DR MOHAMMAD NASIR

AYUB MEDICAL INSTITUTE

‡ SENSE OF HEARING

ANATOMY OF EAR
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Three parts EXTERNAL EAR: consist of Auricle External auditory meatus MIDDLE EAR: consist of Tympanic membrane Contents: air,auditory ossicles,tensor tympani and stapedius muscle

‡ INTERNAL EAR ‡ Consist of ‡ Cochlea ‡ Vestibular apparatus ‡ AUDITORY OSSICLES ‡ Malleus ‡ Incus ‡ Stapes

‡ MUSCLES OF OSSICLES ‡ Tensor tympani ‡ Stapedius ‡ EUSTACHIAN TUBE

CONDUCTION OF SOUND WAVES FROM TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO COCHLEA

‡ TYMPANIC MEMBRANE MALLEUS INCUS ‡ STAPES OVAL WINDOW

IMPEDANCE MATCHING BY OSSICULAR SYSTEM

‡ Conversion of high amplitude-low force air vibration into low amplitude-high force liquid vibration ‡ Achieved due to difference in area of ear drum and oval window

ATTENUATION OF SOUND BY OSSICULAR MUSCLES

‡ REFLEX ‡ Role of tensor tympani and stapedius ‡ FUNCTION OF REFLEX ‡ Protects basillar membrane of cochlea ‡ Masks low frequency sound waves to remove backround noise ‡ Reduce person hearing sensitivity to his own voice

COCHLEA
‡ FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

‡ THREE TUBES ‡ Scala vestibuli ‡ Scala media ‡ Scala tympani

‡ TWO MEMBRANES ‡ Reissner¶s membrane ‡ Basilar membrane ‡ ORGAN OF CORTI ‡ present of surface of basilar membrane ‡ Consist of hair cells

‡ FLUIDS PRESENT IN COCHLEA ‡ Perilymph ‡ Endolymph

BASILAR MEMBRANES AND RESONANCE IN COCHLEA

‡ BASILLAR FIBRES ‡ Length of basillar fibres increase from base to apex of cochlea ‡ Diameter of basillar membrane decrease from base to apex ‡ So fibres at base are short and stiff and can be stimulated by high frequencies ‡ Fibres at apex long and lean so stimulated by low frequencies sounds

PATTERN OF VIBRATION OF BASILAR MEMBRANE FOR DIFFERENT SOUND FREQUENCIES

‡ High frequency resonance travel to the base of cochlea ‡ Low frequency resonance travel to the apex of cochlea ‡ Medium frequency sound waves travel midway between apex and base

ORGAN OF CORTI
‡ STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGAN OF CORTI

DETERMINATION OF SOUND FREQUENCY-THE PLACE PRINCIPLE

DETERMINATION OF LOUDNESS
‡ DETERMINED IN THREE WAYS

‡ As sound waves become louder,amplitude of vibration of basilar membranes and hair cell increase so rapid excitation ‡ As amplitude increase more hair cells activated ‡ As sound become louder more special hair cells activated

THRESHOLD AND FREQUENCY RANGE OF HEARING AND DECIBEL UNIT