋯+ + ⋯+
≥ ⇒ ≥
( + ⋯+ )
So the proof is completed.